Antonio Casilli
Telecom ParisTech, Sciences économique et sociales, Faculty Member
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National audienceEntre ceux qui ont « réussi » leur quarantaine en télétravaillant et ceux qui ont été contraints de choisir une précarité plateformisée, les inégalités du monde du travail se révèlent encore davantage
Les robots vont-ils remplacer les humains au travail ? Les « intelligences artificielles » sont-elles réellement intelligentes ? Ces questions ne sont pas les seules que pose le digital labor, ou travail du clic. Derrière nos instruments... more
Les robots vont-ils remplacer les humains au travail ? Les « intelligences artificielles » sont-elles réellement intelligentes ? Ces questions ne sont pas les seules que pose le digital labor, ou travail du clic. Derrière nos instruments techniques – téléphones, assistants virtuels – s’articule un travail humain invisible. Antonio Casilli propose d’étudier les réseaux globalisés de ce digital labor afin d’expliquer comment ce travail se structure. Depuis au moins vingt ans, de nombreux outil..
International audience¿Cómo las plataformas nos hacen pensar sobre la forma en que trabajamos?, ¿en qué momento realmente terminamos de trabajar?, ¿cómo se manifesta en realidad el mercado de trabajo? El trabajo de las plataformas... more
International audience¿Cómo las plataformas nos hacen pensar sobre la forma en que trabajamos?, ¿en qué momento realmente terminamos de trabajar?, ¿cómo se manifesta en realidad el mercado de trabajo? El trabajo de las plataformas digitales comienza a concernir a una parte importante de la población mundial. Google, Facebook, Uber, Airbnb, Amazon Mechanical Turk son posiblemente unos de los más visibles. Se trata verdaderamente de un mercado de trabajo, que además, nos lleva a preguntarnos cómo evoluciona el empleo a nivel global. Tenemos que preguntarnos sobre la incidencia de estos servicios en países con elevadas tasas de desempleo, hasta 50% o 60% del total de la población. Cómo está cambiando y evoluciona esta realidad, y cómo eso influye en les desigualdades globales. (Panel realizado en La Habana, Cuba, Centro Cultural Cinematográ︎fico ICAIC, el 26 de enero de 2017.
International audienceContrary to the fantasy of a virtual class of workers free from work, the flexibility of micro-task services, performed by all users of digital platforms, only benefits companies in the Silicon ValleyAo contrário da... more
International audienceContrary to the fantasy of a virtual class of workers free from work, the flexibility of micro-task services, performed by all users of digital platforms, only benefits companies in the Silicon ValleyAo contrário da fantasia de uma classe virtual de trabalhadores livres do trabalho, a flexibilidade dos serviços de microtarefas, realizadas por todos os usuários de plataformas digitais, beneficia apenas as empresas do Vale do Silício
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Micro-work internet services allocate small, standardized tasks of data generation and annotation to crowds of providers. The outputs are mainly used to produce artificial intelligence solutions. It is an exemplary instance of the... more
Micro-work internet services allocate small, standardized tasks of data generation and annotation to crowds of providers. The outputs are mainly used to produce artificial intelligence solutions. It is an exemplary instance of the ?platformization? of the economy, and of the transformations of labour that digital technologies bring about. To uncover the conditions under which micro-work is performed, and its broader societal implications, we conducted an extensive empirical study in France. In this paper, we use the data collected to present the socio-economic backgrounds of the people who engage in micro-work, their motivations and needs, and their everyday practices. We show that, while the micro-working population is very diverse, a significant portion (including working women with children and with higher education degrees) face pressing financial needs and rely on this activity to make ends meet. Micro-workers are also exposed to distinctive psycho-social risks, without adequat...
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International audienceLa promesse du capitalisme affectif des plateformes est celle d’une double optimisation. En premier lieu, l’annotation émotionnelle des objets informationnels optimise les affects en les simplifiant. Ensuite, elle... more
International audienceLa promesse du capitalisme affectif des plateformes est celle d’une double optimisation. En premier lieu, l’annotation émotionnelle des objets informationnels optimise les affects en les simplifiant. Ensuite, elle optimise les sociabilités en ligne en aménageant la distance et la proximité sociale. Les plateformes sociales se présentent comme des outils numériques qui permettent d’éloigner et de rapprocher les contacts sociaux. La force ou la faiblesse des liens ne sera plus subie, mais soi-disant modulée par l’usager. Et ceci sera réalisé à travers l’usage des réactions et d’affects standardisés. Le numérique social avait vécu la transition du lien au « like ». Le numérique affectif réalise un glissement ultérieur : du « like » aux réactions
International audienc
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Marking the 25th anniversary of the “digital divide,” we continue our metaphor of the digital inequality stack by mapping out the rapidly evolving nature of digital inequality using a broad lens. We tackle complex, and often unseen,... more
Marking the 25th anniversary of the “digital divide,” we continue our metaphor of the digital inequality stack by mapping out the rapidly evolving nature of digital inequality using a broad lens. We tackle complex, and often unseen, inequalities spawned by the platform economy, automation, big data, algorithms, cybercrime, cybersafety, gaming, emotional well-being, assistive technologies, civic engagement, and mobility. These inequalities are woven throughout the digital inequality stack in many ways including differentiated access, use, consumption, literacies, skills, and production. While many users are competent prosumers who nimbly work within different layers of the stack, very few individuals are “full stack engineers” able to create or recreate digital devices, networks, and software platforms as pure producers. This new frontier of digital inequalities further differentiates digitally skilled creators from mere users. Therefore, we document emergent forms of inequality that...
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Computer Science, Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, Criminal Justice, Digital Divide, and 15 moreCybercrimes, Accessibility, Civic Engagement, Disability, Digital Inequality, Gaming, eHealth, Automation, Cybercrime, Big Data, Cybercrime Security, Digital labor, Cybersafety, Communication and media Studies, and Assistive Technologies
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Partenaire 5 : GREQAM Aix-Marseille Université Juliette Rouchier, CNRS/ Université Aix-Marseille 2 Alice Quérel, freelance Quentin Bréant, fragmented.fr Collaborations exterieures : Société ERANOS, Paris Roberto Clemente,... more
Partenaire 5 : GREQAM Aix-Marseille Université Juliette Rouchier, CNRS/ Université Aix-Marseille 2 Alice Quérel, freelance Quentin Bréant, fragmented.fr Collaborations exterieures : Société ERANOS, Paris Roberto Clemente, robertoclemente.it, Milan ANAMIA (« La sociabilité 'Ana-mia' : une approche des troubles alimentaires par les réseaux sociaux en ligne et hors-ligne », ANR09-ALIA001) est un projet de recherche fondamentale coordonné par le
In this paper, we analyze the recessionary effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on digital platform workers. The crisis has been described as a great work-from-home experiment, with platform ecosystems positing as its most advanced form. Our... more
In this paper, we analyze the recessionary effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on digital platform workers. The crisis has been described as a great work-from-home experiment, with platform ecosystems positing as its most advanced form. Our analysis differentiates the direct (health) and indirect (economic) risks incurred by workers, to critically assess the portrayal of platforms as buffers against crisis-induced layoffs. We submit that platform-mediated labor may eventually increase precarity, without necessarily reducing health risks for workers. Our argument is based on a comparison of the three main categories of platform work—“on-demand labor” (gigs such as delivery and transportation), “online labor” (tasks performed remotely, such as data annotation), and “social networking labor” (content generation and moderation). We discuss the strategies that platforms deploy to transfer risk from clients onto workers, thus deepening existing power imbalances between them. These results qu...
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Au cours des dernières années, une partie croissante de la recherche sur les usages informatiques a souligné la fonction socialisante des technologies de l’information et de la communication. La prolifération de données empiriques portant... more
Au cours des dernières années, une partie croissante de la recherche sur les usages informatiques a souligné la fonction socialisante des technologies de l’information et de la communication. La prolifération de données empiriques portant sur le tournant participatif du Web a réalisé un démarquage radical vis-à-vis des études des décennies précédentes, qui au contraire cherchaient – sans succès – à mettre en avant les effets anomiques et d’isolement social des communications en réseau, caricaturalement opposées à la communication hors-ligne affichant les marques de l’authenticité, voire de la « réalité » même. Ce tournant social du Web et ses questionnements représentent un point de départ essentiel pour caractériser, au sens large, l’aspect de la vie contemporaine qui nous occupe ici – à savoir le positionnement de l’Administration publique par rapport aux dynamiques citoyennes
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Si la montee en puissance des "big data" est porteuse de promesses d'avancees scientifiques, de progres dans la maitrise des epidemies, d'amelioration du trafic urbain, et de nouvelles opportunites entrepreneuriales, il... more
Si la montee en puissance des "big data" est porteuse de promesses d'avancees scientifiques, de progres dans la maitrise des epidemies, d'amelioration du trafic urbain, et de nouvelles opportunites entrepreneuriales, il existe des risques sociaux qu'il convient de discuter. Le chapitre explore trois familles de risques, ceux qui touchent a la vie privee des citoyens et aux menaces accrues de surveillance, ceux qui ont trait aux conditions d'extraction et captation de valeur, et ceux qui decoulent de l'opacite actuelle des droits de propriete et des possibilite de partage des donnees. Le chapitre conclut sur la necessite de reflechir a une regulation adaptee pour que les big data rapportent a l’usager plus qu’elles ne lui coutent, sans pour autant entraver les avancees techniques et les opportunites economiques en resultant,
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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or... more
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. La plateformisation comme mise au travail des usagers Antonio Casilli
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This article elucidates the global dimensions of digital labor. The field of study touching on platform-based activities has scaled up to reflect the increasing reliance of digital economies on supply chains outsourcing tasks to... more
This article elucidates the global dimensions of digital labor. The field of study touching on platform-based activities has scaled up to reflect the increasing reliance of digital economies on supply chains outsourcing tasks to developing and emerging countries. To what extent can an economy predicated on data and value transfer from the Global South to the North be construed as “neocolonial”? Theoretical parallels with slavery, imperialism, and colonization fail to assess the historical uniqueness of new global inequalities. This article claims that the germane notion of “coloniality” (by relating to existing works at the intersection of race, gender, postcolonial, and subaltern studies) better addresses the dynamics of social exclusion and exploitation at play in Western and non-Western countries. I conclude by arguing for a “digital decolonial turn” pursuing the chief goal of digital labor studies: making invisible work visible.
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Les plateformes de micro-travail allouent des tâches fragmentees a des foules de prestataires dont la remuneration peut etre aussi faible que quelques centimes. Indispensables pour developper les intelligences artificielles actuelles, ces... more
Les plateformes de micro-travail allouent des tâches fragmentees a des foules de prestataires dont la remuneration peut etre aussi faible que quelques centimes. Indispensables pour developper les intelligences artificielles actuelles, ces micro-tâches poussent a l'extreme les logiques de precarite deja constatees a l'egard des travailleurs « uberises ». Cet article propose une estimation du nombre de personnes concernees par la micro-travail en France, sur la base des resultats de l'enquete DiPLab. Nous detectons trois types de micro-travailleurs, correspondant a differents modes d'engagement : un groupe de 14.903 individus « tres actifs », dont la plupart sont presents sur ces plateformes au moins une fois par semaine ; un deuxieme accueillant 52.337 usagers « reguliers », plus selectifs et presents au moins une fois par mois ; un troisieme de 266.126 « occasionnels », plus heterogenes et qui alternent entre l'inactivite et une pratique plus intensive du micro-t...
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I draw attention to the entrepreneurial ideology that underlies both venture labor and several manifestations of digital labor, defined as deskilled and underpaid/unpaid work performed for online platforms. If contemporary workers seem... more
I draw attention to the entrepreneurial ideology that underlies both venture labor and several manifestations of digital labor, defined as deskilled and underpaid/unpaid work performed for online platforms. If contemporary workers seem more willing to accept the burden of entrepreneurial risk or the hardships of underpaid undertakings, this is because they reinterpret value-producing tasks as aligned with their private goals. At the same time, both venture labor and “implicit” work on digital platforms raise issues of distributive justice connected to value capture and centralization, thus increasing the potential for social antagonism and conflict.
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Autrefois considerees comme des maladies « rares », l'anorexie mentale, la boulimie, les compulsions et les autres troubles des conduites alimentaires touchent environ 600,000 personnes en France, selon les estimations de... more
Autrefois considerees comme des maladies « rares », l'anorexie mentale, la boulimie, les compulsions et les autres troubles des conduites alimentaires touchent environ 600,000 personnes en France, selon les estimations de l'association Afdas-TCA. Autrement dit, chacun d'entre nous connait en moyenne une ou deux personnes affectees. Si la France dispose de centres specialises de renommee internationale, les personnels soignants et les associations de malades et familles demandent depuis longtemps une amelioration de l'offre de soins, qui reste insuffisante surtout en milieu rural. Par-dela la denonciation des deserts medicaux, le systeme actuel manque de dispositifs pour le depistage precoce, et peine a assurer un accompagnement au quotidien a la sortie des phases les plus aigues.
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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or... more
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
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El libro «Trabajo, conocimiento y vigilancia: 5 ensayos sobre tecnologia» concentra investigaciones del sociologo especialista en la sociologia del internet, Antonio Casilli. El autor propone que las tecnologias de informacion estan... more
El libro «Trabajo, conocimiento y vigilancia: 5 ensayos sobre tecnologia» concentra investigaciones del sociologo especialista en la sociologia del internet, Antonio Casilli. El autor propone que las tecnologias de informacion estan transformando las relaciones de produccion, ademas aborda sobre el impacto de las tecnologias de informacion y comunicacion en el mundo laboral, la vigilancia masiva y la privacidad de datos, y la construccion del conocimiento en espacios digitales. El presente libro se compone de cinco ensayos, publicados originalmente en ingles y en frances, que fueron traducidos al espanol: * ?Existe una cultura laboral digital global? Marginacion del trabajo, desigualdades globales y colonialidad * Inteligencia artificial: ?los humanos reemplazaran a los robots? * Una historia de la virulencia: El cuerpo y la cultura informatica en la decada de 1980 * El wikipedista, el investigador y el vandalo * Cuatro tesis sobre vigilancia digital masiva y la negociacion de la pr...
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Digital labor designates platform-based algorithm-mediated tasks performed by human users of websites and apps. It concerns on-demand services such as Uber, micro-work portals such as Amazon Mechanical Turk, as well as data extraction via... more
Digital labor designates platform-based algorithm-mediated tasks performed by human users of websites and apps. It concerns on-demand services such as Uber, micro-work portals such as Amazon Mechanical Turk, as well as data extraction via connected devices or social media such as Facebook. Digital labor studies have so far mainly focused on US and Europe. A new breed of research projects aims to correct this bias by intersecting labor, media, post-colonial, and subaltern studies, and tackle developing and emerging countries where the rise of digital labor accompanies low rates of formal employment. Newly available evidence offers insights into dynamics of social exclusion and exploitation through the outsourcing of online tasks to non-Western countries. The last part of the article discusses the extent to which this vast click farm economy predicated on value and data transfer from the Global South to the North can be construed as a " neocolonial " system.
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The privacy-security continuum has been disrupted by a change in the nature of surveillance itself. In comparison with past ones, the current digital surveillance system for the monitoring populations is unique in that it is not direct,... more
The privacy-security continuum has been disrupted by a change in the nature of surveillance itself. In comparison with past ones, the current digital surveillance system for the monitoring populations is unique in that it is not direct, but rather participatory. Privacy has changed, too. In this new paradigm, it is not be construed as an individual prerogative, but rather a collective negotiation. Defining the nature of this negotiation, helps us understand why claims that privacy is disappearing are erroneous and ideologically motivated. Contrary to received wisdom, the importance attributed to managing the limits and content of citizens’ personal spheres is in fact growing in the current social and technological climate.
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Proces verbal de l'audition d'Antonio Casilli devant le CESE (Conseil Economique Social et Environnemental), Paris, 10 septembre 2014.
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Art and Political Science
Une complexite sociale grandissante entoure la transition de la " medecine de chevet " a la e-sante. En analysant le phenomene des communautes de patients en ligne a l'aune des inegalites anciennes et nouvelles, cette... more
Une complexite sociale grandissante entoure la transition de la " medecine de chevet " a la e-sante. En analysant le phenomene des communautes de patients en ligne a l'aune des inegalites anciennes et nouvelles, cette contribution s'efforce de montrer dans quelle mesure les nouvelles tendances de la medecine en reseau sont lisibles autant comme des manifestations d'une volonte de "capacitation" des patients que comme ruses du liberalisme economique, deplacant les couts de la sante publique des etats vers les citoyens.
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Communication pour la journee d'etude Femmes au travail : Enjeux productifs et reproductifs organisee dans le cadre du festival Filmer le Travail. Le micro-travail est une forme emergente de travail sur les plateformes numeriques.... more
Communication pour la journee d'etude Femmes au travail : Enjeux productifs et reproductifs organisee dans le cadre du festival Filmer le Travail. Le micro-travail est une forme emergente de travail sur les plateformes numeriques. Cette activite remuneratrice consiste a realiser des tâches tres fragmentees (micro-tâches), payees generalement a la piece. Le plus souvent, elles necessitent une faible qualification pour une remuneration tout aussi faible, de l’ordre de quelques centimes. Lance en 2017, le projet de recherche DiPLab (http://www.diplab.eu) s’interesse aux caracteristiques socio-demographiques des micro-travailleur·ses en France. Cette communication porte plus particulierement sur les conditions d’activite des femmes micro-travailleuses.
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Contribution (analyse complementaire) pour l'etude annuelle 2014 du Conseil d'Etat "Le numerique et les droits fondamentaux".
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2020 marks the 25th anniversary of the “digital divide.” Although a quarter century has passed, legacy digital inequalities continue, and emergent digital inequalities are proliferating. Many of the initial schisms identified in 1995 are... more
2020 marks the 25th anniversary of the “digital divide.” Although a quarter century has passed, legacy digital inequalities continue, and emergent digital inequalities are proliferating. Many of the initial schisms identified in 1995 are still relevant today. Twenty-five years later, foundational access inequalities continue to separate the digital haves and the digital have-nots within and across countries. In addition, even ubiquitous-access populations are riven with skill inequalities and differentiated usage. Indeed, legacy digital inequalities persist vis-à-vis economic class, gender, sexuality, race and ethnicity, aging, disability, healthcare, education, rural residency, networks, and global geographies. At the same time, emergent forms of inequality now appear alongside legacy inequalities such that notions of digital inequalities must be continually expanded to become more nuanced. We capture the increasingly complex and interrelated nature of digital inequalities by intro...
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Information Systems, Computer Science, Digital Divide, New Media, Educational Research, and 15 moreSocial Stratification, Social Class, Digital Inequality, Social Inequality, Educational stratification, Library and Information Studies, Inequality, Bridging Digital Divide, Disability Digital divide, Gender Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities, Communication and media Studies, Social Stratification and Inequality, Social and educational inequality, and Social and Economic Inequality
Discourses of robotic replacement and of the end of work have survived to the present day. But more and more voices now challenge the very idea that technological innovation is necessarily conducive to job loss. According to several... more
Discourses of robotic replacement and of the end of work have survived to the present day. But more and more voices now challenge the very idea that technological innovation is necessarily conducive to job loss. According to several studies, new high-tech jobs is accompanied by an even bigger low-tech job creation, and AI can be expected to be no exception. Based on new evidence about the role of human-annotated data in machine learning and algorithmic solutions, a new generation of scholars are now studying the germane phenomena of “heteromation”, “automation last mile” or, more simply, platform-based digital labor needed to generate, train, verify, and sometimes modify in real-time huge quantities of examples that machines are supposed to learn from. Digital labor designates datified and taskified human activities. The first type of platform occupation ison-demand labor. The second type of platform-based digital labor ismicrowork. Finally, the third type of digital labor issocial ...
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Business and Automation
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This paper sheds light on the role of digital platform labour in the development of today’s artificial intelligence, predicated on data-intensive machine learning algorithms. Focus is on the specific ways in which outsourcing of data... more
This paper sheds light on the role of digital platform labour in the development of today’s artificial intelligence, predicated on data-intensive machine learning algorithms. Focus is on the specific ways in which outsourcing of data tasks to myriad ‘micro-workers’, recruited and managed through specialized platforms, powers virtual assistants, self-driving vehicles and connected objects. Using qualitative data from multiple sources, we show that micro-work performs a variety of functions, between three poles that we label, respectively, ‘artificial intelligence preparation’, ‘artificial intelligence verification’ and ‘artificial intelligence impersonation’. Because of the wide scope of application of micro-work, it is a structural component of contemporary artificial intelligence production processes – not an ephemeral form of support that may vanish once the technology reaches maturity stage. Through the lens of micro-work, we prefigure the policy implications of a future in which...
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In this article, we argue that new kinds of risk are emerging with the COVID-19 virus, and that these risks are unequally distributed. As we expose to view, digital inequalities and social inequalities are rendering certain subgroups... more
In this article, we argue that new kinds of risk are emerging with the COVID-19 virus, and that these risks are unequally distributed. As we expose to view, digital inequalities and social inequalities are rendering certain subgroups significantly more vulnerable to exposure to COVID-19. Vulnerable populations bearing disproportionate risks include the social isolated, older adults, penal system subjects, digitally disadvantaged students, gig workers, and last-mile workers. Therefore, we map out the intersection between COVID-19 risk factors and digital inequalities on each of these populations in order to examine how the digitally resourced have additional tools to mitigate some of the risks associated with the pandemic. We shed light on how the ongoing pandemic is deepening key axes of social differentiation, which were previously occluded from view. These newly manifested forms of social differentiation can be conceived along several related dimensions. At their most general and ...
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Philosophy and Humanities
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Body image issues associated with eating disorders involve attitudinal and perceptual components: individuals' dissatisfaction with body shape or weight, and inability to assess body size correctly. While prior research has mainly... more
Body image issues associated with eating disorders involve attitudinal and perceptual components: individuals' dissatisfaction with body shape or weight, and inability to assess body size correctly. While prior research has mainly explored social pressures produced by the media, fashion, and advertising industries, this paper focuses on the effects of personal networks on body image, particularly in the context of internet communities. We use data collected on a sample of participants to websites on eating disorders, and map their personal networks. We specify and estimate a model for the joint distribution of attitudinal and perceptual components of body image as a function of network-related characteristics and attributional factors. Supported by information gathered through in-depth interviews, the empirical estimates provide evidence that personal networks can be conducive to positive body image development, and that the influence of personal networks varies significantly by...
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Entre 1984 et 2001, la cyberculture a colporte l'utopie d'un corps technologiquement regenere, vehiculant les attentes liees a la corporeite contemporaine. Dans les annees 1980, la diffusion du mythe du cyborg coincida avec... more
Entre 1984 et 2001, la cyberculture a colporte l'utopie d'un corps technologiquement regenere, vehiculant les attentes liees a la corporeite contemporaine. Dans les annees 1980, la diffusion du mythe du cyborg coincida avec l'essor de la micro-informatique. Figure du corps infecte par la machine le cyborg se fit miroir des craintes de contamination repandues dans les annees du Sida. Au debut des annees 1990, la cyberculture se reorienta vers la possibilite de «desincarner» le corps pour qu'il puisse vivre dans des realites virtuelles decontaminees. Avec l'arrivee du Web, l'attention se concentra sur la composition d'un corps numerique en ligne. Tout bien pese, les inquietudes de la cyberculture se sont concentrees sur une conception specifique du corps - cautionnee par le savoir biomedical, rentree dans une crise de confiance avec l'explosion du Sida. Cet affaiblissement fortuit de la biomedecine stimula l'elaboration de conceptions antagonistes du corps au sein de la cyberculture.