ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read

OR SEARCH CITATIONS

My Activity
Publications
CONTENT TYPES

Figure 1Loading Img
Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 22, 12600-12607
RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT

Greenhouse Gas and Criteria Emission Benefits through Reduction of Vessel Speed at Sea

View Author Information
† Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
‡ College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research & Technology, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507, United States
*E-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 22, 12600–12607
Publication Date (Web):September 13, 2012
https://doi.org/10.1021/es302371f
Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society
Request reuse permissions

    Article Views

    881

    Altmetric

    -

    Citations

    27
    LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICS
    Other access options
    Get e-Alerts
    Supporting Info (1)»
    SUBJECTS:

    Abstract

    Abstract Image

    Reducing emissions from ocean-going vessels (OGVs) as they sail near populated areas is a widely recognized goal, and Vessel Speed Reduction (VSR) is one of several strategies that is being adopted by regulators and port authorities. The goal of this research was to measure the emission benefits associated with greenhouse gas and criteria pollutants by operating OGVs at reduced speed. Emissions were measured from one Panamax and one post-Panamax class container vessels as their vessel speed was reduced from cruise to 15 knots or below. VSR to 12 knots yielded carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions reductions (in kg/nautical mile (kg/nmi)) of approximately 61% and 56%, respectively, as compared to vessel cruise speed. The mass emission rate (kg/nmi) of PM2.5 was reduced by 69% with VSR to 12 knots alone and by ∼97% when coupled with the use of the marine gas oil (MGO) with 0.00065% sulfur content. Emissions data from vessels while operating at sea are scarce and measurements from this research demonstrated that tidal current is a significant parameter affecting emission factors (EFs) at lower engine loads. Emissions factors at ≤20% loads calculated by methodology adopted by regulatory agencies were found to underestimate PM2.5 and NOx by 72% and 51%, respectively, when compared to EFs measured in this study. Total pollutant emitted (TPE) in the emission control area (ECA) was calculated, and emission benefits were estimated as the VSR zone increased from 24 to 200 nmi. TPECO2 and TPEPM2.5 estimated for large container vessels showed benefits for CO2 (2–26%) and PM2.5 (4–57%) on reducing speeds from 15 to 12 knots, whereas TPECO2 and TPEPM2.5 for small and medium container vessels were similar at 15 and 12 knots.

    Read this article

    To access this article, please review the available access options below.

    Get instant access

    Purchase Access

    Read this article for 48 hours. Check out below using your ACS ID or as a guest.

    Recommended

    Access through Your Institution

    You may have access to this article through your institution.

    Your institution does not have access to this content. You can change your affiliated institution below.

    Supporting Information

    ARTICLE SECTIONS
    Jump To

    Vessel types, number of vessels, and average main engine power for vessels that called to the Port of Los Angeles and Long Beach in 2009. Gaseous emissions at cruise and reduced speeds for all trips are provided. Particulate emission rates in kg/h, kg/nmi, and g/kW·h are shown. Also included are the TPE values for Suezmax class tankers and tables representing percent reduction in TPE for each pollutant investigated in categories A and B of container vessels and Suezmax class tankers. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

    Terms & Conditions

    Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

    Cited By

    This article is cited by 27 publications.

    1. Anlin Liu, Liwang Wang, Jiwei Wu, Lingyu Xiao, Xia Jiang, Lina Wang, Liang Ma, Hualin Wang. Simultaneous Removal of SO2 and NO from the Flue Gas of Marine Ships with a Gas Cyclone–Liquid Jet Absorption Separator. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2022, 61 (28) , 10233-10242. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01852
    2. Jing Chen, Xiao Fu, Xinfeng Wang, Shuwei Dong, Tianshu Chen, Likun Xue, Yang Zhou, Lifang Sheng, Wenxing Wang. Unveiling the overlooked direct emissions of particulate organic nitrates from ship. Environment International 2024, 185 , 108487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108487
    3. Hanyu Wang, Qingyao Hu, Cheng Huang, Kaifa Lu, Hongdi He, Zhonren Peng. Quantification of Gaseous and Particulate Emission Factors from a Cargo Ship on the Huangpu River. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2023, 11 (8) , 1580. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11081580
    4. Xiaoming Guo, Jinyu Li, Sen Huang. Study on Trade Effects of Green Maritime Transport Efficiency: An Empirical Test for China Based on Trade Decision Model. Sustainability 2023, 15 (16) , 12327. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612327
    5. Yuyang Cai, Zhen Wang, Dunyu Liu, Jun Chen, Jing Jin, Qi Qin, Ke Liu, Haixiang Hu, Sijie Li, Huancong Shi. Transient simulation of SO 2 absorption into water in a bubbling reactor. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 2023, 58 (9) , 811-824. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2023.2238586
    6. Charlotte R. Findlay, Laia Rojano-Doñate, Jakob Tougaard, Mark P. Johnson, Peter Teglberg Madsen. Small reductions in cargo vessel speed substantially reduce noise impacts to marine mammals. Science Advances 2023, 9 (25) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adf2987
    7. Laia Rojano-Doñate, Luca Lamoni, Jakob Tougaard, Charlotte R. Findlay. Effect of Vessel Noise on Marine Mammals and Measures to Reduce Impact. 2023, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10417-6_138-1
    8. Nguyen Khoi Tran, Jasmine Siu Lee Lam. Effects of container ship speed on CO2 emission, cargo lead time and supply chain costs. Research in Transportation Business & Management 2022, 43 , 100723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100723
    9. Kuiquan Duan, Qingbo Li, Hui Liu, Fuming Zhou, Jie Lu, Xiran Zhang, Zezhong Zhang, Shuang Wang, Ye Ma, Xiaofeng Wang. Dynamic NOx emission factors for main engines of bulk carriers. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2022, 107 , 103290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103290
    10. Anlin Liu, Liwang Wang, Jiwei Wu, Lingyu Xiao, Xia Jiang, Lina Wang, Hualin Wang, Liang Ma. A New Device Combined with Naclo Solution to Simultaneously Remove So2 and Nox from the Marine Ships. SSRN Electronic Journal 2022, 46 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4054497
    11. Dan Zhuge, Shuaian Wang, Lu Zhen, Gilbert Laporte. Subsidy design in a vessel speed reduction incentive program under government policies. Naval Research Logistics (NRL) 2021, 68 (3) , 344-358. https://doi.org/10.1002/nav.21948
    12. Jiyoung An, Kiyoul Lee, Heedae Park. Effects of a Vessel Speed Reduction Program on Air Quality in Port Areas: Focusing on the Big Three Ports in South Korea. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9 (4) , 407. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040407
    13. Dan Zhuge, Shuaian Wang, David Z.W. Wang. A joint liner ship path, speed and deployment problem under emission reduction measures. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 2021, 144 , 155-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2020.12.006
    14. Cavan McCaffery, Hanwei Zhu, Georgios Karavalakis, Thomas D. Durbin, J. Wayne Miller, Kent C. Johnson. Sources of air pollutants from a Tier 2 ocean-going container vessel: Main engine, auxiliary engine, and auxiliary boiler. Atmospheric Environment 2021, 245 , 118023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118023
    15. Scott M. Gende, Lawrence Vose, Jeff Baken, Christine M. Gabriele, Rich Preston, A. Noble Hendrix. Active Whale Avoidance by Large Ships: Components and Constraints of a Complementary Approach to Reducing Ship Strike Risk. Frontiers in Marine Science 2019, 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00592
    16. Maija Kaarina Lappi, Jyrki Matias Ristimäki. Comparison of filter smoke number and elemental carbon from thermal optical analysis of marine diesel engine exhaust. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 2019, 233 (2) , 602-609. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475090218776196
    17. Cheng Huang, Qingyao Hu, Hanyu Wang, Liping Qiao, Sheng'ao Jing, Hongli Wang, Min Zhou, Shuhui Zhu, Yingge Ma, Shengrong Lou, Li Li, Shikang Tao, Yingjie Li, Diming Lou. Emission factors of particulate and gaseous compounds from a large cargo vessel operated under real-world conditions. Environmental Pollution 2018, 242 , 667-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.036
    18. Thomas J. Moore, Jessica V. Redfern, Michael Carver, Sean Hastings, Jeffrey D. Adams, Gregory K. Silber. Exploring ship traffic variability off California. Ocean & Coastal Management 2018, 163 , 515-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.03.010
    19. Alison Linder. Explaining shipping company participation in voluntary vessel emission reduction programs. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2018, 61 , 234-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.07.004
    20. Farhad M. Hossain, Thomas J. Rainey, Zoran Ristovski, Richard J. Brown. Performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engines using microalgae FAME and the prospects for microalgae HTL biocrude. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018, 82 , 4269-4278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.026
    21. Celeste Ahl, Elaine Frey, Seiji Steimetz. The effects of financial incentives on vessel speed reduction: Evidence from the Port of Long Beach Green Flag Incentive Program. Maritime Economics & Logistics 2017, 19 (4) , 601-618. https://doi.org/10.1057/mel.2016.12
    22. Daniel A. Burgard, Carmen R.M. Bria. Bridge-based sensing of NOx and SO2 emissions from ocean-going ships. Atmospheric Environment 2016, 136 , 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.014
    23. Amir A. Aliabadi, Jennie L. Thomas, Andreas B. Herber, Ralf M. Staebler, W. Richard Leaitch, Hannes Schulz, Kathy S. Law, Louis Marelle, Julia Burkart, Megan D. Willis, Heiko Bozem, Peter M. Hoor, Franziska Köllner, Johannes Schneider, Maurice Levasseur, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt. Ship emissions measurement in the Arctic by plume intercepts of the Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker Amundsen from the Polar 6 aircraft platform. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2016, 16 (12) , 7899-7916. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7899-2016
    24. K Folkert Boersma, Geert C M Vinken, Jean Tournadre. Ships going slow in reducing their NOx emissions: changes in 2005–2012 ship exhaust inferred from satellite measurements over Europe. Environmental Research Letters 2015, 10 (7) , 074007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/7/074007
    25. Palak A. Trivedi, Preeti R. Parmar, Parimal A. Parikh. Spent FCC catalyst: Potential anti-corrosive and anti-biofouling material. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2014, 20 (4) , 1388-1396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.07.023
    26. P. B. Conn, G. K. Silber. Vessel speed restrictions reduce risk of collision‐related mortality for North Atlantic right whales. Ecosphere 2013, 4 (4) , 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1890/ES13-00004.1
    27. Andrea Hricko. Progress and Pollution: Port Cities Prepare for the Panama Canal Expansion. Environmental Health Perspectives 2012, 120 (12) https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.120-a470
    Download PDF

    Pair your accounts.

    Export articles to Mendeley

    Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

    Pair your accounts.

    Export articles to Mendeley

    Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

    You’ve supercharged your research process with ACS and Mendeley!

    STEP 1:
    Click to create an ACS ID

    Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

    Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

    Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

    MENDELEY PAIRING EXPIRED
    Your Mendeley pairing has expired. Please reconnect