UNESCO world heritage

Romania has signed the World Heritage Convention in 1990. Its process of implementation was carried out along two decades, but the resulting legal framework does not grant at present the appropriate protection and management of the sites inscribed on the World Heritage List. Moreover, even if steps have been taken towards the implementation of the Convention, the compliance with it is far from being a reality. This study brings forth the fact that in the case of the serial World Heritage Site "Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains", there is a twofold non-compliance with the Convention. First, there is a substantive non-compliance, resulting from the almost complete dereliction of the site: in the last 20 years, there was no management system and 5 of its 6 component parts have been abandoned. Secondly, there is a procedural non-compliance, resulting from the fake reporting to the World Heritage Centre, as well as from the omission of some reports. The real situation has recently surfaced, due to the intervention of the civil society, and the World Heritage Centre triggered the reactive monitoring process for this site. At the same time, the possible causes of this non-compliance have been analysed in view of identifying urgent solutions meant to re-establish the balance with respect to the Convention. The main directions of action proposed are the improvement of the legal framework and the adoption of appropriate heritage policies.

This whitepaper provides a legal analysis to align the 1972 World Heritage Convention and the UNESCO Constitution and its commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms. It sets out recommendations for UNESCO, the World Heritage governing bodies, and States Parties to ensure properties on the World Heritage List and Tentative Lists are not sites of serious, systematic violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law.

A MOST HAVE FOR THE ART HISTORIAN!

Dopo la pubblicazione del primo tomo, che raccoglie il patrimonio architettonico e artistico del Fondo Edifici di Culto di 129 luoghi di culto presenti in Piemonte, Veneto, Liguria, Emilia Romagna, Toscana, Marche, Umbria e Abruzzo, L' ERMA in collaborazione con il Ministero dell' Interno prosegue l' opera con il secondo tomo che conterrà il patrimonio artistico-culturale di Roma e del Lazio. Gli edifici di culto raccolti in questo secondo tomo sono 191 di cui 120 sul territorio laziale e 71 nella capitale. Tra i più importanti edifici a Roma ricordiamo Sant' Andrea al Quirinale, Sant' Andrea della Valle, Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, la Basilica di SS. Giovanni e Paolo al Celio, Santa Maria del Popolo, Santa Maria in Aracoeli al Campidoglio, senza però tralasciare tutti gli altri edifici di culto con i loro relativi patrimoni artistici presenti sul territorio romano e laziale.

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Il Corpus Del Fondo Edifici Di Culto è una prestigiosa enciclopedia costituita da 4 volumi, di assoluto valore scientifico in cui saranno illustrati, attraverso delle schede e per mezzo di foto a colori di alta qualità, tutti gli edifici di culto facenti parte del patrimonio del Fondo Edifici di Culto del Ministero dell' Interno e tutto il patrimonio artistico-culturale in essi contenuti; il patrimonio del F.E.C., è costituito da oltre 730 edifici di culto di grandissimo pregio storico, architettonico, artistico e culturale, dislocati su tutto il territorio nazionale aperti al pubblico e concessi in uso gratuito all'Autorità Ecclesiastica ma gestiti dal Fondo Edifici di Culto, amministrato dalla Direzione Centrale per l' amministrazione del Fondo Edifici di Culto del Ministero dell' Interno. L' importanza dell' opera sarà messa in risalto dalla elegante veste editoriale dei 4 lussuosi volumi imperdibili per gli studiosi del settore ed i collezionisti.

MILLÁN, Saúl (coordinación); Carlos HEIRAS; Alessandro QUESTA; Iván PÉREZ TÉLLEZ (investigación), “Patrimonio cultural inmaterial y los pueblos indígenas de México”; “Danzas indígenas de México”, en Las culturas indígenas de México. Atlas nacional de etnografía, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México, 2018, 739 pp. ISBN 978-607-539-102-1.

This paper deals with the phenomenon of Archeoastronomy present at different locations and different cultures around the world. The three historical structures present in this paper show how was Archeoastronomy applied and how it was used in ancient times.

Gastronomi kavramı, bir toplumun veya yörenin kendine has özelliklerinden en önemlisi olan
beslenme kültürü ile yiyecek ve içeceklerin üretiminden sunumuna kadar geçen sürecin, bilim ve
sanat kapsamında incelendiği bir alandır. Dünya’da toplumlar arasındaki farklılıkların giderek
ortadan kalktığı, yerele ait kültürün yeni nesile aktarımı aşamasında tahribata uğrayarak farklılaştığı
bir ortamda, ülkelerin sahip oldukları mutfak kültürlerinin yaşatılması hususu 1990’lı yıllardan
sonra gastronomi turizmine yönelik hareketliliğin artmasını beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu kapsamda
tarihten günümüze kadar Orta Asya, Mezopotamya, Kafkasya, Anadolu ve Balkanlarda yaşayan
toplulukların çoğundan farklı esintiler alarak oluşan Türk Mutfağı, uluslararası alanda Gastronomi
Turizmi odaklı gerçekleşen turizm hareketlerinde çok büyük bir potansiyele sahiptir. Bu noktadan
hareketle, yapılan araştırmanın konusunu Türk Mutfağını oluşturan önemli bölgelerden biri olan
Güneydoğu Bölgesinin gastronomi alanında önde gelen illerinden olan Gaziantep oluşturmaktadır.
Çalışmanın amacını 2016 yılında Gastronomi alanında UNESCO Yaratıcı Şehirler Ağına dâhil olan
Gaziantep’in, bu kapsamda elde edebileceği avantajların ortaya konulması oluşturmaktadır. Bu
kapsamda Unesco Yaratıcı Şehirler Ağı ve Gaziantep Mutfağı üzerine literatür taraması
gerçekleştirilmiş ve elde edilen önceki araştırmalardan literatür bölümü kurgulanmıştır. Sonuç
bölümünde ise bu üyeliğin Gaziantep şehrine sağlayacağı olası faydalar tartışılmıştır.

I remain wary of the academic industry that continues
to flourish around Palmyra. Yes, the archaeological adventurism and opportunism of the
early 20th century have been refashioned into new forms of international technocratic expertise.
But in fetishizing the arch, and indeed its copies, we also risk participating in the same discourses
that are being critiqued. More sobering still is that the topics that scholars formulate (and seek to
have funded) have simply been recalibrated to the insidious practice of ‘crisis chasing’ (Cabot
2019). The crisis is about salvage, albeit our own, since what is unfolding in Syria and Iraq
has inevitably saved and spawned myriad institutions, foundations, digital start-ups, initiatives
and research, with a new mission and moral charge. Perhaps now we should be considering
whether we are creating ever more hostages to fortune.

Abstract
The Old and New Towns of Edinburgh have long been a popular destination, but the sense of uncontrollable inundation by visitors is a phenomenon of recent decades. While many have claimed the tourist boom is positive and to be further encouraged, residents have decried the loss of their city’s soul. The debate about ‘over-tourism’ in Edinburgh has become a common topic in the local press: the pro-tourism side argues that the city is a living, evolving entity that cannot be locked in a museum case, while the anti-tourism campaigners allege that Edinburgh is quickly falling victim to ‘Disneyfication’.

This threat of a loss of ‘authenticity’ is particularly important in the context of Edinburgh’s historic built landscape, as the Old and New Towns precincts have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1995. They were listed because of the global significance of ‘a remarkable blend of the two urban phenomena: the organic medieval growth and 18th and 19th century town planning’ (UNESCO, 1995). Indeed, Edinburgh’s distinct townscape and architectural appearance is a significant factor in its tourism success: millions visit each year to see Edinburgh Castle, the medieval and 18th century tenements of the Royal Mile, and the Classical Revival New Town. The conservation of existing structures and the introduction of new architecture is, in theory, strictly controlled to maintain heritage values. In practice, however, there have been numerous examples of developments that have challenged Edinburgh’s architectural status quo. This paper will explore two recent examples of contemporary architecture in hotel developments within Edinburgh’s historic centre that have attracted a range of reactions from the public and press. In doing so, the increasingly irreconcilable needs and outcomes of tourism, community management, urban planning, architectural design, and heritage conservation will be highlighted.

Keywords
World Heritage, Edinburgh, Contemporary Architecture, Development, Tourism

Australia has 14 areas inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list, on the basis of their globally outstanding natural and in some cases also cultural values. Many regard listing as prestigious and believe that it acts as a signalling device like a brand name. But to what extent and in what ways does the extra prestige bestowed by this listing translate into increased economic value for listed properties? This article deals with two main aspects of World Heritage listing. First, examines the hypothesis that World Heritage listing increases tourist visitation numbers, and available international visitor time-series data are examined to provide empirical evidence. It is found that although visitor numbers are likely to increase as a result of World Heritage listing, the increase is not as large as is often perceived. Some properties continue to experience low visitation rates despite World Heritage listing, and reasons for this phenomenon are advanced. Likely reasons for the inequalities in growth patterns of visits to different World Heritage properties are highlighted. Secondly, the article considers how the economic value of the tourism stimulus provided by World Heritage listing can be measured in principle and relates this to economic impact analysis and total economic valuation. Important and new limitations to the use of the travel cost method in this context are identified.

This volume cross-examines the stability of heritage as a concept. It interrogates the past which materialises through multi-layered narratives on monuments and other objects that sustain cultural diversity. It seeks to understand how interpretations of " monuments " as " texts " are affected at the local level of experience, even as institutions such as UNESCO work to globalise and fi x constructs of stable and universal heritage. Shifting away from a largely Eurocentric concept associated with architecture and monumental archaeology, this book reassesses how local and regional heritage needs to be balanced with the global and transnational. It argues that material objects and monuments are not static embodiments of culture but are, rather, a medium through which identity, power and society are produced and reproduced. This is especially relevant in South and Southeast Asian contexts, where debates over heritage often have local, regional and national political implications and consequences. Reevaluating traditional valuation of monuments and cultural landscapes could help aid sustainability and long-term preservation of the heritage, this book will be useful for scholars and researchers of history, South and Southeast Asian history, heritage studies, archaeology, cultural studies, tourism studies and political history as well.

http://hdl.handle.net/10316/87094

O propósito da presente tese de doutoramento em arquitetura procura analisar e compreender de que modo, para o caso de Coimbra, a candidatura da Universidade de Coimbra – Alta e Sofia (UC-AS) a Património Mundial (PM) se constituiu como um operador de desenvolvimento urbano. Partindo da premissa que a candidatura da UC-AS a PM se assumia como estratégia para a promoção de desenvolvimento urbano, referenciada à proteção e valorização do património universitário e à revitalização e reabilitação urbana das suas áreas de referência, através do restabelecimento da inter-relação univer(sc)idade, a nossa problemática ancorava-se à compreensão de ‘como’ ou ‘de que modo’ uma candidatura a PM se concretiza como um operador de desenvolvimento para o seu contexto urbano.  Tendo em conta o interesse pela compreensão desse fenómeno – ou seja, o processo de candidatura na sua emergência, no seu sistema de gestão e na sua concretização – sobre o seu espaço de referência, o objetivo principal deste trabalho traduz-se em analisar e compreender o processo transformativo que o fenómeno da candidatura UC-AS a PM vem imprimindo ao desenvolvimento do seu contexto urbano – a Alta, a Sofia e a sua respetiva área de proteção. Com efeito, a UC-AS era inscrita na Lista do PM (LPM) em 22 de junho de 2013, finalizando o seu processo documental, cuja formalização se constituía a partir da sua inscrição na Lista Indicativa dos Bens Portugueses ao PM da UNESCO, em 2004. A abrangência da nossa investigação concretiza-se, não só na componente burocrática e documental do processo, mas, sobretudo, ao nível do seu conteúdo, cujas estratégia política e estratégia de intervenção já colhiam resultados mesmo antes da inscrição da UC-AS na LPM, evidenciando a capacidade do processo de candidatura em imprimir uma dinâmica de transformação sobre o seu território de influência, com dados recolhidos até ao fim de 2017. Para cumprirmos o propósito de investigação, desenvolvemos uma investigação qualitativa, baseada no estudo de caso da candidatura da UC-AS a PM, caracterizado por uma abordagem exploratória e, evolutivamente, explanatória, sendo apoiada em métodos analíticos, interpretativos e explanatórios. Para tal, a investigação recorreu aos suportes documentais que serviram para desenvolver a candidatura da UCAS a PM, tanto na sua formalização pelo dossier de candidatura, como na sua concretização pelas intervenções qualificadas sobre o património universitário e sobre o património urbano, sendo contrastadas com uma revisão bibliográfica continuada. Em função do nosso propósito, desenvolvemos a investigação a partir da articulação entre os domínios espaciais considerados para referenciar o espaço da candidatura – a UNESCO, o bem e o contexto urbano – e as perspetivas de leitura consideradas para referenciar as estratégias, de qualificação teórico-prática inerentes à política e à intervenção, assumidas pela candidatura – a própria candidatura a PM, a gestão do património e o desenvolvimento urbano, gerando as possibilidades de abordagem entre os domínios e as perspetivas de leitura.
Por um lado, investiga-se o enquadramento político-cultural internacional que caracteriza o âmbito da UNESCO, através dos conceitos, dos discursos e do papel das entidades que interferem com os propósitos das candidaturas a PM, com a gestão do património dos bens e dos sítios inscritos na LPM e, por inerência, com as estratégias de desenvolvimento assumidas, na esfera da política nacional e local, para cada um desses bens na LPM, tendo em conta a especialidade, especificidade e complexidade destes processos. Paralelamente, esta análise era contrastada com as críticas ao discurso do PM e da UNESCO. Por outro lado, investiga-se o caráter circunstancial do bem UC-AS, enquanto candidato a PM e como PM, na sua condição de mediador entre a UNESCO e o seu contexto urbano. Primeiramente, investiga-se os desígnios e intenções de candidatura e, de modo particular, a problemática inerente à construção da Cidade Universitária de Coimbra, na Alta, em função da destruição e da construção de património e do papel dos arquitetos para o desenho de cidade. Depois, investiga-se o sistema de gestão da UC-AS (o plano, o agente e os instrumentos), as questões de propriedade inerentes à autonomia de gestão do património, bem como, as políticas e práticas de intervenção sobre o património assumidas no âmbito da gestão nacional e local, como o caso da desclassificação da Igreja de São Domingos, na Rua da Sofia. Por fim, investiga-se as influências e concretizações da candidatura sobre o contexto urbano da UC-AS, a partir do restabelecimento do laço univer(sc)idade e da capacidade de negociação entre os dois agentes implicados em todo o processo, a UC e a Câmara Municipal de Coimbra. Esta investigação tem uma particularidade: os seus resultados parciais foram sendo comunicados ou publicados, por artigos científicos, depois de terem sido sujeitos a revisão por pares. Desse ponto de vista, o resultado da tese que se apresenta constitui-se na evolução crítica sobre essa produção e os resultados obtidos levaram-nos a concretizar três sínteses conclusivas: a primeira explica a eminente componente política atribuída a estes processos; a segunda distingue a componente da especificidade técnico-científica atribuída a estes processos, sendo que, o caso da candidatura da UC-AS se determina ancorada ao campo disciplinar da arquitetura; e a terceira considera que uma candidatura a PM deve ser um ativo para a gestão integrada da área candidata e do desenvolvimento urbano da sua área de influência, em função da sustentabilidade do sistema. Adicionalmente, a partir dos seus resultados e interpretações, esta investigação lança novas perspetivas sobre os argumentos utilizados pelo discurso ‘anti-UNESCO’.

This is the intimate account of a middle-aged American couple who ventured to Europe to buy a second house. Their search, their encounters with a foreign people, legal system, lawyers, tax codes, and customs, and their decisions to carry on with, or walk away from, difficult projects are all narrated in an easy-to-read style. This is more an adventure book that a travelogue, but it provides a handy toolbox for all who might wish to follow our lead and purchase a house in a foreign land.
The narrative offers a treasure-trove of experience: it is a portrait of our experience getting to know our new neighbors and their families and an unfamiliar local culture. These are the parts of our experience that we have cherished the most. Ultimately, a culture is made up of individuals. Monuments persist for centuries, but the people who made them vanish. The book is an attempt to preserve the stories of the people who we have encountered in our journey. In the end, it was not the house but the experience of knowing these people that made the journey worthwhile.
For the sake of privacy, some names and details pointing to individuals or local families have been altered. This was done to prevent gossip as well as, in rare instances, charges of defamation. The stories are intended to preserve facts and experiences, not to settle grievances or to damage anyone’s reputation. Fortunately, the unpleasant experiences have been very few and far between. Most have been like sailing in a calm ocean, though foreign waters and into welcoming harbors.
To make the narrative helpful to fellow travelers (those who are not interested in owning a house but still want to get to know Evora and Alentejo), I have solicited the help of Ms. Carla Magro Dias. An archeologist by training and a native of Evora, she also owns a travel agency that specializes in helping tourists to get to know the area. She provided help where it was most needed: a wealth of practical information on where to go and what to do and on Portuguese history, culture, and language.

Il volume raccoglie gli atti del VII Seminario sulle mura poligonali, tenutosi ad Alatri nei giorni 29 e 30 Novembre 2019. Il VII seminario è stato incentrato allo studio di quei comuni dell'Italia Centrale con la presenza di importanti strutture in opera poligonale all'interno del loro territorio che stanno lavorando, sotto il coordinamento dei comuni di Alatri e Amelia, al progetto di futura candidatura Unesco di queste straordinarie realtà archeologiche.

דרך הבשמים בנגב הוכרזה בשנת 2005 כאתר מורשת עולמית כחלק מההכרזה של דרך הבשמים – ערי המדבר בנגב. ההכרזה התבססה על המאפיינים של מקטע הדרך בנגב, על האתרים שלאורכה – התחנות, המצדים והמעלות – ועל ייחוד המקטע כולו בהקשר האזורי הרחב. שלוש שנים לאחר מכן, בשנת 2008 , אשררה האספה הכללית של ארגון איקומוס את האמנה לדרכי תרבות ׁICOMOS Charter on Cultural
Routes. במסמך זה הוגדר המונח "דרך תרבות", הודגשה המשמעות של דרכי תרבות בשיח העוסק במורשת תרבות ובשימורה, וצוינו העקרונות והמאפיינים הנדרשים כתנאים להגדרת דרכים כדרכי תרבות ולבחינתן.

מאמר זה מתמקד במקטע הדרך שהוכרז כאתר מורשת עולמית. מטרתו לבחון את דרך הבשמים בראי האמנה לדרכי תרבות והנושאים שנדונו בה, ולשאול אם דרך הבשמים עונה על ההגדרה של דרך תרבות במאפייניה, באתרים שלאורכה ובעמידה בתנאי האותנטיות והשלמות, ואם היא עונה על מטרות האמנה, הרואות בדרכי תרבות כלי לקידום הידברות והשפעה הדדית בין תרבויות. לשם כך יכלול המאמר שני חלקים:
בחלקו הראשון נציג את המונח דרך תרבות ואת מקורותיו, ובחלקו השני נבחן את דרך הבשמים. נסכם במבט לעתיד על התרומה הטמונה באמנה לקידום השימוש בדרך הבשמים ובנתיביה במשמעות התרבותית שלהם כיום, כחלק משיתוף פעולה אזורי רחב.

Central to debates about “heritage” is concern over what “deserves” to be preserved for the future and why, and also over the consequences or effects of defining a particular body of material or intangible culture as “heritage”. This chapter asks what is involved in, and what are the effects of, defining totalitarian architecture and other physical remains of totalitarian eras as heritage. through doing so, it highlights concerns over the performative dimensions of heritage listing and the kind of worth that this is usually seen to bestow. In addition, it shows how “heritage” is not a fixed category but one that undergoes transformations in definition and operationalization.
Beginning with the most internationally prestigious form of heritage listing – that as UNESCO “World Heritage” – the chapter seeks to highlight frictions, unease and tactics involved in listing material culture remains of Totalitarian eras as heritage. In doing so, it also identifies certain directions of ongoing change. It includes discussion of the criteria and contents of the list, as well as some landmark inclusions, especially that of Auschwitz concentration camp. I then turn to an ex- amination of the recent attempt by the City of Nuremberg to have some of its spaces associated with Nazi crime entered into the list, and its more general re- framing of itself as a birthplace of Human Rights, considering these also against a longer history of different forms of heritage listing – and contests over, and effects of, these. e chapter concludes by considering whether we might now be ap- proaching a time when Totalitarian architecture might more readily be officially listed as heritage, and, if so, with what effects.

This Report presents an analysis of the heritage regulatory framework of six cities with Spanish fortifications in the Caribbean: San Juan, Puerto Rico; Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; La Habana, Cuba; St. Augustine, Florida, USA; Veracruz, México and Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.

Abstract
“States Parties are encouraged to make resources available to
undertake research, since knowledge and understanding are fundamental to the identification, management, and monitoring of World Heritage properties.” (Unesco 2012b, § 215). This paper will discuss the framework for research following the inscription of a site, or group of sites to the World Heritage List. For the purposes of their management key personnel must have access to active research knowledge on an on-going basis. Continuing research lies at the very heart of all good heritage management and presentation. The dissemination and sharing of knowledge on protection
and conservation measures is essential and research, including
interpretative narratives must be shared also. Past research provides the foundation for understanding the significance of sites. But continuing research, with new research and monitoring methodologies and methods of knowledge-sharing, have the capacity to enliven, improve and advance conservation and management discourse, it methods and its on-site and museum interpretation.
For serial sites in particular co-management must include: 1) a
critical analysis of research undertaken historically and the extent of its dissemination; 2) the strengths and weaknesses of past research conclusions; and 3) the identification of gaps in knowledge. In the case of the Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps, it also requires consideration of the implications of potential knowledge gaps for all six states parties.
This paper will examine some of the changing conceptual frameworks that may now require consideration (for example, more integrated studies on the contexts of the pile dwelling sites and their associated cultural landscapes). It will examine how effectively new and improved technical methods of investigation, monitoring, protection and conservation are being applied and how widely knowledge of these methods is being disseminated across the serial and among its managers. Comparison of research traditions and perspectives in different states may also be a necessary element of continuing research management while re-examination of the existing theoretical framework within which management takes place will always be beneficial.

Résumé: Jalon sur le chemin de Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle, le dolmen de Pech Laglaire 2 à Gréalou (Lot) est inscrit au Patrimoine Mondial de l’Unesco. Menaçant ruine, il a fait l’objet récemment d’une  modeste  intervention  archéologique,  préalable  à  une  restauration  minimaliste  consistant  en  fait  en  une  consolidation  cristallisant  l’état  antérieur  du  monument,  bien  éloigné de son état d’origine. Les motivations des restaurateurs sont présentées ici, et mises en perspective en regard des résultats et présupposés archéologiques.

Abstract: Restoring the World Heritage site dolmen of Pech Laglaire at Gréalou (Lot): yes but... from what era?A milestone on the pilgrimage of St James of Compostela, the dolmen of Pech Laglaire at Gréalou (Lot, France) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Close to collapsing, it was recently subjected  to  partial  excavation  prior  to  minimal  restoration,  focused  on  consolidating  the current state of the monument, which itself is a far cry from the original shape of the construction. The choices made by the restoration team are exposed here and put within the broader perspective of the presupposition and results of archaeological research.

Abstract
This paper deals with the Mediterranean Diet as a potential tool for increasing knowledge and promoting a sustainable development especially in least developed and developing regions. The confirmation of the MD as an Intangible Heritage of Humanity, recognized by UNESCO in 2010, is producing a significant social effect in the seven nations and communities involved. In addition in 2012 the MD has been included by the FAO at the top of the list of the most sustainable diets in the planet. The double recognition of this life style is generating a new approach to this cultural heritage by the stakeholders who are progressively recognizing that it may become a new tool to develop green economy and eco-tourism. To this end the author analyses the real and mythological genealogy of the MD in order to bring out its cultural, economic and social potentiality.

In this chapter I address the concern that UNESCO World Heritage des- ignation leads to unregulated tourism. I argue that heritage tourism not only has a negative impact on the site but may adversely impact local populations and descen- dant communities. I detail two related worries, UNESCO-cide and the Disneyfication of cultural heritage. The term ‘UNESCO-cide’ was coined by Marco d’Eramo to describe the role overtourism has played in the death of cities listed on UNESCO’s World Heritage list. Disneyfication is the process of sanitizing potentially contro- versial or seemingly negative narratives from the tourist site to make the experience more palatable. I focus my analysis on two UNESCO World Heritage sites: Angkor Archaeological Complex in Cambodia and George Town in Malaysia. After a discussion about the negative impacts World Heritage designation has had on these sites, I suggest some mitigating strategies for tourism.

This essay explores the salsa scene in Cotonou, Benin, focusing particularly on fieldwork at successive editions of the Benin International Salsa Festival, to demonstrate that this 'return' of Afro-Latin music and dance to West Africa in this popular and demotic form enables a West African performance of the memory of slavery. I consolidate this point through the study of archival documents pertaining to the launch of the UNESCO Slave Route project in 1994 at Ouidah, Benin. Through this analysis of dance, music, and archival materials, I argue for a 'multidirectional' ownership of the traumas of the Black Atlantic, that enables a reparative stance towards slavery as a shared circum-Atlantic legacy.

Birleşmiş Milletler UNESCO Eğitim, Bilim ve Kültür alanlarında hükümetler arası bir örgüttür. UNESCO’yu kuran sözleşme 16 Kasım 1945 tarihinde imzalanmış, 1946 tarihinde resmen yürürlüğe girmiştir. Türkiye, UNESCO’nun kurucu ilk 10 üyesinden biridir. UNESCO Dünya Kültür Mirası listesinde Türkiye’den 9 şehir bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca 23 yer de aday gösterilmiş ve geçici listede yer almaktadır.
Bergama İlçesinin UNESCO Dünya Mirası listesine alınmasına yönelik çalışmalar 2009 - 2010 yıllarında sürdürülmektedir.
Bu bildirinin amacı, Bergama’nın korunması ve UNESCO Miras Listesi’ne alınması için şimdiye kadar yapılmış çalışmalara yol gösterecek strateji ve politikalar geliştirmektir. Bu kapsamda, günümüze kadar yapılmış çalışmalar özetle verilecek, tarihsel, arkeolojik, kentsel değerlerin korunarak geliştirilmesi için sürdürülebilir koruma politikaları geliştirilecektir.

The goal of this paper is to question the idea of authenticity in the tourist industry, using the Old City of Akko (north Israel) as a case study. It will question the ability of tourism to serve as a tool for preserving living-cultural-heritage. Is there "authenticity" in tourism? Is cultural-based-tourism a means of preserving intangible heritage? Does cultural-based-heritage recreate heritage, invent heritage or is it just a means of creating experiences?

Safranbolu doğal koruma alanları imara açılmıştır.
Bu yazı UNESCO World Heritage Center'ı göreve davet etmek için yazılan dilekçenin ekidir.

Bu yazıda önce tarih içinde şehrin sosyoekonomik gelişimini, 20. yüzyılın başında ekonomik işlevselliğini kaybederek bir yatakhane şehre dönüşmesini, bu süreçte tesadüfi korunmanın söz konusu olduğunu kısa notlar halinde özetleyeceğim. 1970'lerde Avrupa Miras Yılı nedeniyle tarihi şehrin keşfedilmesini ve dönemin yerel yöneticileri tarafından bütün sevap ve günahlarıyla nasıl korunmaya çalışıldığını anlatacağım. Bu dönem bir bakıma bilinçli koruma olarak isimlendirilebilir. Nihayet 1990'larda hem UNESCO Dünya Mirası Listesine kaydıyla gelişen süreci-resmi korumahem de turizmle tanışma dönemi olarak isimlendiriyorum. Bu süreçte 1930'lardan başlayarak imar planları yapılmış 1980'ler ve 2010'larda ise koruma amaçlı imar planları uygulamaya konulmuştur. Aşağıda bu planların hızla gelişmekte olan yeni yerleşmelerin tarihi kenti nasıl yedeğine aldığını ve sorunlara açık hale getirdiğini tartışacağım. Çok yakınlarda ise Safranbolu tarihi kentini çevreleyen, yer yer içine giren doğal sit alanlarının imara açıldığı ve hiçbir zaman bir geçiş alanına sahip olmayan Safranbolu Tarihi Kentinin bu nedenle tüm değerlerini kaybedeceği

Cultural sites and landmarks can play a unique role in the socioeconomic development of a community. Yet many cultural sites are facing two conflicting priorities: cultural preservation and economic gain. In response, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) attempts to help alleviate this conflict by creating the World Heritage list, a group of cultural and natural global sites that have “Outstanding Universal Value.” By designating a landmark as a “World Heritage” site, the landmark can obtain UN funds as needed. Although a widely held belief is that such UNESCO efforts help play a role in social and economic development of a community, this has not been proven. This paper examines this belief through analyzing correlations between increased UNESCO sites in an area and greater socioeconomic development. Four different socioeconomic factors were compared: Gross Domestic Product, Nights Spent in Tourist Accommodations, Unemployment, and Higher Education Levels. By standardizing these factors and drawing comparisons between sites, there was no evidence that there is a connection between a UNESCO designation and socioeconomic development. This then demonstrates that the aforementioned commonly held belief regarding development seems to be false. This paper concludes by outlining how a more thorough examination and understanding of the cultural contexts of World Heritage sites should be a required foundational best practice throughout this process. In turn, this paper advocates for drawing upon such knowledge when implementing enhanced publicity methods to help foster recognition of cultural sites in mainstream society. As a result of these endeavors, such communities would be more likely to gain greater economic prosperity.

Il testo descrive i principali ambienti del castello reale di Govone e in particolare Luca Malvicino si è occupato della descrizione degli appartamenti al piano terra e della galleria del gran priore e degli appartamenti principesci al piano primo.

Goguryeo (Koguryo in old romanization) is the name of an ancient kingdom that existed from 37 bce to 668 ce in present-day North Korea and Northeast China (also known as Manchuria), as well as small portions of South Korea and the Russian Far East. In succession, its capitals were in the present-day Chinese county of Huanren (34 bce-3 ce), the Chinese city of Ji'an (3-427 ce) and North Korea's capital city of Pyongyang (427-668 ce). Historical relics, particularly tombs and city walls, abound in these places and their environs. During the seventh century, Goguryeo resisted numerous invasions from successive dynasties in the Chinese hinterland, particularly the Sui Dynasty (581-618 ce) and the Tang Dynasty (618-907 ce), and experienced continuous warfare with other regimes on the Korean Peninsula, such as Silla (57 bce-935 ce) and Baekje (18 bce-660 ce). The period during which Goguryeo existed is termed the era

Babylon was one of the biggest and greatest cities of the Ancient Near East. At present the ruins of Babylon extend over an area of 850 ha and constitute the largest ancient settlement in Mesopotamia.
The Report compiled in November 2004 on the state of the major relics in Babylon at that time, together with documentation of the modern infrastructure erected on the site during the 24-year rule of the late Saddam Hussein.
The use of substantial part of the Babylon archaeological site as a Coalition military base ("Camp Alpha") between April 2003 and December 2004 involved the placement of a major military facility, some 150 hectares in extent, directly on the center of the archaeological site.
The Report was prepared by the three Polish archaeologists (Mirosław Olbryś, Tomasz Burda and Agnieszka Dolatowska) stationed with Multinational Division Central South at Camp Alpha, for the occasion of the return of the site to Iraqi authorities. It reflects the condition of the site on the day of the hand over by the Multinational Forces in Iraq to the Iraqi Ministry of Culture.
The Report  has 107 text pages and over 1037 photographs and is a kind of conservation inventory. It assesses the condition of all the historical buildings erected on the ancient foundations and monuments located within the boundaries of the Camp Alpha. The document consists of two parts: (I) a catalogue divided into eleven zones established inside the Camp and (II) a second catalogue comprising fifteen historical buildings and monuments also located inside the Camp. Each catalogue item includes textual description and photographs. The part I and the entries of the part II have their own pagination and numbering of photographs.
A separate “Real Estate Inspection Report” on the fifty-two buildings (including the former palace of Saddam Hussein on an enormous artificial earthen hill) built on the site in the 1980s and 1990s was also prepared and joined.

Salsette island off the west coast of India is one of the group of islands that have been merged into one landmass known as Bombay or the present city of Mumbai, as a result of several land reclamation projects. The Portuguese ceded seven of the islands as dowry of Catherine of Braganza on the occasion of her marriage to King Charles II of England in 1661. Charles II rented the islands to the British East India Company in 1668 and by 1774 the English had occupied Salsette as well. Though densely settled, Salsette is known for the 109 Buddhist caves located on the hill of Kanheri on the northern side of the island in a protected forest area termed the Borivali National Park. Richly sculpted and inscribed with donations from patrons, the rock-cut caves at Kanheri continued to be occupied well into the tenth-eleventh century. At present the Buddhist caves are nationally protected monuments preserved for their heritage value. 
Socotra is a small archipelago of four islands about 250 kilometres east of the Horn of Africa off the coasts of Yemen and Somalia in the western Indian Ocean. The largest island in the group is also called Socotra. The 132 kilometre long island is often described as the most isolated place on Earth, though this account does agree with its central location in the maritime networks of the early centuries of the Common Era. Explorations in the 2000 metre deep Hoq cave on the northern face of the island of Socotra in 2001 led to the discovery of 200 graffiti, drawings and small offerings dated to the late 2nd to 4th century CE. A majority of the graffiti is in the Brahmi script also known from the caves at Kanheri. Thus both islands have undergone changes over time and are best known at present for natural diversity and protected forests.
In keeping with the theme of connectivity and locating hubs across the Indian Ocean, my focus in this paper is on narratives relating to sailing between Salsette island and Socotra in the early centuries of the Common Era. A Greek text crucial to this understanding is the first century CE Periplus Maris Erythraei by an anonymous sailor, which provides graphic details of coastal centres in the western Indian Ocean. The Periplus (section 30) refers to Socotra as Dioscorida and describes inhabitants living on the coast toward the north as ‘foreigners’, a mixture of Arabs, Indians and Greeks. On the west coast of India, the Periplus designates Barygaza at the mouth of the river Narmada as a major centre along the coast that follows a north-south orientation (section 50-52), but has little to report regarding the islands south of Barygaza. Yet archaeological investigations have provided valuable insights relating to several early coastal centres.   
This paper contrasts the information provided in the Periplus with archaeological information obtained from explorations as also from inscriptions and monumental architecture both in Hoq cave at Socotra and at Kanheri on the island of Salsette. How do these contrasting views help understand cultural encounters in antiquity?