Does Oxytocin Increase Trust in Humans? A Critical Review of Research
Abstract
Behavioral neuroscientists have shown that the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) plays a key role in social attachment and affiliation in nonhuman mammals. Inspired by this initial research, many social scientists proceeded to examine the associations of OT with trust in humans over the past decade. To conduct this work, they have (a) examined the effects of exogenous OT increase caused by intranasal administration on trusting behavior, (b) correlated individual difference measures of OT plasma levels with measures of trust, and (c) searched for genetic polymorphisms of the OT receptor gene that might be associated with trust. We discuss the different methods used by OT behavioral researchers and review evidence that links OT to trust in humans. Unfortunately, the simplest promising finding associating intranasal OT with higher trust has not replicated well. Moreover, the plasma OT evidence is flawed by how OT is measured in peripheral bodily fluids. Finally, in recent large-sample studies, researchers failed to find consistent associations of specific OT-related genetic polymorphisms and trust. We conclude that the cumulative evidence does not provide robust convergent evidence that human trust is reliably associated with OT (or caused by it). We end with constructive ideas for improving the robustness and rigor of OT research.
Get full access to this article
View all access and purchase options for this article.
References
Abraham E., Hendler T., Shapira-Lichter I., Kanat-Maymon Y., Zagoory-Sharon O., Feldman R. (2014). Father’s brain is sensitive to childcare experiences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 111, 9792–9797.
Aimone J. A., Houser D., Weber B. (2014). Neural signatures of betrayal aversion: An fMRI study of trust. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281.
Anagnostou E., Soorya L., Brian J., Dupuis A., Mankad D., Smile S., Jacob S. (2014). Intranasal oxytocin in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders: A review of literature and early safety and efficacy data in youth. Brain Research, 1580, 188–198.
Andari E., Duhamel J., Zalla T., Herbrecht E., Leboyer M., Sirigu A. (2010). Promoting social behavior with oxytocin in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 107, 4389–4394.
Apicella C., Cesarini D., Johannesson M., Dawes C. T., Lichtenstein P., Wallace B., . . . Westberg L. (2010). No association between oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene polymorphisms and experimentally elicited social preferences. PLoS ONE, 5(6), e11153.
Apicella C., Dreber A., Campbell B., Gray P. B., Hoffman M., Little A. C. (2008). Testosterone and financial risk preferences. Evolution & Human Behavior, 29, 384–390.
Arrow K. J. (1974). The limits of organization. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, Fels Center of Government.
Averbeck B. B. (2010). Oxytocin and the salience of social cues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 107, 9033–9034.
Bakermans-Kranenburg M. J., van IJzendoorn M. H. (2013). Sniffing around oxytocin: Review and meta-analyses of trials in healthy and clinical groups with implications for pharmacotherapy. Translational Psychiatry, 3(5), e258.
Bakermans-Kranenburg M. J., van IJzendoorn M. H. (2014). A sociability gene? Meta-analysis of oxytocin receptor genotype effects in humans. Psychiatric Genetics, 24(2), 45–51.
Barber B. (1983). The logic and limits of trust (Vol. 96). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Barraza J. A. (2010). The physiology of empathy: Linking Oxytocin to empathic responding (PhD dissertation, Claremont Graduate University). Retrieved from http://gradworks.umi.com/34/14/3414051.html
Bartz J. A., Hollander E. (2008). Oxytocin and experimental therapeutics in autism spectrum disorders. Progress in Brain Research, 170, 451–462.
Bartz J. A., Simeon D., Hamilton H., Kim S., Crystal S., Braun A., . . . Hollander E. (2010). Oxytocin can hinder trust and cooperation in borderline personality disorder. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6, 556–563.
Bartz J. A., Zaki J., Bolger N., Ochsner K. N. (2011). Social effects of oxytocin in humans: Context and person matter. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 301–309.
Baumgartner T., Heinrichs M., Vonlanthen A., Fischbacher U., Fehr E. (2008). Oxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humans. Neuron, 58, 639–650.
Beauchamp J. P., Cesarini D., Johannesson M., van der Loos M. J. H. M., Koellinger P. D., Groenen P. J. F., . . . Christakis N. A. (2011). Molecular genetics and economics. Journal of Economic Perspectives: A Journal of the American Economic Association, 25(4), 57–82.
Benjamin D. J., Cesarini D., van der Loos M. J. H. M., Dawes C. T., Koellinger P. D., Magnusson P. K. E., . . . Johannesson M. (2012). The genetic architecture of economic and political preferences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 109, 8026–8031.
Berg J., Dickhaut J., McCabe K. (1995). Trust, reciprocity, and social history. Games and Economic Behavior, 10, 122–142.
Bethlehem R. A. I., Baron-Cohen S., van Honk J., Auyeung B., Bos P. A. (2014). The oxytocin paradox. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, Article 48.
Bielsky I. F., Young L. J. (2004). Oxytocin, vasopressin, and social recognition in mammals. Peptides, 25, 1565–1574.
Bohnet I., Zeckhauser R. (2004). Trust, risk and betrayal. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 55, 467–484.
Borenstein M., Hedges L., Higgins J., Rothstein H. (2005). Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) [Computer software]. Englewood, NJ: Biostat.
Born J., Lange T., Kern W., McGregor G. P., Bickel U., Fehm H. L. (2002). Sniffing neuropeptides: A transnasal approach to the human brain. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 514–516.
Bos P. A., Panksepp J., Bluthé R., van Honk J. (2012). Acute effects of steroid hormones and neuropeptides on human social-emotional behavior: A review of single administration studies. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 33, 17–35.
Brülhart M., Usunier J. (2012). Does the trust game measure trust? Economics Letters, 115, 20–23.
Butler J., Giuliano P., Guiso L. (2009). The right amount of trust. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Camerer C. F. (2003). Behavioral game theory: Experiments in strategic interaction (Chapter 2). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Camerer C. F., Weigelt K. (1988). Experimental tests of a sequential equilibrium reputation model. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 56, 1–36.
Campbell A. (2008). Attachment, aggression and affiliation: The role of oxytocin in female social behavior. Biological Psychology, 77, 1–10.
Carson D. S., Berquist S. W., Trujillo T. H., Garner J. P., Hannah S. L., Hyde S. A., . . . Strehlow M. C. (2014). Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma oxytocin concentrations are positively correlated and negatively predict anxiety in children. Molecular Psychiatry, 20, 1085–1090.
Carson D. S., Guastella A. J., Taylor E. R., McGregor I. S. (2013). A brief history of oxytocin and its role in modulating psychostimulant effects. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 27, 231–247.
Carter S. C. (1998). Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 779–818.
Cesarini D., Dawes C. T., Fowler J. H., Johannesson M., Lichtenstein P., Wallace B. (2008). Heritability of cooperative behavior in the trust game. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 105, 3721–3726.
Cesario J. (2014). Priming, replication, and the hardest science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 40–48.
Chabris C. F., Hebert B. M., Benjamin D. J., Beauchamp J., Cesarini D., van der Loos M., . . . Atwood C. S. (2012). Most reported genetic associations with general intelligence are probably false positives. Psychological Science, 23, 1314–1323.
Chang S. W. C., Platt M. L. (2014). Oxytocin and social cognition in rhesus macaques: Implications for understanding and treating human psychopathology. Brain Research, 1580, 57–68.
Choleris E., Pfaff D. W., Kavaliers M. (2013). Oxytocin, vasopressin and related peptides in the regulation of behavior. London, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Christensen J. C., Shiyanov P. A., Estepp J. R., Schlager J. J. (2014). Lack of association between human plasma oxytocin and interpersonal trust in a prisoner’s dilemma paradigm. PLoS ONE, 9(12), e116172.
Churchland P. S., Winkielman P. (2012). Modulating social behavior with oxytocin: How does it work? What does it mean? Hormones and Behavior, 61, 392–399.
Coates J. M., Herbert J. (2008). Endogenous steroids and financial risk taking on a London trading floor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 105, 6167–6172.
Coleman J. S. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Belnkamp.
Dal Monte O., Noble P. L., Turchi J., Cummins A., Averbeck B. B. (2014). CSF and blood oxytocin concentration changes following intranasal delivery in macaque. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e103677.
Declerck C. H., Boone C., Kiyonari T. (2010). Oxytocin and cooperation under conditions of uncertainty: The modulating role of incentives and social information. Hormones and Behavior, 57, 368–374.
De Dreu C. K. W., Greer L. L., Handgraaf M. J. J., Shalvi S., Van Kleef G. A., Baas M., . . . Feith S. W. W. (2010). The neuropeptide oxytocin regulates parochial altruism in intergroup conflict among humans. Science, 328, 1408–1411.
De Dreu C. K. W., Greer L. L., Van Kleef G. A., Shalvi S., Handgraaf M. J. J. (2011). Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 108, 1262–1266.
Ditzen B., Schaer M., Gabriel B., Bodenmann G., Ehlert U., Heinrichs M. (2009). Intranasal oxytocin increases positive communication and reduces cortisol levels during couple conflict. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 728–731.
Dohmen T., Falk A., Huffman D., Sunde U. (2012). The intergenerational transmission of risk and trust attitudes. The Review of Economic Studies, 79, 645–677.
Dölen G., Darvishzadeh A., Huang K. W., Malenka R. C. (2013). Social reward requires coordinated activity of nucleus accumbens oxytocin and serotonin. Nature, 501, 179–184.
Donaldson Z. R., Young L. J. (2008). Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of sociality. Science, 322, 900–904.
Doyen S., Klein O., Pichon C. L., Cleeremans A. (2012). Behavioral priming: It’s all in the mind, but whose mind? PLoS ONE, 7(1), e29081.
Ebert A., Kolb M., Heller J., Edel M. A., Roser P., Brüne M. (2013). Modulation of interpersonal trust in borderline personality disorder by intranasal oxytocin and childhood trauma. Social Neuroscience, 8, 305–313.
Ebstein R. P., Israel S., Chew S. H., Zhong S., Knafo A. (2010). Genetics of human social behavior. Neuron, 65, 831–844.
Ebstein R. P., Knafo A., Mankuta D., Chew S. H., Lai P. S. (2012). The contributions of oxytocin and vasopressin pathway genes to human behavior. Hormones and Behavior, 61, 359–379.
Eisenegger C., von Eckardstein A., Fehr E., von Eckardstein S. (2013). Pharmacokinetics of testosterone and estradiol gel preparations in healthy young men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 171–178.
Evans S. L., Dal Monte O., Noble P., Averbeck B. B. (2014). Intranasal oxytocin effects on social cognition: A critique. Brain Research, 1580, 69–77.
Fehr E. (2009). On the economics and biology of trust. Journal of the European Economic Association, 7, 235–266.
Fehr E., Kirchsteiger G., Riedl A. (1993). Does fairness prevent market clearing? An experimental investigation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, 437–459.
Feldman R. (2012). Oxytocin and social affiliation in humans. Hormones and Behavior, 61, 380–391.
Feldman R., Gordon I., Schneiderman I., Weisman O., Zagoory-Sharon O. (2010). Natural variations in maternal and paternal care are associated with systematic changes in oxytocin following parent–infant contact. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 1133–1141.
Fries A. B. W., Ziegler T. E., Kurian J. R., Jacoris S., Pollak S. D. (2005). Early experience in humans is associated with changes in neuropeptides critical for regulating social behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 102, 17237–17240.
Fujiwara T., Kubzansky L. D., Matsumoto K., Kawachi I. (2012). The association between oxytocin and social capital. PLoS ONE, 7(12), e52018.
Gaffey A. E., Wirth M. M. (2014). Unpublished raw data.
Garner C. (2007). Upward bias in odds ratio estimates from genome-wide association studies. Genetic Epidemiology, 31, 288–295.
Gordon I., Zagoory-Sharon O., Schneiderman I., Leckman J. F., Weller A., Feldman R. (2008). Oxytocin and cortisol in romantically unattached young adults: Associations with bonding and psychological distress. Psychophysiology, 45, 349–352.
Gouin J. P., Carter C. S., Pournajafi-Nazarloo H., Glaser R., Malarkey W. B., Loving T. J., . . . Kiecolt-Glaser J. K. (2010). Marital behavior, oxytocin, vasopressin, and wound healing. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 1082–1090.
Gröschl M. (2009). The physiological role of hormones in saliva. BioEssays, 31, 843–852.
Guastella A. J., Gray K. M., Rinehart N. J., Alvares G. A., Tonge B. J., Hickie I. B., . . . Einfeld S. L. (2014). The effects of a course of intranasal oxytocin on social behaviors in youth diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56, 444–452.
Guastella A. J., Hickie I. B., McGuinness M. M., Otis M., Woods E. A., Disinger H. M., . . . Banati R. B. (2013). Recommendations for the standardisation of oxytocin nasal administration and guidelines for its reporting in human research. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 612–625.
Guastella A. J., MacLeod C. (2012). A critical review of the influence of oxytocin nasal spray on social cognition in humans: Evidence and future directions. Hormones and Behavior, 61, 410–418.
Hardin R. (2002). Trust and trustworthiness. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Harris S. (2011). The moral landscape: How science can determine human values. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Hartung J., Argaç D., Makambi K. H. (2002). Small sample properties of tests on homogeneity in one-way ANOVA and meta-analysis. Statistical Papers, 43, 197–235.
Heinrichs M., Baumgartner T., Kirschbaum C., Ehlert U. (2003). Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 1389–1398.
Heinrichs M., Domes G. (2008). Neuropeptides and social behaviour: Effects of oxytocin and vasopressin in humans. Progress in Brain Research, 170, 337–350.
Hewitt J. K. (2012). Editorial policy on candidate gene association and candidate gene-by-environment interaction studies of complex traits. Behavior Genetics, 42, 1–2.
Horvat-Gordon M., Granger D. A., Schwartz E. B., Nelson V. J., Kivlighan K. T. (2005). Oxytocin is not a valid biomarker when measured in saliva by immunoassay. Physiology & Behavior, 84, 445–448.
Houser D., Schunk D., Winter J. (2010). Distinguishing trust from risk: An anatomy of the investment game. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 74, 72–81.
Inoue T., Kimura T., Azuma C., Inazawa J., Takemura M., Kikuchi T., . . . Saji F. (1994). Structural organization of the human oxytocin receptor gene. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269, 32451–32456.
Insel T. R. (2010). The challenge of translation in social neuroscience: A review of oxytocin, vasopressin, and affiliative behavior. Neuron, 65, 768–779.
Ioannidis J., Munafò M. R., Fusar-Poli P., Nosek B. A., David S. P. (2014). Publication and other reporting biases in cognitive sciences: Detection, prevalence, and prevention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18, 235–241.
Israel S., Lerer E., Shalev I., Uzefovsky F., Riebold M., Laiba E., . . . Knafo A. (2009). The oxytocin receptor (OXTR) contributes to prosocial fund allocations in the dictator game and the social value orientations task. PLoS ONE, 4(5), e5535.
Israel S., Weisel O., Ebstein R. P., Bornstein G. (2012). Oxytocin, but not vasopressin, increases both parochial and universal altruism. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 1341–1344.
Janoff-Bulman R. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition, 7, 113–136.
Jen M. H., Sund E. R., Johnston R., Jones K. (2010). Trustful societies, trustful individuals, and health: An analysis of self-rated health and social trust using the World Value Survey. Health & Place, 16, 1022–1029.
Johnson N. D., Mislin A. A. (2011). Trust games: A meta-analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32, 865–889.
Johnson-George C., Swap W. C. (1982). Measurement of specific interpersonal trust: Construction and validation of a scale to assess trust in a specific other. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 1306–1317.
Jokinen J., Chatzittofis A., Hellström C., Nordström P., Uvnäs-Moberg K., Åsberg M. (2012). Low CSF oxytocin reflects high intent in suicide attempters. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 482–490.
Kagerbauer S. M., Martin J., Schuster T., Blobner M., Kochs E. F., Landgraf R. (2013). Plasma oxytocin and vasopressin do not predict neuropeptide concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 25, 668–673.
Kandasamy N., Hardy B., Page L., Schaffner M., Graggaber J., Powlson A. S., . . . Coates J. (2014). Cortisol shifts financial risk preferences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 111, 3608–3613.
Karlan D. S. (2005). Using experimental economics to measure social capital and predict financial decisions. American Economic Review, 95, 1688–1699.
Kavaliers M., Choleris E. (2011). Sociality, pathogen avoidance, and the neuropeptides oxytocin and arginine vasopressin. Psychological Science, 22, 1367–1374.
Kemp A. H., Guastella A. J. (2010). Oxytocin: Prosocial behavior, social salience, or approach-related behavior? Biological Psychiatry, 67, e33–e34.
Kemp A. H., Guastella A. J. (2011). The role of oxytocin in human affect a novel hypothesis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 222–231.
King-Casas B., Tomlin D., Anen C., Camerer C. F., Quartz S. R., Montague P. R. (2005). Getting to know you: Reputation and trust in a two-person economic exchange. Science, 308, 78–83.
Klackl J., Pfundmair M., Agroskin D., Jonas E. (2013). Who is to blame? Oxytocin promotes nonpersonalistic attributions in response to a trust betrayal. Biological Psychology, 92, 387–394.
Klatzky R. L., Creswell J. D. (2014). An intersensory interaction account of priming effects—and their absence. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 49–58.
Knack S., Keefer P. (1997). Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country investigation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112, 1251–1288.
Kosfeld M., Heinrichs M., Zak P. J., Fischbacher U., Fehr E. (2005). Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature, 435, 673–676.
Krueger F., Parasuraman R., Iyengar V., Thornburg M., Weel J., Lin M., . . . Lipsky R. H. (2012). Oxytocin receptor genetic variation promotes human trust behavior. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, Article 4.
Kumsta R., Heinrichs M. (2013). Oxytocin, stress and social behavior: Neurogenetics of the human oxytocin system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 23, 11–16.
Kumsta R., Hummel E., Chen F. S., Heinrichs M. (2013). Epigenetic regulation of the oxytocin receptor gene: Implications for behavioral neuroscience. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 7, Article 83.
Lane A., Luminet O., Nave G., Mikolajczak M. (2015). Is there a publication bias in oxytocin research? Opening the file drawer of one lab. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Lane A., Mikolajczak M., Treinen E., Luminet O., Samson D., Corneille O., de Timary P. (2015). Failed replication of oxytocin effects on trust: The envelope task case. PLoS ONE, 10, e0137000.
La Porta R., Lopez-De-Silane F., Shleifer A., Vishny R. W. (1996). Trust in large organizations. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Leng G., Ludwig M. (2015). Intranasal oxytocin: Myths and delusions. Biological Psychiatry. Advance online publication.
Lerer E., Levi S., Salomon S., Darvasi A., Yirmiya N., Ebstein R. P. (2007). Association between the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene and autism: Relationship to Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and cognition. Molecular Psychiatry, 13, 980–988.
Lim M. M., Young L. J. (2006). Neuropeptidergic regulation of affiliative behavior and social bonding in animals. Hormones and Behavior, 50, 506–517.
Liu J. C. J., McErlean R. A., Dadds M. R. (2012). Are we there yet? The clinical potential of intranasal oxytocin in psychiatry. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(1), 37–48.
MacDonald K., Feifel D. (2014). Oxytocin’s role in anxiety: A critical appraisal. Brain Research, 1580, 22–56.
Martin J., Kagerbauer S. M., Schuster T., Blobner M., Kochs E. F., Landgraf R. (2014). Vasopressin and oxytocin in CSF and plasma of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Neuropeptides, 48, 91–96.
Mayer R. C., Davis J. H., Schoorman F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20, 709–734.
McCall C., Singer T. (2012). The animal and human neuroendocrinology of social cognition, motivation and behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 15, 681–688.
McCullough M. E., Churchland P. S., Mendez A. J. (2013). Problems with measuring peripheral oxytocin: Can the data on oxytocin and human behavior be trusted? Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37, 1485–1492.
Merkus F. W. H. M., van den Berg M. P. (2007). Can nasal drug delivery bypass the blood-brain barrier? Drugs in R&D, 8, 133–144.
Meyer-Lindenberg A., Domes G., Kirsch P., Heinrichs M. (2011). Oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: Social neuropeptides for translational medicine. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12, 524–538.
Mikolajczak M., Gross J. J., Lane A., Corneille O., de Timary P., Luminet O. (2010). Oxytocin makes people trusting, not gullible. Psychological Science, 21, 1072–1074.
Mikolajczak M., Pinon N., Lane A., de Timary P., Luminet O. (2010). Oxytocin not only increases trust when money is at stake, but also when confidential information is in the balance. Biological Psychology, 85, 182–184.
Modi M. E., Connor-Stroud F., Landgraf R., Young L. J., Parr L. A. (2014). Aerosolized oxytocin increases cerebrospinal fluid oxytocin in rhesus macaques. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 45, 49–57.
Nave G., Nadler A., Camerer C. (2015). Single dose testosterone administration impairs cognitive reflection in men. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Neumann I. D. (2008). Brain oxytocin: A key regulator of emotional and social behaviours in both females and males. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 20, 858–865.
Neumann I. D., Landgraf R. (2012). Balance of brain oxytocin and vasopressin: Implications for anxiety, depression, and social behaviors. Trends in Neurosciences, 35, 649–659.
Neumann I. D., Maloumby R., Beiderbeck D. I., Lukas M., Landgraf R. (2013). Increased brain and plasma oxytocin after nasal and peripheral administration in rats and mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 1985–1993.
Nickel P. J., Vaesen K. (2012). Risk and trust. In Roeser S., Hillerbrand R., Sandin P., Peterson M. (Eds.), Handbook of risk theory (pp. 857–876). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
Nosek B. A., Alter G., Banks C., Borsboom D., Bowman S. D., Breckler S. J., Yarkoni T. (2015). Promoting an open research culture. Science, 348, 1422–1425.
Ostrom E., Walker J. (2003). Trust and reciprocity: Interdisciplinary lessons for experimental research. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Paloyelis Y., Doyle O. M., Zelaya F. O., Maltezos S., Williams S. C., Fotopoulou A., Howard M. A. (2014). A spatiotemporal profile of in vivo cerebral blood flow changes following intranasal oxytocin in humans. Biological Psychiatry. Advance online publication.
Pashler H., Wagenmakers E. J. (2012). Editors’ introduction to the special section on replicability in psychological science: A crisis of confidence? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 528–530.
Pedersen C. A., Prange A. J. (1979). Induction of maternal behavior in virgin rats after intracerebroventricular administration of oxytocin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 76, 6661–6665.
Poulin M. J., Holman E. A., Buffone A. (2012). The neurogenetics of nice: Receptor genes for oxytocin and vasopressin interact with threat to predict prosocial behavior. Psychological Science, 23, 446–452.
Radke S., De Bruijn E. R. A. (2012). The other side of the coin: Oxytocin decreases the adherence to fairness norms. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, Article 193.
Riedl R., Javor A. (2012). The biology of trust. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 5(2), 63–91.
Rilling J. K., DeMarco A. C., Hackett P. D., Thompson R., Ditzen B., Patel R., Pagnoni G. (2012). Effects of intranasal oxytocin and vasopressin on cooperative behavior and associated brain activity in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 447–461.
Rodrigues S. M., Saslow L. R., Garcia N., John O. P., Keltner D. (2009). Oxytocin receptor genetic variation relates to empathy and stress reactivity in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 106, 21437–21441.
Rosenberg M. (1957). Misanthropy and attitudes toward international affairs. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1, 340–345.
Rosenthal R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 638–641.
Rousseau D. M., Sitkin S. B., Burt R. S., Camerer C. F. (1998). Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23, 393–404.
Savulescu J., Sandberg A. (2008). Neuroenhancement of love and marriage: The chemicals between us. Neuroethics, 1, 31–44.
Schechter L. (2007). Traditional trust measurement and the risk confound: An experiment in rural Paraguay. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 62, 272–292.
Shaffer J. P. (1995). Multiple hypothesis testing. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 561–584.
Shamay-Tsoory S. G., Abu-Akel A., Palgi S., Sulieman R., Fischer-Shofty M., Levkovitz Y., Decety J. (2013). Giving peace a chance: Oxytocin increases empathy to pain in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 3139–3144.
Shamay-Tsoory S. G., Fischer M., Dvash J., Harari H., Perach-Bloom N., Levkovitz Y. (2009). Intranasal administration of oxytocin increases envy and schadenfreude (gloating). Biological Psychiatry, 66, 864–870.
Simmons J. P., Nelson L. D., Simonsohn U. (2011). False-positive psychology undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22, 1359–1366.
Simons D. J. (2014). The value of direct replication. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 76–80.
Simonsohn U., Nelson L. D., Simmons J. P. (2014). p-curve and effect size: Correcting for publication bias using only significant results. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 666–681.
Smith T. W., Uchino B. N., MacKenzie J., Hicks A. M., Campo R. A., Reblin M., . . . Light K. C. (2013). Effects of couple interactions and relationship quality on plasma oxytocin and cardiovascular reactivity: Empirical findings and methodological considerations. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 88, 271–281.
Sripada C. S., Phan K. L., Labuschagne I., Welsh R., Nathan P. J., Wood A. G. (2013). Oxytocin enhances resting-state connectivity between amygdala and medial frontal cortex. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 16, 255–260.
Stoop R. (2012). Neuromodulation by oxytocin and vasopressin. Neuron, 76, 142–159.
Striepens N., Kendrick K. M., Hanking V., Landgraf R., Wüllner U., Maier W., Hurlemann R. (2013). Elevated cerebrospinal fluid and blood concentrations of oxytocin following its intranasal administration in humans. Scientific Reports, 3.
Sturgis P., Read S., Hatemi P. K., Zhu G., Trull T., Wright M. J., Martin N. G. (2010). A genetic basis for social trust? Political Behavior, 32, 205–230.
Szeto A., McCabe P. M., Nation D. A., Tabak B. A., Rossetti M. A., McCullough M. E., . . . Mendez A. J. (2011). Evaluation of enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay methods for the measurement of plasma oxytocin. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73, 393–400.
Taylor S. E. (2006). Tend and befriend biobehavioral bases of affiliation under stress. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 273–277.
Theodoridou A., Rowe A. C., Penton-Voak I. S., Rogers P. J. (2009). Oxytocin and social perception: Oxytocin increases perceived facial trustworthiness and attractiveness. Hormones and Behavior, 56, 128–132.
Toothaker L. E., Banz M., Noble C., Camp J., Davis D. (1983). N = 1 designs: The failure of ANOVA-based tests. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 8, 289–309.
Tops M. (2010). Oxytocin: Envy or engagement in others? Biological Psychiatry, 67, e5–e6.
Uvnäs-Moberg K., Arn I., Magnusson D. (2005). The psychobiology of emotion: The role of the oxytocinergic system. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 59–65.
Veening J. G., Olivier B. (2013). Intranasal administration of oxytocin: Behavioral and clinical effects, a review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37, 1445–1465.
Weisman O., Feldman R. (2013). Oxytocin effects on the human brain: Findings, questions, and future directions. Biological Psychiatry, 74, 158–159.
Williams J. R., Insel T. R., Harbaugh C. R., Carter C. S. (1994). Oxytocin administered centrally facilitates formation of a partner preference in female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 6, 247–250.
Wrightsman L. S. (1991). Interpersonal trust and attitudes toward human nature. In Robinson J. P., Shaver P. R., Wrightsman L. S. (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (Vol. 1, pp. 373–412). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Wudarczyk O. A., Earp B. D., Guastella A., Savulescu J. (2013). Could intranasal oxytocin be used to enhance relationships? Research imperatives, clinical policy, and ethical considerations. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 26, 474–484.
Yao S., Zhao W., Cheng R., Geng Y., Luo L., Kendrick K. M. (2014). Oxytocin makes females, but not males, less forgiving following betrayal of trust. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 17, 1785–1792.
Young L. J., Barrett C. E. (2015). Can oxytocin treat autism? Science, 347, 825–826.
Young S. N., Anderson G. M. (2010). Bioanalytical inaccuracy: A threat to the integrity and efficiency of research. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 35, 3–6.
Zak P. J. (2011). The physiology of moral sentiments. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 77, 53–65.
Zak P. J., Knack S. (2001). Trust and growth. The Economic Journal, 111, 295–321.
Zak P. J., Kurzban R., Matzner W. T. (2005). Oxytocin is associated with human trustworthiness. Hormones and Behavior, 48, 522–527.
Zak P. J., Stanton A. A., Ahmadi S. (2007). Oxytocin increases generosity in humans. PLoS ONE, 2(11), e1128.
Zhang G., Zhang Y., Fast D. M., Lin Z., Steenwyk R. (2011). Ultrasensitive quantitation of endogenous oxytocin in rat and human plasma using a two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 416, 45–52.
Zhong S., Monakhov M., Mok H. P., Tong T., San Lai P., Chew S. H., Ebstein R. P. (2012). U-shaped relation between plasma oxytocin levels and behavior in the trust game. PLoS ONE, 7(12), e51095.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
- naveoxytocin_appendix.pdf
- 44.00 KB
Cite article
Cite article
Cite article
OR
Download to reference manager
If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice
Information, rights and permissions
Information
Published In
Article first published online: November 17, 2015
Issue published: November 2015
Keywords
PubMed: 26581735
Authors
Metrics and citations
Metrics
Journals metrics
This article was published in Perspectives on Psychological Science.
VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICSArticle usage*
Total views and downloads: 5221
*Article usage tracking started in December 2016
Altmetric
See the impact this article is making through the number of times it’s been read, and the Altmetric Score.
Learn more about the Altmetric Scores
Articles citing this one
Receive email alerts when this article is cited
Web of Science: 190 view articles Opens in new tab
Crossref: 0
-
Bridging Genomic Data and CRM
-
Oxytocin modulates neural activity during early perceptual salience at...
-
Paleogenomic insights into cooperation in the ancient Andes from posit...
-
The Impact of the Menstrual Cycle on Bargaining Behavior
-
Neuroendocrinology of Human Cooperation and Parental Care
-
The Causal Role of Temporoparietal Junction in Mediating Self–Other Me...
-
Does Testosterone Modulate Aggression and Mating Behavior in Humans? A...
-
Detection, processing and reinforcement of social cues: regulation by ...
-
Characterizing the mechanisms of social connection
-
Better safe than sorry: Oxytocin shifts the regulatory focus
-
Regulation of Oxytocin on Empathy and Its Neural Mechanism
-
Controversies around Neuroeconomics: Empirical, Methodological and Phi...
-
Endocrine state is the physical manifestation of subjective beliefs
-
Being a Dog: A Review of the Domestication Process
-
Effects of oxytocin receptor blockade on dyadic social behavior in mon...
-
Null results of oxytocin and vasopressin administration on mentalizing...
-
Altruistic responses to the most vulnerable involve sensorimotor proce...
-
Die Rolle des Oxytocinsystems für die Entstehung der Depression
-
Age, longevity, and preferences
-
Salivary Oxytocin Has Nonlinear Relationships with Trust and Reciproci...
-
Advances in human oxytocin measurement: challenges and proposed soluti...
-
Neurofinance im Banking: Einflüsse hormonbasierter Stimuli auf Entsche...
-
Neuroscience of Heroism
-
Dissecting social decision-making: A spotlight on oxytocinergic transm...
-
Influences of social uncertainty and serotonin on gambling decisions
-
Study of Oxytocin in Biopolitics
-
Neuroscience Needs to Test Both Statistical and Scientific Hypotheses
-
Renewing the Study of Trust in World Politics: A Relational Agenda
-
Oxytocin does not stand alone
-
Interplay between the oxytocin and opioid systems in regulating social...
-
Oxytocin—a social peptide? Deconstructing the evidence
-
The effects of intranasal oxytocin on black participants’ responses to...
-
Open and reproducible science practices in psychoneuroendocrinology: O...
-
Copulatory Adaptations
-
The Adaptive Value of Women’s Orgasm
-
Oxytocin and serotonin in the modulation of neural function: Neurobiol...
-
The role of genes in altruistic behavior: Evidence from quantitative g...
-
Is oxytocin a trust hormone? Salivary oxytocin is associated with caut...
-
Political Orientation is Associated with Behavior in Public-Goods- and...
-
Towards better hypothesis tests in oxytocin research: Evaluating the v...
-
Fear, love, and the origins of canid domestication: An oxytocin hypoth...
-
Oxytocin and vasopressin in male forensic psychiatric patients with pe...
-
Intergenerational Transmission of Trust: A Dyadic Approach
-
The Scope and Limits of Moral Bioenhancement
-
Enhancing models of social and strategic decision making with process ...
-
What Bias Management Can Learn From Change Management? Utilizing Chang...
-
Understanding identification-based trust in the light of affiliative b...
-
Neuropsychological Level of Trust
-
Trust and Risk
-
Neurocharacteristic Level of Trust
-
Trust and Reciprocity
-
Trust and Brain Dynamics
-
Neuromolecular Level of Trust
-
Trust and Oxytocin
-
Trust and Genetics
-
Oxytocin increases perceived competence and social-emotional engagemen...
-
Oxytocin moderates the association between testosterone-cortisol ratio...
-
Oxytocin: A citation network analysis of 10 000 papers
-
Measurement of Trust in Automation: A Narrative Review and Reference G...
-
Safety and tolerability of chronic intranasal oxytocin in older men: r...
-
Determinants and modulators of human social decisions
-
Physical touch during father-infant interactions is associated with pa...
-
The effect of testosterone on economic risk-taking: A multi-study, mul...
-
Decision-making: from neuroscience to neuroeconomics—an overview
-
Does oxytocin shield against negative effects of ostracism? A replicat...
-
Associations between oxytocin and empathy in humans: A systematic lite...
-
Intranasal oxytocin may help maintain romantic bonds by decreasing jea...
-
Oxytocin-Trust Link in Oxytocin-Sensitive Participants and Those Witho...
-
Investor's Pessimistic and False Belief About Trustworthiness and Stak...
-
Intranasal oxytocin has sympathoexcitatory effects on vascular tone in...
-
Variability in Human-Animal Interaction Research
-
Music as a coevolved system for social bonding
-
Improving the precision of intranasal oxytocin research
-
Prediction of trust propensity from intrinsic brain morphology and fun...
-
No association between genetic variants in MAOA, OXTR, and AVPR1a and ...
-
Oxytocin effects on the resting-state mentalizing brain network
-
The Role of Intranasal Oxytocin on Social Cognition: an Integrative Hu...
-
Unchanged food approach‐avoidance behaviour of healthy men after oxyto...
-
The role of the microbiome in the neurobiology of social behaviour
-
The Influence of an Attachment-Related Stimulus on Oxytocin Reactivity...
-
Oxytocin & well-being as promoters of affect regulation and homeostasi...
-
How Can Intranasal Oxytocin Research Be Trusted? A Systematic Review o...
-
The role of cortisol in trust behavior: Results from an experimental s...
-
Central but not peripheral oxytocin administration reduces risk-based ...
-
Language origins
-
Oxytocin and vasopressin modulation of prisoner’s dilemma strategies
-
A Novel Role of CD38 and Oxytocin as Tandem Molecular Moderators of Hu...
-
Item Features Interact With Item Category in Their Influence on Prefer...
-
-Phasic Model of xytocin (): A systematic conceptual review of oxytoci...
-
Exogenous effects of oxytocin in five psychiatric disorders: a systema...
-
The application of computational modelling in the studies of moral cog...
-
The Influence of Reward on Facial Mimicry: No Evidence for a Significa...
-
Testosterone administration in human social neuroendocrinology: Past, ...
-
A registered replication study on oxytocin and trust
-
A functional neuro-anatomical model of human attachment (NAMA): Insigh...
-
The Mimicry Among Us: Intra- and Inter-Personal Mechanisms of Spontane...
-
Relation of Promoter Methylation of the Oxytocin Gene to Stressful Lif...
-
The role of mesotocin on social bonding in pinyon jays
-
Neural Correlates and Mechanisms of Trust
-
Hormones, Stress and Financial Decision Making
-
The Evolution of Nonviolence and Its Neurological Basis
-
Personality Neuroscience: Why It Is of Importance to Consider Primary ...
-
The aetiology of social deficits within mental health disorders: The r...
-
Oxytocin modulation of self-referential processing is partly replicabl...
-
Oxytocin amplifies the influence of good intentions on social judgment...
-
A review of neuroeconomic gameplay in psychiatric disorders
-
Lack of Evidence for the Effect of Oxytocin on Placebo Analgesia and N...
-
Placebo Effects in the Neuroendocrine System: Conditioning of the Oxyt...
-
Testosterone administration increases social discounting in healthy ma...
-
Anthropology’s Science Wars
-
Trust Games and Beyond
-
Paradoxical Effects of Intranasal Oxytocin on Trust in Inpatient and C...
-
The influence of oxytocin and vasopressin on men’s judgments of social...
-
Oxytocin Modulates the Cognitive Appraisal of the Own and Others Close...
-
Estimation for Better Inference in Neuroscience
-
Oxytocin, vasopressin and trust: Associations with aggressive behavior...
-
Dogs in organizations
-
Oxytocin modulates social value representations in the amygdala
-
The New Statistics for Better Science: Ask How Much, How Uncertain, an...
-
Pair-bonding, fatherhood, and the role of testosterone: A meta-analyti...
-
Oxytocin Facilitates Social Learning by Promoting Conformity to Truste...
-
Intranasal oxytocin does not alter initial perceptions of facial trust...
-
Where is the love? A double-blind, randomized study of the effects of ...
-
Toward a Model of Interpersonal Trust Drawn from Neuroscience, Psychol...
-
Oxytocin promotes action prediction
-
Neurocomputational approaches to social behavior
-
Testing the influence of testosterone administration on men’s honesty ...
-
EEG-Based Neural Correlates of Trust in Human-Autonomy Interaction
-
Association of the oxytocin receptor gene with attitudinal trust: role...
-
A common polymorphism on the oxytocin receptor gene (rs2268498) and re...
-
Language origins
-
Social Cognition and Oxytocin in Huntington’s Disease: New Insights
-
Human social neuroendocrinology: Review of the rapid effects of testos...
-
催产素对社会决策行为的影响
-
Musical Preferences Predict Personality: Evidence From Active Listenin...
-
Oxytocin strengthens the link between provocation and aggression among...
-
Evidence for Intranasal Oxytocin Delivery to the brain: Recent Advance...
-
The effect of oxytocin on group formation and strategic thinking in me...
-
Endogenous Oxytocin Release Eliminates In-Group Bias in Monetary Trans...
-
Experimenter gender and replicability in science
-
Trustworthiness of Autonomous Systems
-
Why Does It Feel So Good to Care for Others and for Myself?
-
Where Caring for Self and Others Lives in the Brain, and How It Can Be...
-
The (Null) Effect of Affective Touch on Betrayal Aversion, Altruism, a...
-
Gaze-Following and Reaction to an Aversive Social Interaction Have Cor...
-
Oxytocin effects on self-referential processing: behavioral and neuroi...
-
Oxytocin increases attention to the eyes and selectively enhances self...
-
Oxytocin improves facial emotion recognition in young adults with anti...
-
Oxytocin promotes altruistic punishment
-
Beyond the social stereotypes of hormones
-
“Lie to me”—Oxytocin impairs lie detection between sexes
-
Electrophysiological correlates of oxytocin-induced enhancement of soc...
-
The rewarding nature of social contact
-
Helping in humans and other animals: a fruitful interdisciplinary dial...
-
Validation of a Commercially Available Enzyme ImmunoAssay for the Dete...
-
Oxytocin as an Indicator of Psychological and Social Well-Being in Dom...
-
Oxytocin effects in schizophrenia: Reconciling mixed findings and movi...
-
Oxytocin facilitation of acceptance of social advice is dependent upon...
-
Oxytocin Experiments Shed Light on Mechanisms Shaping Prosocial and An...
-
An affective social tie mechanism: Theory, evidence, and implications
-
A functional MRI study on how oxytocin affects decision making in soci...
-
Oxytocin and the emergence of individual differences in the social reg...
-
Sync to link: Endorphin-mediated synchrony effects on cooperation
-
Deciphering the modulatory role of oxytocin in human altruism
-
Exposure to Hedione Increases Reciprocity in Humans
-
Generous to whom? The influence of oxytocin on social discounting
-
A review of human male field studies of hormones and behavioral reprod...
-
Dose-dependent social-cognitive effects of intranasal oxytocin deliver...
-
Long-term oxytocin administration enhances the experience of attachmen...
-
A matter of distance—The effect of oxytocin on social discounting is e...
-
Oxytocin and vulnerable romantic relationships
-
Combining oxytocin administration and positive emotion inductions: Exa...
-
Oxytocin promotes attention to social cues regardless of group members...
-
To Remove or not to Remove: the Impact of Outlier Handling on Signific...
-
Oxytocin conditions trait-based rule adherence
-
Oxytocin and Stress-related Disorders: Neurobiological Mechanisms and ...
-
The Neuropeptide Oxytocin Enhances Information Sharing and Group Decis...
-
Nature, Nurture, and Their Interplay...
-
Oxytocin and Social Cognition
-
Personality Neuroscience: Why It Is of Importance to Consider Primary ...
-
The Neural Basis of Fairness
-
Oxytocin
-
Effects of intranasal oxytocin on symptoms of schizophrenia: A multiva...
-
Testosterone administration does not affect men's rejections of low ul...
-
Beyond the hype and hope: Critical considerations for intranasal oxyto...
-
Joy and Calm: How an Evolutionary Functional Model of Affect Regulatio...
-
Influence of oxytocin on emotion recognition from body language: A ran...
-
Motivated Attention and Reward in Parenting
-
Interactive Effects Between Extraversion and Oxytocin Administration...
-
Distinct oxytocin effects on belief updating in response to desirable ...
-
Theoretical frameworks for human behavioral endocrinology
-
The Effect of Oxytocin on Third-Party Altruistic Decisions in Unfair S...
-
Inequity aversion strategies between marmosets are influenced by partn...
-
Reply to: Improving Research Standards to Restore Trust in Intranasal ...
-
Is there a Publication Bias in Behavioural Intranasal Oxytocin Researc...
-
Highlighting the Contextual Nature of Interpersonal Relationships
-
Effects of Intranasal Oxytocin on Emotion Regulation in Insecure Adole...
-
Physiological correlates associated with interpersonal emotion dynamic...
Figures and tables
Figures & Media
Tables
View Options
Get access
Access options
If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:
loading institutional access options
APS members can access this journal content using society membership credentials.
APS members can access this journal content using society membership credentials.
Alternatively, view purchase options below:
Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.
Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.
