Ann M. James

Korea is a peninsula which is strategically located in East Asia. Even though it was divided into several independent principalities, in course of time the country was unified under a single political authority. The political disunity, however, did not stand on the way of emerging an identical culture, language and civilization of all Korean people. The various peoples that lived in the peninsula gradually forged a society characterized by cultural homogeneity and political unity.
This essay examines the various Peasant rebellions during the 19th Century and the reforms initiated by the Korean government as a response to these peasant rebellions.

Interest in the effects of industrialization on the living standards of English women arises from two influential historiographical debates, one dealing with working-class living standards generally, and the other concerned with the changing position of women in the family and labour market as traditional forms of production declined. Both debates are severely circumscribed by their sources. The chief protagonists of the impact of industrialization on working-class living standards remain polarized into the 'optimists' and the pessimists. Debate on the changing roles of women in the family and the labour market has centred around the question of whether industrialization enhanced or diminished the position of women. Again, opinion has been divided. This paper also deals with the various interpretations from different groups of historians, like - Jutta Schwarzkopf, John Merriman, Petre Sterns etc.

Akbar is symbolized as an emperor of progress and liberalism, and as the propagator of a composite culture. His reign is seen as a ‘Golden Age’, due to to the cultural commingling of the Hindu and Muslim populations. On the other hand, it is asserted that during the reign of his successors – Jahangir, Shah jahan and Aurangzeb, there was a gradual reversal of Akbar’s liberal religious policies toward non-Muslims. The liberal character of the state instituted by Akbar was maintained in the first half of the 17th century. At the outset of Jahangir’s reign, there was an exception in orthodox circles, that Akbar’s policy of Sulh-i-Khul and religious eclecticism would be abandoned and the supremacy of the sharia would be restored.
The essay answers with the question that whether Jahangir's reign challenge the existing different cultural communities in his empire? was he secular like his Father?

The American Revolution was a political revolution that separated England’s North American colonies from Great Britain and led to the formation of the United States of America. Between the years 1763 and 1783, the American colonies declared their independence from Great Britain, waged a war of liberation, transformed colonies into states and created a new nation. However, historians have been largely divided over the nature of the American Revolution (1775-1783) and with that, even the term “revolution” is put into question. In one interpretive camp are those who assert that the Revolution was "the most radical and most far-reaching event in American history," while their opponents claim that it was "culturally, politically, socially, and economically a conservative movement. The American Revolution had significance far beyond the North American continent. It attracted the attention of a political intelligentsia throughout the European continent. Some historians even argue that the Revolution was solely a colonial rebellion aimed at achieving only the limited goal of independence from Britain. The general assumption was that the main theme of the American Revolution was the “quest for liberty”. Although the basic facts of the American Revolution are by this point irrefutable, interpretations of what caused the Revolution as well as its significance have varied greatly and have generally been reflective of the times in which they were formulated. Amongst the many views of the Revolution have been the Whig, Progressive, Consensus, Neo-Progressive, Neo-Whig and New Left.

Beginning in the early fifteenth century, European states began to embark on a series of global explorations that inaugurated a new chapter in world history. Known as the Age of Discovery, or the Age of Exploration, this period spanned the fifteenth through the early seventeenth century, during which time European expansion to places such as the Americas, Africa, and the Far East flourished. This era is defined by figures such as Ferdinand Magellan, whose 1519–1522 expedition was the first to traverse the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and the first to circumnavigate the globe. The European Age of Exploration developed alongside the Renaissance. Both periods in Western history acted as transitional moments between the Middle Ages and the early modern period. Competition between burgeoning European empires, such as Spain and England, fuelled the evolution and advancement of overseas exploration. Motivated by religion, profit, and power, the size and influence of European empires during this period expanded greatly. The effects of exploration were not only felt abroad but also within the geographic confines of Europe itself. The economic, political, and cultural effects of Europe’s beginning stages of global exploration impacted the long term development of both European society and the entire world.

This essay is based on the pamphlet written by Sieyes in the last months of 1788, and published at the very beginning of 1789, Sieyes’s famous pamphlet focused the resentments and shaped the demands of the Third Estate during the period of elections to the Estates-General. this essay deals with the question on Who are the citizens of the third estate that Sieyes is referring to.