GCMS and LCMS

Berberis aristata DC and Nigella sativa L. are officially listed in various Indian Pharmacopoeia and AYUSH official documents. Prescribed for different ailments for proven medicinal activities, they thus became part of polyherbal medications. With reverse pharmacology and scientific validation, more than 30 patents are filed on different formulations of B. aristata and granted. Nigella sativa L. has been broadly studied for its therapeutic potential and wide range of activities against cardiovascular, diabetic, cancer, and life style disorders. Thus, this study is aimed at standardizing B. aristata and N. sativa and their antineoplasia activity in 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mouse models. Molecular docking was done using the Schrodinger program Maestro 9.0. Herbal extracts and essential oil (B. aristata and N. sativa) were standardized and quantified using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) (CAMAG) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) (Agilent 2010GC System) with validated methods. DMBA was administered orally once a week (1mg/ 200 µL) to each animal except the normal control. Hematology, histopathology, and immunoassays were performed, and data were analyzed and depicted with GraphPad and SPSS. In molecular docking, thymoquinone showed the highest docking score (9.519, 9.211, and 9.042, respectively) in the active site pockets of IL6 (PDB ID: 4CNI and 5FCU), TNF (PDB ID: 2AZ5), and VEGF (PDB ID: 4KZN). Out of all four target sites, thymoquinone and berberine showed good binding affinity with IL6 (PDB ID: 4CNI) compared to αand β-pinenes. HPTLC analysis of the hydroalcoholic extract showed the presence of berberine both qualitatively and quantitatively (5.4% berberine), and thymoquinone detected 0.17% in the N. sativa extract. GCMS for essential oil showed 26 compounds including ±pinene. Leukocytes and erythrocytes of N. sativa and B. aristata were analyzed, and significant improvements were recorded (P < 0.05) and graphically presented. Mean survival time was calculated by the Kaplan Meier method (119 days). Immunoassay analyses were conducted, namely, TNF-α and VEGF, and interpreted and marked.

Prediction of relative response factor GC/MS of bio-oil GC/FID of bio-oil HPLC/MS of bio-oil a b s t r a c t A simple procedure was suggested for the chromatographic analyses of bio-oils from pyrolysis of various feedstock employing different technologies. An acetonitrile solution of each bio-oil was prepared without any extraction or other sample pretreatments. Preliminary thin layer chromatography showed a large number of compounds having a broad range of retention factors (Rfs) among 0–1. Products having a retention factor over 0.9 were mainly detected by GC while some other compounds were only identified by HPLC. GC/MS-FID analysis was used to identify and quantify compounds using peak areas and relative response factors (RRFs). A new equation was proposed to estimate RRFs of compounds identified via their MS spectra when experimental RRFs were not readily available. The novel procedure was employed to characterize bio-oils from pyrolysis of wood of different source or obtained using different pyrolysis procedure. Using this RRF method guaiacol, furfural, butan-2-one, levoglucosan, acetic acid and many other compounds were quantified in bio-oil samples. Different amount of them were found as a function of the type of wood, and pyrolysis conditions adopted. For instance levoglucosan was the main compound using carbon as MW absorber however acetic acid was prevalent when a MW absorber was not employed and both of them were absent in bio-oils from classical heating. The HPLC/MS of bio-oils showed cyclohexan-carboxylic acid, 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene and 2,6-dimethylphenol among the main products present in all bio-oils. On the contrary 4-hydroxyacetophenone and (3,4,5-trimethoxy) acetophenone were present in bio-oil from pyrolysis of wood using MW oven and 2,5-furandiylmethanol when a MW oven without any absorber was employed. Cyclohexanone was present in bio-oils obtained with a thermal heating or a MW oven without any absorber.

An LC-MS/MS method for the determination of Entecavir in human plasma was developed and
validated according to currently accepted FDA guidelines of bio analytical method validation. In the present
method Shimadzu- LCMS/MS with analytical column X-bridge C18, 5μm, 4.68×50mm, an injection
volume of 10μl was injected and eluted with mobile phase acetonitrile and methanol pumped at a flow rate
of 0.6ml/min, with an internal standard Lamivudine with a less run time, Entecavir was quantified in human
plasma.
Keywords: Entecavir, LCMS/MS

Candida albicans merupakan jamur penyebab 50-90% kandidiasis pada manusia. Candida albicans merupakan pathogen komensal dan dapat menjadi oportunis, pada saluran gastrointestinal, orofaring, dan kelamin wanita. Terjadinya resistensi pada pengobatan kandidiasis diakibatkan karena pemakaian yang berulang. Minyak kelapa murni (VCO) mengandung asam lemak yang dapat berfungsi sebagai antijamur. Hasil uji antijamur metode Kirby Bauer VCO terhadap Candida albicans menunjukkan pada konsentrasi 7.5% dapat menghambat pertumbuhan jamur Candida albicans, nilai ini sebanding dengan nystatin
195 unit. Hasil kromatografi gas spektrometri massa, asam lemak yang terkandung dalam VCO tersebut yaitu asam kaproat (0,187%), asam oktanoat (1,12%), asam siklopropanapentanoat (0,54%), asam laurat (32,73%), asam miristat (28.55%), asam palmitat (17,16%), asam oleat (14,09%), dan asam stearat (5,68%). Asam lemak jenuh dan tidak jenuh dalam VCO terbukti dapat menghambat pertumbuhan jamur Candida albicans.

Global Temperature Change in Deep Time Several recent studies have published estimates describing how global temperature has changed during the last 540 million years (Figure 1; Scotese et al., 2021). These temperature curves identify times when the Earth's global average temperature was much warmer than the presentday (hothouse intervals) and time intervals when, like the present-day, the Earth has been locked in a frigid "icehouse" world. Figure 2 is a "heat map" which highlights these hothouse and icehouse intervals (Scotese et al., 2021). Figure 1. Estimates of Global Average Temperature during the Phanerozoic

The volatile compounds in four selected African star apple fruit (Chrysophyllum albidum) varieties were isolated and identified using the headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 59 compounds were identified. Application of the aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) to the aroma distillates from the fruits revealed 45 odour-active compounds in the flavour dilution (FD) factor range of 4-128. Among them, the highest odour activities (FD factors) were determined for methylhexanoate, acetophenone and ethyl dodecanoate. Moreover, aroma lipophilicity appears to reflect molecular conformation. Further analysis of the similarities and differences between the fruit varieties in terms of the key odourants by the application of PLS-DA and PLS-regression coefficient showed strong positive correlation between the very sweet/sweet varieties and 10 key odourants. The odourants included ethyl acetate, acetyl methyl carbinol, methylhexanoate, sabinene, p-cymene, methylbenzoate, ethylbenzoate, geraniol, cis-α-bergomotene, acetophenone, and ethyl dodecanoate.

A highly sensitive and ultra-fast high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) assay is developed and validated for the quantification of Lenalidomide in human plasma. Lenalidomide is extracted from human plasma by Liquid-Liquid Extraction by Ethyl Acetate and analyzed using a reversed phase isocratic elution on a XTerra RP18, (4.6 Â 50 mM, 5 mm) column. A 0.1% Formic acid: Methanol (10:90% v/v), is used as mobile phase and detection was performed by Triple quadrupole mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS using electrospray ionization in positive mode. Fluconazole is used as the internal standard. The lower limit of quantification is 9.999 ng/mL for Lenalidomide. The calibration curves are consistently accurate and precise over the concentration range of 9.999 to 1010.011 ng/mL in plasma for Lenalidomide. This novel LC–MS/MS method competes with all the regulatory requirements and shows satisfactory accuracy and precision and is sufficiently sensitive for the performance of phar-macokinetic and bioequivalence studies in humans. Ó 2018 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

To develop a stability-indicating reversed phase ultra performance liquid chromatographic
(RP-UPLC) method for the determination of related substances in Metoclopramide
bulk drugs and pharmaceutical dosage form.
Method: The chromatographic separation was achieved using a Waters X-terra RP18
(150
4.6 mm), 3.5 mm particle size column using the gradient program with mobile phase
consisting of solvent A: 30 mM monobasic sodium phosphate and 2.3 mM of pentane-1-
sulphonic acid sodium salt (pH 3.0 buffer) and solvent-B (Acetonitrile). A flow rate of 1.2 mL/
min and UV detector at 273 nm was used. The runtime was 18 min within which Metoclopramide
and its four impurities, ACETYLMETO, ACMA, CLEE and ACME were well separated.
Results and discussion: Thedrugwas subjectedto stress conditions suchasoxidative, acid&base
hydrolysis, thermal and photolytic degradation. Metoclopramide was found to degrade significantly
in photolytic, oxidative&thermal stress conditions and stable in acid, base, hydrolytic&
humidity stress conditions. The major degradation impurities in oxidation and photolytic
degradation were identified by LCMS. The degradation products were well resolved from the
main peak and its impurities, thus proved the stability-indicating power of the method.
Conclusion: The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines with respect to
specificity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision and
robustness. The calibration curves obtained for the four impurities were linear over the
range 0.062e3.040 mg/mL.
Copyright ª 2013, JPR Solutions; Published by Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. All rights
reserved.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ91 4427141358; fax: þ91 4427156816.
E-mail address: prathyusha.pchgs@gmail.com (P. Sowjanya).
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jopr

Wax-based painting, achieved by encaustic technique, was for decades a subject of discussion
and disagreement between scholars with regard to the method of preparation and implementation. The issue still under debate is whether the technique used by the ancient artists was
based on molten wax, or if it was artificially and intentionally saponified to obtain the so-called
‘Punic wax’, historically known from the description provided by Pliny the Elder. Most of the
methods used to understand the ancient technique are not convincing as they do not provide
a clear answer as to the exact chemical changes or alterations that occurred for the wax based
medium. Do these alterations take place as a result of exogenous factors, or endogenous by
the pigments or ingredients? Or are they due to intentional alteration or modification for the
wax by the artist to produce the saponified wax? The following paper is an attempt to find a
way to answer these questions, starting with a survey of the literature including ancient recipes
and archaeological materials. This is followed by a systematic and integrated analytical approach, by means of FTIR analysis, Raman analysis, and Py-Gas chromatography, for both
experimental samples prepared based on the ancient recipes and archaeological samples from
encaustic paintings.

Abstrak Karies gigi adalah penyakit yang banyak dialami oleh masyarakat, yang terbentuk karena penumpukan plak pada gigi dan adanya bakteri. Bakteri yang diketahui terlibat dalam pembentukan karies gigi adalah Streptococcus mutans. Selama ini karies gigi diobati menggunakan antibiotik. Bakteri tersebut diketahui telah resisten terhadap banyak antibiotik sehingga perlu mencari alternatif lain. Salah satu pilihan alternatif sebagai antibakteri adalah buah mengkudu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa bioaktif buah mengkudu dan mengetahui mekanisme aksinya dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans. Buah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) dimaserasi menggunakan etanol 96%, kemudian difraksinasi menggunakan n-heksan dan etil asetat. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi agar, dan senyawa bioaktif diidentifikasi menggunakan GCMS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan fraksi etil asetat memiliki aktivitas penghambatan paling besar terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans dengan zona hambat sebesar ±17 mm serta nilai KHM (konsentrasi hambat minimum) 10% ekstrak. Mekanisme aksi penghambatan diduga dengan membuat lubang pada membran sel bakteri. Hal ini terlihat dari tingginya konsentrasi protein serta asam nukleat yang keluar dari sel setelah perlakuan yang mengindikasikan telah terjadi kebocoran sel. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa buah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) memiliki kandungan senyawa bioaktif berupa quinolone yang dapat menjadi sumber baru untuk mengatasi karies gigi. Abstract Dental caries is a disease that many people experience, which is formed by the buildup of plaque on the teeth and the presence of bacteria. The bacteria known to be involved in the formation of dental caries is Streptococcus mutans. Dental caries used to be treated using antibiotics. However, it is known that many antibiotics are no longer effective against this bacteria hence it is necessary to look for another alternative. One alternative choice as an antibacterial is Noni fruit. This study aims to identify the bioactive compounds of noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L) and to know the mechanism of action in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans. Noni fruit was macerated using 96% ethanol, then fractionated using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Antibacterial activity test was done using agar difusion method, and identification of bioactive compounds was conducted using GCMS. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction has the highest inhibitory activity on the growth of Streptococcus mutans with inhibition zone of ±17 mm and MIC (minimum inhibitor concentration) value of 10%. The inhibition mechanism is asumed to be done by making holes in cell membranes, which can be seen from the high concentration of proteins and nucleic acids coming out of cells after treatment that in turn means that cell leakage has occurred. The results of this study indicate that noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L) contain bioactive quinolone compounds that can be a new source for treating dental caries.

Headspace-solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis were used to provide the volatile profile of roasted chickpea as a means of unravelling and elucidating roasted chickpea as a prerequisite in developing chickpea snack item for the health and functional food sectors. The results of the HS- SPME and optimization analysis using response surface methodology showed that DVB/CAR/PDMS was the most effective fibre and further results revealed the extraction temperature to be the dominant factor. A total of 61 volatile compounds were identified in the roasted chickpea. The best response within the range studied was established at 60o C extraction temperature, 30 min of equilibrium time and 15 min of extraction time. The volatile compounds iden- tified comprised of aldehydes (25%), hydrocarbons (25%), terpenoids (20%), esters (8%), ketones (8%), alcohols (8%) and heterocyclic (8%). The results further indicated that the final model was significantly (P < 0.05) fitted for the response variable (total flavour peak area) studied with a relatively high R 2 (0.9658).

We have hydrodistilled the essential oil (EO) from the aerial parts of the Bhutanese medicinal plant, Pleurospermum amabile using a Clevenger apparatus and
evaluated this EO by GC/GC-MS and NMR analysis followed by testing for bioactivity. The GC-MS analysis identified 52 compounds with (E)-isomyristicin
as a major component (32.2%). Repeated purification yielded four compounds; (E)-isomyristicin (1), (E)-isoapiol (2), methyl eugenol (3) and (E)-isoelemicin
(4). Compound 2 and the mother EO showed the best antiplasmodial activity against the Plasmodium falciparum strains, TM4/8.2 (chloroquine and antifolate
sensitive) and K1CB1 (multidrug resistant). They exhibited mild antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis. None of the test samples showed cytotoxicity.

Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, thus providing protection to human against infections and degenerative diseases. Current research is now directed towards natural antioxidants originated from plants due to safe therapeutics. Poly herbal drugs is used in Indian traditional medicine for a wide range of various ailments. To understand the mechanism of pharmacological actions, antioxidant properties of the Poly herbal drugs extract were tested using standard in vitro models. The ethanolic extract of Poly herbal drugs exhibited strong scavenging effect on superoxide, nitric oxide radical and reducing power radical scavenging assay. The free radical scavenging effect of Poly herbal drugs extract was comparable with that of the reference antioxidants. The data obtained in the present study suggests that the extract of Poly herbal drugs have potent Invitro antioxidant and Anti Diabetic activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against oxidative damage. INTRODUCTION Indian medicinal plants and many herbal formulations belonging to the traditional systems of medicine like Ayurveda have been investigated on various aspects of disease curing drugs. Side effects and expenses associated with allopathic drugs have provoked the need for research into drugs which are without the side effects, especially those belonging to the traditional systems of medicine (Jose and Kuttan, 2000) Research emphasis has been directed towards herbal drugs either in single or in combination having specific diagnostic and therapeutic principles. Antioxidant agents of natural origin have attracted special interest because they can protect human body from free radicals (Kunchandy & Rado, 1990) currently, polyhedral formulations are employed for the treatment of various types of diseases, such as respiratory diseases, cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), diabetics and ulcer in order to achieve enhanced therapeutic effects In view of above information the present study has been undertaken to assess the invitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of polyherbal formulation containing drugs from different herbs viz Cassia auriculata , Mimosa pudica , Mangifera indica , Cyperus rotundus and Asparagus racemosus.

Secondary metabolites and different phytochemicals are present in a great deal in the plant Kalanchoe pinnata
belonging to family Crassulaceae. However, few reported the scientific data regarding GC-MS analysis of
methanolic extract of Kalanchoe pinnata fresh leaves till date during literature review. The study was aimed to
verify the phytochemical in the methanolic extract of Kalanchoe pinnata fresh leaves. Methanolic extraction of fresh
leaves Kalanchoe pinnata was performed and GC-MS analysis data was provided by IIT, Powai, Mumbai.
Phytochemical investigation was carried out to identify the possible components from Kalanchoe pinnata fresh
leaves by GC-MS. It has revealed only major three peaks of GC-MS spectrum that phytol, squalene and 5-
oxotetrahydrofuran-2,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester. Other two phytocomponents remained unidentified and
still reported no activity. Squalene is generally reported for anticancer, antioxidant and additional activities. From
the results, it is firstly reported that phytol and squalene present as major bioactive compounds in methanolic
extract of Kalanchoe pinnata fresh leaves.

Methyleugenol is a substance that is possibly carcinogenic to humans, which may occur in foods containing certain herbs and spices. The European Union has set maximum levels for some product groups, but there is a lack of comprehensive market surveys for this compound. In this study, we compare two procedures for methyleugenol determination in foods, namely GC/MS, which is currently seen as gold standard for such an analytical problem, and NMR, which is hypothesized to be suitable as a faster screening. The sample preparation for GC/MS consists of homogenization in ethanol followed by liquid–liquid extraction for fat-free foods or automatic steam distillation for fat-containing foods. The extract or distillate is then measured using GC/MS either in SCAN or SIM mode (dependent on concentration) with cyclodecanone as internal standard. For 1H NMR, the ethanolic solution can be directly measured without further extraction or distillation. Quantification using external standardization is conducted for NMR. Both procedures were validated and fulfilled the requirements for quantitative food analysis. The applicability was demonstrated by analyzing 120 samples including basil, estragon, pimento, nutmeg, several teas, alcoholic beverages, and pesto. GC/MS is more sensitive, precise, and suitable for regulatory purposes but time-consuming and expensive. NMR can be used for a faster screening analysis and appears to be ideal for conducting larger surveys to estimate human exposure.

The investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components of Cenchrus ciliaris using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). All the samples were dried firstly at 60°C for 2 days in an oven after that leave it on room temperature. They were then macerated to powder form with a mixer grinder. The powder was stored in air sealed polythene bags at room temperature before extraction. The chemical compositions of the ethyl acetate extract of whole Cenchrus ciliaris plant were investigated using Perkin-Elmer Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry. While the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and WILEY-8 library. 103 components of the above said plant were identified. This is the first report of identification of components from the whole plant of Cenchrus ciliaris by GC-MS.

The ensembles of two Global Climate Models (GCMs) namely, third generation Canadian Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM3) and Hadley Center Coupled Model, version 3 (HadCM3) are used to project future precipitation in a part of North-Western (N-W) Himalayan region, India. Statistical downscaling method is used to downscale and generate future scenarios of precipitation at station scale from large scale climate variables obtained from GCMs. The observed historical precipitation data has been collected for three metrological stations, namely, Rampur, Sunni and Kasol falling in the basin for further analysis. The future trends and patterns in precipitation under scenarios A2 and A1B for CGCM3 model, and A2 and B2 for HadCM3 model are analyzed for these stations under three different time periods: 2020s, 2050s and 2080s. An overall rise in mean annual precipitation under scenarios A2 and A1B for CGCM3 model have been noticed for future periods: 2020s, 2050s and 2080s. Decrease, in precipitation has been found under A2 and B2 scenarios of HadCM3 model for 2050s and slight increase for 2080s periods. Based on the analysis of results, CGCM3 model has been found better for simulation of precipitation in comparison to HadCM3 model.

The biosurfactant production process was optimized using raw orange peel extract (ST reduction = 33.04 dyne cm − 1 ; biosurfactant yield =~3.7 g L − 1) and the extracted metabolite was characterized in terms of its nature, and class/family. To the best of our knowledge, a first report utilizing biowaste as a sole carbon substrate for simultaneous biosurfactant production and Pb 2+ removal under submerged fermentation by Bacillus haynesii strain E1. The results depicted the extracted biosurfactant to be of lipopeptide nature belonging to surfactin family having 50 mg L − 1 of CMC. The crude biosurfactant was found to be tensioactive at temperature 70 • C, 6% salt concentration, and varying pH range. The biosurfactant-producing bacterium effectively remediated Pb 2+ (high MIC = 2200 mg L − 1) with a maximum adsorption capacity of 196.08 mg g − 1. The biosorption mechanism followed Langmuir (R 2 = 0.9724) and Pseudo second-order adsorption kinetics (R 2 = 0.9996; 200 mg L − 1).

What is known about the brain is a scanty amount of information despite its importance in human evolution. Here we perform based on a holistic Systems Biology lipidomics approach an attempt describing the brain biochemical lipid composition based on the homogenate of a part (gyrus) of the neocortex of post mortem material of the “Dutch
Brain Bank” with LCMS techniques. From evolutionary perception the occurrence of the “fish oils” in blood and/or brain is interesting and their ability to pass the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). Both omega-3 “fish oil” Fatty Acids (FA) Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA). EPA and DHA are found in rather high concentrations respectively 0.277% and 0.258% respectively in blood plasma but not in the brain. EPA is not found in grey or white neocortex matter so probably it cannot pass the BBB while this is the case for DHA giving values of respectively ≈0.00015% while Triacylglycerols (TGs) are the major constituent of the human brain with a mean value of the neocortex of ≈72%. We finally conclude the TGs have played a major role in the process of human brain growth and encephalization during course of evolution.

Study Region: The Wami River sub-basin is among the river sub-basins with a vital ecosystem in Tanzania. It comprises the Saadani National park and it has the very great potential of irrigation and rain fed agriculture.
Study Focus: The objective of this study was to evaluate the uncertainty of future streamflow in respect of increasing water demands and uncertain projected climate inputs, General Circulation Models (GCMs). The water demands were projected to the year 2039 and GCM precipitation was selected as the changing climatic variable. The CMIP5-GCMs were evaluated for their skills and those with the minimum skill scores above 75% were downscaled and used in projection of scenario RCP 8.5 precipitation. Then uncertainties of RCP 8.5 precipitation were estimated using a fuzzy extension principle and finally used to simulate uncertainties of future runoff using a rainfall-runoff model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT).
New Hydrological Insights for the Region: The results of projected streamflow shows that the baseline annual climatology flow (ACF) is 98m3/s and for the future, the median ACF is projected to be 81m3/s. At 100% uncertainty of skilled projections, the ACF from the sub-basin is projected to range between -47% and +36% from the baseline ACF. However, the midstream of the sub-basin shows reliable water availability for foreseen water uses expansion up to the year 2039.

The Mason iFlood system currently uses regional wave and hydrodynamic models forced by NOAA’s atmospheric model, the North American Mesoscale (NAM), to produce Chesapeake Bay flooding forecasts. Forecasts that use NOAA’s NAM model are currently only permitted to run 3.5 days into the future; however, it may be possible for the Mason iFlood system to produce useful probabilistic forecasts beyond this limit. The Subseasonal Experiment (SubX) is a multi-model subseasonal (weeks 1-4) prediction and predictability project that provides both retrospective and real-time forecast data. Here we examine the skill of the various SubX models in predicting certain atmospheric variables which are useful for flood forecasting— evaluating the viability of extending the Mason iFlood system’s lead times as a probabilistic forecast, and eventually providing input data for the system.

The article describes the results of the interdisciplinary studies of a unique bone slotted point from Tłokowo, north-eastern Poland. The artefact was discovered in 1989, and indirect dating suggested an Early Mesolithic date. In this article we present the results of direct radiocarbon dating of the point, which shows that it is almost 2000 years younger than previously suggested. In addition, physical-chemical studies of the adhesive used to mount the flint inserts inside the point were conducted. The results of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR) analysis indicate that the adhesive is birch tar. Finally, the article presents the results of detailed traceological studies that allow interpretation of the technology of production and possible function of the point. For the analysis, as well as various types of microscopes, optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used. In the discussion the r...

We have hydrodistilled the essential oil (EO) from the aerial parts of the Bhutanese medicinal plant, Pleurospermum amabile using a Clevenger apparatus and evaluated this EO by GC/GC-MS and NMR analysis followed by testing for bioactivity. The GC-MS analysis identified 52 compounds with (E)-isomyristicin as a major component (32.2%). Repeated purification yielded four compounds; (E)-isomyristicin (1), (E)-isoapiol (2), methyl eugenol (3) and (E)-isoelemicin (4). Compound 2 and the mother EO showed the best antiplasmodial activity against the Plasmodium falciparum strains, TM4/8.2 (chloroquine and antifolate sensitive) and K1CB1 (multidrug resistant). They exhibited mild antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis. None of the test samples showed cytotoxicity.

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor family transcription factor that is expressed in several types of cancers. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic actions of PPARγ agonists suggesting that, it could be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of variety of cancers. Therefore, the main aim of this study is attempt to identify the novel PPARγ agonist from presence of bioactive compounds in ethanolic extract of Cayratia trifolia using GC-MS analysis and Computational molecular simulation studies. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the ethanolic extract of Cayratia trifolia (L.) (whole plant) consist of 20 bioactive compounds which embrace many biological activities against variety of diseases. Molecular docking studies (Glide 5.5 from Schrödinger suite) exposed that, out of 20 bioactive compounds, Cyclopentadecane, 9- Borabicyclo [3.3.1]nonane, 9-(2-propen-1-yloxy)-.1, 4,8,12,16-Tetramethylheptadecan-4- olide, Oxirane and Vitamin E shows ...

A mechanistic understanding of the North American Monsoon (NAM) is suggested by incorporating local- and synoptic-scale processes. The local-scale mechanism describes the effect sea surface temperature (SST) in Gulf of California (GC) and how it contributes to the low-level moisture during the 2004 NAM. Before NAM onset, the strong low-level temperature inversion exists over the GC, but this inversion weakens with increasing GC SST and generally disappears once SSTs exceed 29.5°C, allowing the moist air, trapped in the MBL, to mix with free tropospheric air. This leads to a deep, moist layer that can be transported toward the NAM regions to produce thunderstorms. The synoptic scale mechanism is based on climatologies from 1983 to 2010 and explains that the warmest SSTs moving up the coast contributes to NAM convection and atmospheric heating, and consequently advancing the position of the anticyclone and the region of descent northward.

In order to improve microphysical properties of ice clouds, this study develops self-consistent second order polynomial mass- and projected area-dimension (m-D and A-D) expressions that are valid over a much larger size range, compared to traditional power laws. Such expressions can easily be reduced to power laws for the size range of interest, in order to use in cloud and climate models. This was done by combining field measurements of individual ice particle m and D with airborne optical probe measurements of D, A and estimates of m. The resulting m-D and A-D expressions are functions of temperature and cloud type (synoptic vs. anvil), and are in good agreement with m-D power laws developed from recent field studies. These expressions also appear representative for heavily rimed dendrites occurring over the Sierra Nevada Mountains. By using the m-D field measurements of rimed and unrimed particles, and by developing theoretical methods, an approach was suggested for calculating rimed m and A, which has the benefit of accounting for the degree of riming, and therefore it produces a gradual and continuous growth from unrimed ice particles to graupel. The treatment for riming includes a parameterization for collision efficiency as a function of droplet size and ice particle size using the available numerical studies.

A rimed snow growth model (RSGM) was developed based on the growth processes of vapor diffusion, aggregation, and riming. The RSGM uses a measured radar reflectivity at cloud top for initialization, and then predicts the vertical evolution of size spectra. The RSGM is based on the zeroth- and second- moment conservation equations with respect to mass, and thus conserves the number concentration and radar reflectivity, respectively. The size spectra predicted by the RSGM are in good agreement with observed spectra during Lagrangian spiral descents through frontal clouds. The snowfall rate with the inclusion of riming is significantly greater than that produced by the vapor deposition and aggregation alone. Snowfall rates are found to be sensitive to the cloud drop size distribution.

In This Paper, We Examine the push Messaging Service Google Cloud Messaging (Gcm) for Android Platform Traditionally Keep Data Synchronization Between Android Device AndServer-Side Using Method of Pulling. Each Android Device has to Poll Server for Updated Data, WhichLeads to Unnecessary Network Traffic and Wastage of Mobile Phone Battery. In Order to Overcome ThisWeakness, Data Pushing Service, Gcm Was Introduced. Push, Describes a Style of Internet-BasedCommunication Where the Request for a Given Transaction Is Initiated By The Publisher or Central Server. Push Messaging is a Multi-Channel Mobile Cloud Communications Platform that Unifies PushNotifications, Sms and Instant Messaging. Gcm Service Allows Sending Data From The App Engine orOther Backhands to Android Powered Device. GCM is Lightweight Push Notification Based ServiceNotifying Android Application About New Data to be Fetched from the Server or Messaging Containing4kb of Payload Data. Gcm Manages All Aspects Messages Queuing and Delivery of Message to Target
Android Application Running on Target Device.

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor family transcription factor that
is expressed in several types of cancers. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic actions of PPARγ agonists suggesting
that, it could be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of variety of cancers. Therefore, the main aim of
this study is attempt to identify the novel PPARγ agonist from presence of bioactive compounds in ethanolic
extract of Cayratia trifolia using GC-MS analysis and Computational molecular simulation studies. The GC-MS
analysis revealed that the ethanolic extract of Cayratia trifolia (L.) (whole plant) consist of 20 bioactive
compounds which embrace many biological activities against variety of diseases. Molecular docking studies
(Glide 5.5 from Schrödinger suite) exposed that, out of 20 bioactive compounds, Cyclopentadecane, 9-
Borabicyclo [3.3.1]nonane, 9-(2-propen-1-yloxy)-.1, 4,8,12,16-Tetramethylheptadecan-4- olide, Oxirane and
Vitamin E shows the better glide score. ADME properties (QikProp 2.3 from Schrödinger suite) of these
bioactive compounds were under the acceptable range. Based on the result it can be concluded that, these
bioactive compounds may act as a good agonist for PPARγ. In future it may focus on current discoveries in
PPARγ activation and possible anticancer therapeutic option.

Herbal medicines are getting more attention as conventional therapies showing resistance and other side effects. The plant Basella Alba is a leaf vegetable and traditionally used for different medicinal purpose. We investigated methanol extract of whole plant of Basella alba (MBA) for the presence of phytochemicals and antioxidant potential by in vitro methods. On phytochemical analysis, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, phenols, saponins and diterpenes were detected. GC-HRMS analysis indicated the presence of the compounds belonging to class of pyrans, phytol, flavonoids, phenols, glycerides, esters, fatty acids, palmitic acid, diterpens and sterols. MBA showed significant (p < 0.05) concentration dependant DPPH, superoxide and nitric oxide free radical scavenging activity as well as total antioxidant activity. The half maximum inhibitory concentrations (IC50) obtained for DPPH, superoxide and nitric oxide free radical scavenging assays were 22.51 ± 7.81, 105.54 ± 8.53 and 43.123 ± 7.36 μg/mL respectively. Also significant (p < 0.05) increase in absorbance with increase in concentrations was observed during total antioxidant assay. Therefore, the present study designated a dose dependent antioxidant potential of methanol extract of whole plant of B. alba.

Archeological excavations beside the Baptistery of the Dome of Padua (north-eastern Italy) unearthed anthropic deposits formed between the seventh- and tenth-century ad. These were analyzed using soil micromorphology, soil chemical analyses (especially aimed at the definition of organic matter properties and dynamics), and GC/MS analyses of fecal biomarkers, the latter corroborated by principal component analysis. This inter-disciplinary study allowed differentiating between units resulting from in situ accumulation of trampled domestic waste and other, more frequent, units derived from repeated dumping or backfilling episodes. Fast accumulation of organic-rich domestic waste, coupled with an incomplete evolution of organic molecules appears as a fundamental formation process of these anthropic deposits. The overall level of fecal contamination in the Padua Baptistery sediments proved to be very low or absent.

The phyto-constituents present in fruit of Phyllanthus emblica L. (Phyllanthaceae) consumed by the tribal people of West Bengal for the treatment of various disease ailments. Phyllanthus emblica L., a deciduous tree of small to medium size up to 5.5 meters representing a large group of phyto-chemical reservoir of medicinal uses in different disease like diabetes, liver disorder, snake venom neutralizer, diarrhoea, indigestion, anti-tumor, anti-carcinogenic, anti-ulcer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities etc. supporting its ethnicity for the traditional healers. Quantitative estimation of various bioactive constituents reveals the presence of tannins, carbohydrates, acidic compounds, poly phenols, vitamin C, etc. in different proportions. Hence the present investigation was conducted to compare the phyto-constituents of Amla collected from two different regions of West Bengal (one at low land and other at relatively high altitude). The investigation reveals the presence of larger ascorbic acid content West Midnapore region than North Bengal, whereas tannin content is higher in North Bengal. Total poly-phenolic compounds are higher in Jhargram region than that of North Bengal. Hence it can be concluded that climatic and soil composition differences can also play a major role in quantitative changes in phytoconstituents.