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... Two types of fly ash were examined: the fly ash from Eastlake Plant (USA) and, for comparison, the fly ash from Skawina Power Plant (Poland). ... Stosowano dwa typy popiołów lotnych, Eastlake Plant (USA) oraz, (dla porównania),... more
... Two types of fly ash were examined: the fly ash from Eastlake Plant (USA) and, for comparison, the fly ash from Skawina Power Plant (Poland). ... Stosowano dwa typy popiołów lotnych, Eastlake Plant (USA) oraz, (dla porównania), popiołu z Elektrowni Skawina SA. ...
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ABSTRACT High temperature investigation of wetting behavior and interface formation during interaction of dense polycrystalline Y2O3 substrates with liquid Ni (99.95%) and its alloys NiCo10, NiCr10, NiW10, NiAl12, Inconel 740 (IN740) and... more
ABSTRACT High temperature investigation of wetting behavior and interface formation during interaction of dense polycrystalline Y2O3 substrates with liquid Ni (99.95%) and its alloys NiCo10, NiCr10, NiW10, NiAl12, Inconel 740 (IN740) and Haynes 282 (H282) was performed by a sessile drop method. Specially developed procedure was used for in situ opening of the metal/ceramic interface at the test temperature allowing pushing a metal drop to another position on a substrate directly during wettability test. The results show that the contact angle on Y 2 O 3 substrate decreases in the following order: NiW10(121°)>NiCr10(117°)>NiCo10(115°)>NiAl12(114°)>IN740(104°)>Ni(95°)>H282(67°). Other findings are: 1) substrate recrystallization in the vicinity of triple line with NiCo10, NiW10 and NiAl12 drops, 2) interfacial failure in IN740/Y 2 O 3 ; 3) failure in ceramic in H282/Y 2 O 3 ; 4) mixed failure in NiW10/Y 2 O 3 and NiAl12/Y 2 O 3 ; 4) colorization (green) of the substrate surface near Cr-containing drops (NiCr10, IN740, H282) related with the formation of Cr 2 O 3-rich layer; and 5) segregation of Al, Cr and Mo into interfacial region of H282/Y 2 O 3.
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Recent advances in scientifi c understanding of high-temperature materials processing using novel experimental methodologies have shed light on the complex role of surface and interface phenomena. New in-situ studies on molten metal/solid... more
Recent advances in scientifi c understanding of high-temperature materials processing using novel experimental methodologies have shed light on the complex role of surface and interface phenomena. New in-situ studies on molten metal/solid ceramic interactions using a unique experimental complex at the Foundry Research Institute, Krakow, have revealed a number of unusual observations in materials processing at high temperatures. We present some such unusual observations and their explanation with reference to liquid metal processing of Al, Ni, and Ti, and their alloys in contact with oxide ceramics. In particular, we focus on the following aspects: primary oxidation of Al from residual water vapor or oxygen, capillary purification to remove surface oxide, substrate protection by CVD carbon, roughening due to spinel whisker formation, inclusions in castings due to mechanical detachment, fl oatation due to buoyancy forces, and segregation due to directional solidifi cation, modifi cation of the solid surface morphology by metal vapor ahead of the liquid, and the complication due to multi-component alloys melted in crucibles made from complex oxide-based ceramics. In the case of Ti, rapid reactions with oxides result in undesirable volumetric changes that create diffi culty in casting high-quality Ti parts, particularly by investment casting. Nanoscale (e.g., colloidal) coatings based on Y2O3 protect crucibles and hold ladles against such attack. Practical insights and recommendations for materials processing emerging from the fundamental studies on high- temperature interfacial phenomena have been described.
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PURPOSE This study analyzes the content quality and characteristics of the most popular and highly ranked search results on the internet related to glaucoma and medical cannabis (MC). DESIGN Internet-based cross-sectional study... more
PURPOSE This study analyzes the content quality and characteristics of the most popular and highly ranked search results on the internet related to glaucoma and medical cannabis (MC). DESIGN Internet-based cross-sectional study SUBJECTS/PARTICIPANTS/CONTROLS: N/A METHODS: Google and two social media platforms (Facebook, Youtube) were utilized to identify online information most accessible to patients. Search criteria included 'glaucoma' AND 'marijuana' or 'cannabinoid' or 'CBD'. The top 20 Google search and Youtube results for each search term, and the posts from the top 9 patient-based glaucoma Facebook groups were aggregated and analyzed using the search criteria. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The quality of the content was graded by two independent graders using a previously validated Sandvik score and reported risk score. The differing values were resolved by a final grader. Additional analysis included whether the source was professional (by physician or medical organization) or shared an opinion on MC (pro, mixed, or against) use in glaucoma. RESULTS The above search resulted in an aggregate of 51 websites on Google, 126 posts from Facebook groups, and 37 videos on Youtube. The mean (±standard deviation) Sandvik score and risk score was 11.0 (±2.23), 10.2(±1.12), 10.6(±1.89) and 0.27(±0.49), 0.46(±0.62), 0.97(±0.90) respectively for Google, Facebook, and Youtube. ANOVA analysis showed statistically significant differences in Sandvik (p=0.01) and risk scores (p<0.0001) across the three platforms. A significant portion of online material was pro-MC use in the setting of glaucoma (24% of Google, 59% of Youtube, and 21% of Facebook results). Professional content had significantly higher content quality score, lower risk score, and was less likely to recommend MC use in glaucoma. CONCLUSION Despite American Academy of Ophthalmology, Canadian Ophthalmological Society, and American Glaucoma Society statements against medical cannabis use in glaucoma patients, a significant portion of online material recommends its use. With the wide variation in quality and content of online information, it is important for physicians to be aware of the different platforms and opinions that are readily available to patients.
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PURPOSE This study analyzes the content quality and characteristics of the most popular and highly ranked search results on the internet related to glaucoma and medical cannabis (MC). DESIGN Internet-based cross-sectional study... more
PURPOSE This study analyzes the content quality and characteristics of the most popular and highly ranked search results on the internet related to glaucoma and medical cannabis (MC). DESIGN Internet-based cross-sectional study SUBJECTS/PARTICIPANTS/CONTROLS: N/A METHODS: Google and two social media platforms (Facebook, Youtube) were utilized to identify online information most accessible to patients. Search criteria included 'glaucoma' AND 'marijuana' or 'cannabinoid' or 'CBD'. The top 20 Google search and Youtube results for each search term, and the posts from the top 9 patient-based glaucoma Facebook groups were aggregated and analyzed using the search criteria. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The quality of the content was graded by two independent graders using a previously validated Sandvik score and reported risk score. The differing values were resolved by a final grader. Additional analysis included whether the source was professional (by physician or medical organization) or shared an opinion on MC (pro, mixed, or against) use in glaucoma. RESULTS The above search resulted in an aggregate of 51 websites on Google, 126 posts from Facebook groups, and 37 videos on Youtube. The mean (±standard deviation) Sandvik score and risk score was 11.0 (±2.23), 10.2(±1.12), 10.6(±1.89) and 0.27(±0.49), 0.46(±0.62), 0.97(±0.90) respectively for Google, Facebook, and Youtube. ANOVA analysis showed statistically significant differences in Sandvik (p=0.01) and risk scores (p<0.0001) across the three platforms. A significant portion of online material was pro-MC use in the setting of glaucoma (24% of Google, 59% of Youtube, and 21% of Facebook results). Professional content had significantly higher content quality score, lower risk score, and was less likely to recommend MC use in glaucoma. CONCLUSION Despite American Academy of Ophthalmology, Canadian Ophthalmological Society, and American Glaucoma Society statements against medical cannabis use in glaucoma patients, a significant portion of online material recommends its use. With the wide variation in quality and content of online information, it is important for physicians to be aware of the different platforms and opinions that are readily available to patients.
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Part 1 discussed some general consideration in selection of alloys for advanced ultra supercritical (USC) coal-fired power plant boilers. This second part covers results reported by the US project consortium, which has extensively... more
Part 1 discussed some general consideration in selection of alloys for advanced ultra supercritical (USC) coal-fired power plant boilers. This second part covers results reported by the US project consortium, which has extensively evaluated the steamside oxidation, fireside corrosion, and fabricability of the alloys selected for USC plants. 3 figs.
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Engineering and Fly Ash
: The main driving forces for lightweight materials for the automotive industry and military applications are cost effectiveness, high strength, and wear resistance. Precision Metal Forming (PMF) has developed a new and innovative... more
: The main driving forces for lightweight materials for the automotive industry and military applications are cost effectiveness, high strength, and wear resistance. Precision Metal Forming (PMF) has developed a new and innovative squeeze-casting process called metal compression forming (MCF). MCF integrates the deceptively simple concept of solidification of metal under direct pressure with closed die forging and low-pressure permanent-mold fill technologies. This hybrid process, therefore, combines the advantages of traditional direct-squeeze casting and low-pressure permanent-mold casting. This report discusses property advantages attained with this process over traditional aluminum casting processes.
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Advances in materials technologies over the last decade that is allowing coal-fired power plants to be built with higher efficiencies than the current generation are described. 2 figs., 2 tabs.
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A national R&D program has been under way to develop materials technology for constructing boilers and turbines capable of operating at advanced ultrasupercritical steam conditions in pulverized coal plants. The large-scale, multiyear,... more
A national R&D program has been under way to develop materials technology for constructing boilers and turbines capable of operating at advanced ultrasupercritical steam conditions in pulverized coal plants. The large-scale, multiyear, joint government/industry project seeks to increase the efficiency of power plants by increasing their steam conditions up to 1,400F (760C) at 5,000 psi (35 MPa).The ongoing project has already identified the materials and processes for successful operation at these higher steam conditions.
One of the pathways for achieving the goal of utilizing the available large quantities of indigenous coal, at the same time reducing emissions, is by increasing the efficiency of power plants by utilizing much higher steam conditions. The... more
One of the pathways for achieving the goal of utilizing the available large quantities of indigenous coal, at the same time reducing emissions, is by increasing the efficiency of power plants by utilizing much higher steam conditions. The US Ultra-Supercritical Steam (USC) Project funded by US Department of Energy (DOE) and the Ohio Coal Development Office (OCDO) promises to increase the efficiency of pulverized coal-fired power plants by as much as nine percentage points, with an associated reduction of CO2 emissions by about 22% compared to current subcritical steam power plants, by increasing the operating temperature and pressure to 760°C (1400°F) and 35 MPa (5000 psi), respectively. Preliminary analysis has shown such a plant to be economically viable. The current project primarily focuses on developing the materials technology needed to achieve these conditions in the boiler. The scope of the materials evaluation includes mechanical properties, steam-side oxidation and firesid...
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Metal Compression Forming (MCF) is a variant of the squeeze casting process, in which molten metal is allowed to solidify under pressure in order to close porosity and form a sound part. MCF applies pressure on the entire mold face,... more
Metal Compression Forming (MCF) is a variant of the squeeze casting process, in which molten metal is allowed to solidify under pressure in order to close porosity and form a sound part. MCF applies pressure on the entire mold face, thereby directing pressure on all regions of the casting. It also enhances the solidification rate of the metal, promoting a
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Government-industry partnerships are necessary for small businesses to successfully launch new and innovative ideas into the market place. Small businesses, the cornerstone for economic job creation, expansion and retention, is hampered... more
Government-industry partnerships are necessary for small businesses to successfully launch new and innovative ideas into the market place. Small businesses, the cornerstone for economic job creation, expansion and retention, is hampered with the need to fund new and innovative technologies from profits which generally occur in a cyclic manner. This cyclic funding leads to ramp ups and development during profitable
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Metal Compression Forming (MCF) is a variant of the squeeze casting process, in which molten metal is allowed to solidify under pressure in order to close porosity and form a sound part. MCF applies pressure on the entire mold face,... more
Metal Compression Forming (MCF) is a variant of the squeeze casting process, in which molten metal is allowed to solidify under pressure in order to close porosity and form a sound part. MCF applies pressure on the entire mold face, thereby directing pressure on all regions of the casting. It also enhances the solidification rate of the metal, promoting a
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The use of aluminum alloy castings for safety critical structural components such as engine mount brackets, steering knuckles, and control arms, offers significant opportunities for achieving weight reduction in automobiles, since they... more
The use of aluminum alloy castings for safety critical structural components such as engine mount brackets, steering knuckles, and control arms, offers significant opportunities for achieving weight reduction in automobiles, since they are typically about half the weight of the steel, cast iron, or ductile iron component that they replace. Metal Compression Forming (MCF) is a variant of the squeeze casting process, in which molten metal is allowed to solidify under pressure in order to close porosity and form a sound part. However, the MCF process applies pressure on the entire mold face, thereby directing pressure on all regions of the casting and producing a uniformly sound part. The process is capable of producing parts with properties close to those of forgings, while retaining the near net shape, complexity in geometry, and relatively low cost of the casting process. The paper describes the casting process development involved in the production of an aluminum A357 alloy motor m...
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Government-industry partnerships are necessary for small businesses to successfully launch new and innovative ideas into the market place. Small businesses, the cornerstone for economic job creation, expansion and retention, is hampered... more
Government-industry partnerships are necessary for small businesses to successfully launch new and innovative ideas into the market place. Small businesses, the cornerstone for economic job creation, expansion and retention, is hampered with the need to fund new and innovative technologies from profits which generally occur in a cyclic manner. This cyclic funding leads to ramp ups and development during profitable years, and delays and abeyance during years of downturn. Government-industry partnerships directly addresses this problem by offering funding assistance in the form of resources eliminating the ''peaks and valleys'' of development. This paper will detail a case study of this type of assistance.
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The highlights of this report are: (1) fly ash classified by less than 100 microns in size was mixed into a 300 lb melt of alloy 535 without the need of a magnesium additive; (2) a vibratory feeder fitted with a sieve was used as the... more
The highlights of this report are: (1) fly ash classified by less than 100 microns in size was mixed into a 300 lb melt of alloy 535 without the need of a magnesium additive; (2) a vibratory feeder fitted with a sieve was used as the means to minimize particle clustering while introducing fly ash into the aluminum alloy 535
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Some highlights are: (1) During this quarter&amp;amp;#39;s field trials, sand mold castings of parts and permanent mold tensile testing bars, K mold bars, and ingots were made from aluminum alloy-fly ash melts. (2) Another objective... more
Some highlights are: (1) During this quarter&amp;amp;#39;s field trials, sand mold castings of parts and permanent mold tensile testing bars, K mold bars, and ingots were made from aluminum alloy-fly ash melts. (2) Another objective was met, i.e., to use class &amp;amp;#39;&amp;amp;#39;F&amp;amp;#39;&amp;amp;#39; type precipitator fly ash consisting of particle sizes less than 100 microns. It was possible to pour the
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Metal Compression Forming (MCF) is a variant of the squeeze casting process, in which molten metal is allowed to solidify under pressure in order to close porosity and form a sound part. However, the MCF process applies pressure on the... more
Metal Compression Forming (MCF) is a variant of the squeeze casting process, in which molten metal is allowed to solidify under pressure in order to close porosity and form a sound part. However, the MCF process applies pressure on the entire mold face, thereby directing pressure on all regions of the casting and producing a uniformly sound part. The process
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The efficiency of conventional boiler/steam turbine fossil power plants is a strong function of steam temperature and pressure. Since the energy crisis of the 1970s, research to increase both has been pursued worldwide. The need to reduce... more
The efficiency of conventional boiler/steam turbine fossil power plants is a strong function of steam temperature and pressure. Since the energy crisis of the 1970s, research to increase both has been pursued worldwide. The need to reduce carbon monoxide emissions has provided further incentive to improve efficiency. The main enabling technology is the development of stronger high temperature materials especially for critical pressure parts of the boilers such as piping, headers and superheater tubes. These applications call for not only creep strength but also resistance to fireside and steamside corrosion, weldability, fabricability and the ability to be coated. In spite of these stringent requirements, many new alloys-ferritic, austenitic, and Ni based alloys have been developed that appear capable of operation under severe steam conditions. Worldwide activities have been going on for nearly a decade to develop these materials. This paper is a review of these developments.
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This paper is focused on high temperature investigation of wetting behavior and interface formation during interaction between liquid HAYNES 282 alloy and different oxide substrates such as The tests were done by a sessile drop method at... more
This paper is focused on high temperature investigation of wetting behavior and interface formation during interaction between liquid HAYNES 282 alloy and different oxide substrates such as The tests were done by a sessile drop method at a temperature of 1500°C under protective atmosphere. Specially developed procedures for high-temperature sessile drop wettability tests combined with in situ opening of the metal/ceramic interfaces at the testing temperature by either pushing or sucking an alloy drop as well as by tilting an oxide substrate were used. The molten alloy behavior during high-temperature testing was continuously imaged and recorded by super fast CCD camera. Detailed structural characterization of interfaces was done on the solidified metal/ ceramic couples by means of SEM+EDS analysis coupled with scanning probe microscopy analysis using NTEGRA-THERMA device. Special attention has been paid to examination of in situ opened area of the substrate being in contact with the molten droplet of HAYNES 282 alloy during high-temperature testing. The results of wettability tests are discussed in terms of chemical interactions in relation to the role of alloying elements on the interface formation in selected HAYNES 282/ oxide systems.
