Zamkati
- Chiyambi ndi mbiriyakale
- Chiyambi
- Gawo lamsonkho
- Zosintha zina zamaganizidwe
- XIX atumwi
- Zaka za zana la 20 ndi zofukula zakale zatsopano
- Kodi zofukulidwa zakale zimaphunzira chiyani? (Cholinga cha kafukufuku)
- Nthambi zamabwinja
- Zakale zakale
- Zakale zakale
- Zofukula zakale zamakampani
- Zolemba zakale
- Zakale zakale
- Zakale zakale
- Kafukufuku wamabwinja
- Zofukula m'mabwinja zam'madzi
- Zakale Zakale za kasamalidwe ka zikhalidwe
- Kufunika kwake pagulu
- Njira ndi maluso ogwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zakale
- Zida ndi zida
- Njira zowunika ndi kupanga mapu
- Chibwenzi cha Radiocarbon kapena Carbon-14
- Kodi wofukula mabwinja amatani?
- Kukhazikitsa kwavuto kuti lifufuzidwe komanso lingaliro kuti liyesedwe
- Kuwunika ndikuwunika pamwamba
- Kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kujambula
- Laborator ndi kusamalira
- Kumasulira
- Kufalitsa
- Zolemba
Pulogalamu ya zofukulidwa zakale Ndi chilango chomwe chimasanthula mayendedwe, machitidwe ndi zikhulupiriro zamagulu aanthu pofufuza zomwe zatsalako zomwe munthu wasiya pakapita nthawi.
Zinthu izi zomwe akatswiri ofukula zakale amafufuza ndi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana; Zitha kuchokera kuzinthu zazing'ono monga miphika yadongo kapena mivi, mpaka nyumba zazikulu monga mapiramidi, milatho ndi akachisi.
Chifukwa chakuti zaka zopangidwa ndi mamangidwe a anthu zatayika munthawi yake, zofukula zakale zapangitsa njira zosiyanasiyana kuti athe kuzipeza, kuziwerenga ndikuziwunika. Pachifukwa ichi, yatengera njira ndi malingaliro ochokera m'mitundu ina; Iyenso yakhazikitsa maziko ake ophunzitsira ndi njira zake.
Pomaliza, zitha kutsimikiziridwa kuti zofukulidwa zakale zili ndi nthawi yayitali, yomwe imapanga malire ake owerengera ndikuwunika; Izi zikuphimba kuyambira koyambirira kwa moyo wamunthu mpaka pano.
Chiyambi ndi mbiriyakale
Pakadali pano, kafukufuku wamabwinja ndi njira yabwino kwambiri, komabe, chidziwitso chovuta cha mbiri yake sichitali kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa cha chidwi chochepa chomwe ofufuza apanga m'mbiri yamalamulowa ndi momwe amathandizira.
Chifukwa chake, olemba angapo adatsimikiza kuti, ngakhale akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 150, kulingalira kwenikweni kwa mbiri yanthambi iyi ndi zotsatira za zaka makumi atatu zokha zapitazi.
Chiyambi
Maziko ofukula mabwinja amachokera pakufunika kwa munthu kudziwa komwe adachokera. Pachifukwa ichi, zikhalidwe zambiri zakale - monga Agiriki, Aigupto, ndi Mesoamerican - amakhulupirira kuti anthu anali zaka makumi khumi zapitazo.
Komabe, zikhulupiriro izi zinali zochokera nthano, amene anapatsa milungu chilengedwe cha dziko ndi umunthu. Kumbali inayi, ku Medieval Europe komwe kumangotchulidwa komwe kunachokera munthu kumapezeka m'malemba olembedwa monga Baibulo.
Pambuyo pake, m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, kuyesa kudziwa nthawi yolengedwa kwa anthu kunamalizidwa ndi kuwerengera kotchuka kopangidwa ndi Bishopu Wamkulu waku Ireland James Ussher (1581-1656), yemwe adatsimikiza - malinga ndi zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi zolembedwa za m'Baibulo - kuti dziko lidalengedwa masana pa Okutobala 23, 4004 BC
Gawo lamsonkho
Pakati pa Middle Ages ndi Renaissance, mabanja apamwamba ndi mafumu adatolera zojambulajambula zakale ndi chidwi chabe kapena mphamvu.
Pambuyo pake, ndi cholinga chowonjezera zopereka, amayendera kwambiri malo omwe zinthuzi mwina zinali zotheka. Chifukwa chake mizinda ya Herculaneum (1738) ndi Pompeii (1748) idapezeka.
Zotsatira izi, ngakhale zinali zofunika kwambiri, sizinafotokozeredwe panthawiyi ndi omvera.
Zosintha zina zamaganizidwe
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zidathandizira pakufufuza njira zatsopano zodzifukula zakale zidachitidwa ndi wolemba zachilengedwe ku Danish Niels Stensen (1638-1686), yemwe mu 1669 adalemba mbiri yoyamba ya geological pomwe lingaliro lanyengo linali kuwonjezeredwa kwa zigawozi.
Momwemonso, imodzi mwazinthu zoyambirira kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza zakusakhalitsa zidachitika mu 1797, pomwe a John John Frere (1740-1807) adapeza mu miyala yamtengo wapatali ku Hoxne (Suffolk, England) zida zingapo zamiyala za Lower Paleolithic.
XIX atumwi
Sizinapitirire m'zaka za zana la 19 pomwe zofukulidwa zakale monga luso zidayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zasayansi pakufufuza ndi kusanthula kwake.
Pakadali pano, ntchito za Christian J. Thomsen (1788-1865) zidatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa mibadwo itatu m'mbiri ya anthu, iyi ndi Stone Age, Bronze Age ndi Iron Age. Ndi chiphunzitsochi, kukhalapo kwa nthawi pakusintha kwaumunthu kunakhazikitsidwa.
Kumapeto kwa zaka zana lino, zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi zakwanitsa kutsatira monga chilango; chiwerengero cha wofukula mabwinja chinakhala akatswiri ndipo zomwe anapezazo zinayamba kulembedwa mwasayansi.
Zaka za zana la 20 ndi zofukula zakale zatsopano
M'zaka za zana la 20, zomwe zimadziwika kuti zakale zatsopano, wovuta kwambiri pokhudzana ndi njira ndi matanthauzidwe omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka pano. Pakadali pano, ofukula mabwinja atsopanowa akufunika kuti awunikenso mozama za momwe akatswiri ofukula zakale amafufuzira.
Kodi zofukulidwa zakale zimaphunzira chiyani? (Cholinga cha kafukufuku)
Kafukufuku wamabwinja ndi gawo lantchito yothandiza yomwe imawunika -kuchokera pazinthu zakuthupi komanso nthawi yayitali- magulu a anthu komanso magulu, kuphatikiza ubale wawo wazachilengedwe. Izi zikutanthawuza kuphunzira ndi kusunga chuma chimenecho, chomwe chimatsimikizira kuphatikizika kwa machitidwe ake.
Chifukwa chake, zofukula zakale zimadziwika ndi mawonekedwe ake kwakanthawi kwakanthawi, komwe kumalola kuti igwire ntchito ndikufufuza nthawi zonse za anthu popanda kusiyanitsa. Kafukufuku wake amachokera kuzakale zakale, zakale komanso zakale, mpaka zakale komanso zakale zamasiku ano.
Nthambi zamabwinja
Pali nthambi zambiri zofukula zakale, zina zomwe zimayenderana.
Zakale zakale
Phunzirani zolembedwa zaumunthu munthawi zisanachitike kulembedwa.
Zakale zakale
Phunzirani mitundu yolemba ndi mbiri yazikhalidwe zakale. Pachifukwa ichi, imasanthula dziko la tsiku ndi tsiku la anthu; ndi mgwirizano wapakati pa mbiri yakale ndi anthropology, momwe wofukula za m'mabwinja amafuna kudziwa njira ndi miyambo yaumunthu yomwe idayambira masiku ano.
Zofukula zakale zamakampani
Phunzirani nyumbazi ndikukhalabe pachibwenzi kuyambira nthawi ya Industrial Revolution.
Zolemba zakale
Unikani zakale kupyola pano. Ndiye kuti, malangizowa amaphunzira magulu omwe akukhalamo osaka-madera monga Australia ndi Central Africa ndikulemba momwe amakonzera, momwe amagwiritsira ntchito komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu ndi ziwiya.
Mwanjira imeneyi, kusanthula kwamakhalidwe amakono kungathandize kuwulula miyambo ndi machitidwe akale.
Zakale zakale
Phunzirani zikhalidwe zakale zachi Greek ndi Roma. Malangizowa akuphatikiza Ufumu Wachi Greek, Ufumu wa Roma, komanso kusintha pakati pa ziwirizi (nthawi ya Agiriki ndi Aroma). Momwemonso, kutengera magulu aanthu omwe aphunzira, zofukulidwa zakale zaku Egypt ndi zofukulidwa zakale zaku Mesoamerican zatuluka.
Zakale zakale
Ndi kafukufuku wazikhalidwe zomwe zidalipo pomwe zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zidayamba.
Kafukufuku wamabwinja
Ndiko kuphunzira ndikumanganso maluso ndi njira zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbuyomu popanga zinthu, zaluso ndi zomangamanga.
Zofukula m'mabwinja zam'madzi
Chilangochi chimasanthula zotsalira za zinthu zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi chifukwa cha kusweka kwa madzi kapena kusefukira kwamadzi. Kafukufuku wamabwinja pansi pamadzi amagwiritsa ntchito maluso apadera ndi zida zapamwamba zothamangira pochita maphunziro awa.
Zakale Zakale za kasamalidwe ka zikhalidwe
Ganizirani zotsalira zakale zomwe zimapezeka m'malo omanga. Mwanjira iyi, chidziwitso chofunikira chimalembedwa ndipo zomwe apeza zakale zimasungidwa malowo asanawonongedwe kapena kuphimbidwa.
Kufunika kwake pagulu
Zofukulidwa zakale zimapereka chidziwitso cha mbiriyakale cha magulu onse ndi mamembala awo; chifukwa chake, imatiwonetsa kupita patsogolo ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa zikhalidwe za anthu munthawi zonse ndi malo.
Momwemonso, zofukulidwa zakale zimateteza, kusunga ndi kupereka zomwe zidachitika m'mbiri ya anthu, kotero kuti zomwe umunthu lero umatanthauziridwa pazomwe zapezedwa ndikusanthula zakale.
Kumbali inayi, chidziwitso cha zokumbidwa pansi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ofufuza amderalo kuti athandizire kapena kulumikizana ndikuwunika komwe kumachitika pambuyo pake. Komabe, olemba ambiri amaganizira za kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyenera kwa chidziwitsochi munkhani zofukulidwa m'mabwinja.
Mwachidule, zofukula zamabwinja, zowerengera magulu am'mbuyomu, zimapanga chidziwitso cha mbiriyakale chomwe chimatumikira umunthu wapano pakumvetsetsa machitidwe awo apano ndi zovuta zamtsogolo.
Njira ndi maluso ogwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zakale
Lero, pali njira ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zakhudza kwambiri njira zosonkhanitsira umboni ndikumasulira zomwe akatswiri ofukula zakale amafufuza.
Zida ndi zida
Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amagwiritsa ntchito zida, zida, ndi maluso osiyanasiyana. Zina zimapangidwa mwapadera kuti zikhale zakale ndipo zina zimabwerekedwa kuzinthu zina. Zida zofala zofukula m'mabwinja zimaphatikizapo mafosholo ndi ma trowels ochotsera dothi, maburashi ndi ma tsache, zotengera zonyamulira dothi, ndi sefa.
Pazofukula zovuta kwambiri, akatswiri ofukula zakale amagwiritsa ntchito zida zazing'ono, zabwino. Pomwe, ngati ntchitoyi ili yayikulu kwambiri, ofukula amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa gawo limodzi lokha la nthaka.
Njira zowunika ndi kupanga mapu
Pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zojambulidwa kuchokera ku ma satelayiti, zoyenda mumlengalenga, ndi ndege, akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale apeza mawonekedwe apamtunda; pomwe zida zofufuzira za geophysical - monga ma magnetometer olowera ndi ma radar - amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika momwe subsurface ilili.
Masiku ano, zipangizo zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga mapu a dera linalake.
Chibwenzi cha Radiocarbon kapena Carbon-14
Mu 1947, Willard Libby adawonetsa kuti zinthu zakuthupi zimatulutsa mphamvu zina zamagetsi zamagetsi. Izi zimachitika chifukwa kaboni-14 m'mlengalenga amaphatikizana ndi mpweya kuti apange mpweya woipa (CO2), yomwe imaphatikizidwa ndi zomera panthawi ya photosynthesis, kenako zimadutsa munthawi yazakudya.
Mwanjira iyi, wamoyo akamwalira, amasiya kuyika kaboni-14, ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa isotope pakapita nthawi. Pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso ichi, Libby adatha kutulutsa bwino zitsanzo zingapo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kaboni-14 pachibwenzi ndizofukula zakale. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kuyeza cheza chochokera pachitsanzo; Izi zimapereka kuwonongeka kwa kaboni-14 pakadali pano. Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito chilinganizo, zaka zachitsanzo zimawerengedwa.
Kodi wofukula mabwinja amatani?
Masiku ano, zofukula zakale zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zasayansi pochita kafukufuku wake. Awa ndi magawo omwe muyenera kutsatira mukamaphunzira zakale:
Kukhazikitsa kwavuto kuti lifufuzidwe komanso lingaliro kuti liyesedwe
Asanachite kafukufuku ndi kufukula, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amaganiza kuti vutoli lidzathetsedwa ndikupanga lingaliro. Mwanjira ina, amaganiza chifukwa chochitira phunzirolo. Gawo lam'mbuyomu limathandizidwa ndikufufuza zidziwitso zomwe zingathandize pakupanga njira zonse zofufuzira.
Chidziwitso chofunikira chimaperekedwa ndi nthano ndi nthano, malipoti azakale, mamapu akale, nkhani za alimi pazomwe amapezeka m'minda yawo, zithunzi za satellite zomwe zikuwonetsa masikidwe osawoneka, komanso zotsatira za njira zopezeka pamagulu ang'onoang'ono.
Kuwunika ndikuwunika pamwamba
Malo omwe amadziwika kudzera mukusonkhanitsa zidziwitso adakonzedwa pamapu. Mamapu awa ndi omwe amapanga zotsatira zoyambirira kapena zolemba panthawi yofufuza zamabwinja.
Kenako akatswiriwa amafufuza ndikulemba malowo molondola kwambiri. Izi zimachitika kuti titeteze mawonekedwe azinthu ndi kapangidwe kake.
Tsambali lidagawika m'mabwalo kuti athandizire kupezeka kwazomwe zapezedwa ndipo chithunzi chatsambali chimapangidwa. Pambuyo pake, malo osavuta kudziwika amakhazikitsidwa pamtunda wodziwika.
Mwanjira iyi, pabwalo lililonse zinthuzo zimakhazikika molumikizana - molingana ndi malo omwe akufotokozedwazo - komanso mopingasa molingana ndi mbali zonse za bwalolo ndi nyumba zake.
Kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kujambula
Pakadali pano, zinthu, kapangidwe ndi malo omwe amapezeka zimasanthulidwa ndikuphunzira. Kuti achite izi, amajambulidwa, kujambulidwa ndipo zolemba mwatsatanetsatane zimatengedwa; Kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka nthaka, utoto, kachulukidwe, komanso fungo limadziwikanso.
Dothi lochotsedwa mu chinthucho limasefedwa kuti lipezenso zinthu zina zofunika monga mbewu, mafupa ang'onoang'ono kapena zinthu zina. Zotsatira izi chifukwa chokhotakhota zidalembedwanso mwatsatanetsatane.
Laborator ndi kusamalira
Zinthu zakale zomwe zimapezeka pansi pa nthaka kapena pansi pa madzi ziyenera kuthandizidwa moyenera zikawonekera mlengalenga. Ntchitoyi ikuchitika ndi akatswiri oyenerera.
Nthawi zambiri, kusamalira kumachitika mu labotale ndipo njirayi imakhala yoyeretsa, kukhazikika ndikuwunika kwathunthu zomwe apeza pazakafukufuku. Komabe, nthawi zina (komanso kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri), ntchito yosamalira zachilengedwe imayamba m'munda ndipo imathera mu labotale.
Kumasulira
Pakadali pano, wofukula zakale amatanthauzira zomwe apezazo ndikuyesera kufotokoza momwe mbiri ya malowo idakhalira. Akatswiri akuwonetsa kuti kutanthauziraku sikokwanira chifukwa zolemba zonse sizipezeka. Pachifukwa ichi, wofukula mabwinja amayesa zomwe amapeza, amasinkhasinkha zomwe zikusowa, ndikupanga lingaliro la zomwe zidachitika.
Kufalitsa
Zotsatira zomaliza za njira iliyonse yasayansi ndikufalitsa zomwe zapezedwa, mamapu ndi zithunzi pamodzi ndi tanthauzo. Bukuli liyenera kukhala lolondola komanso latsatanetsatane kuti ofufuza ena azitha kuligwiritsa ntchito ngati maziko ofufuzira.
Zolemba
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- Wotsimikiza, C. (2008). Kufotokozera mu Zakale Zakale. Kubwezeretsedwa pa February 7, 2020 kuchokera: researchgate.net
- Drewet, P. (1999). Field Archaeology: Chiyambi. Kubwezeretsedwa pa February 8, 2020 kuchokera: archaeology.ru
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- Ariza-Mateos, A., Briones, C., Perales, C., Domingo, E., & Gómez, J. (2019).Zofukulidwa zakale zolembera RNA. Kubwezeretsedwa pa February 7, 2020 kuchokera: nlm.nih.gov
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