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Well before Europeans colonised their shores, Mi’kmaq, Inuit and Iroquoian peoples around the Gulf of Saint Lawrence had enthusiastically adopted as their own a European device, the small, wooden sailing vessel known to Basques as the... more
Well before Europeans colonised their shores, Mi’kmaq, Inuit and Iroquoian peoples around the Gulf of Saint Lawrence had enthusiastically adopted as their own a European device, the small, wooden sailing vessel known to Basques as the txalupa and to the French as the chaloupe, to trade, gain power and expand their respective ranges significantly. Txalupak (the plural form in Basque) were all-purpose boats that could be rowed or sailed, and they greatly enhanced the seaborne mobility of First Nations around the gulf. These craft enabled Inuit to expand their habitat from Labrador to shores around the northeast arm of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, known as Grand Bay. They also allowed Mi’kmaq in Acadia to cross Cabot Strait to Newfoundland and to mount raids against rivals across the Gulf of Maine. Not least, txalupak played a role in the maritime adaptation of eastern Saint Lawrence Iroquoians after the dispersal of their villages. Indigenous people throughout the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and adjacent Atlantic coasts acquired these boats from Basque mariners who came to these regions from northern Spain and southwest France, in pursuit of cod, whales, seals and furs every summer from the early sixteenth century on. This chapter explores the changes to Indigenous societies enabled by the txalupa’s adoption and the Basque-Indigenous relationships built around this craft.
During the 1960s and 1970s, the archaeologist René Lévesque was perhaps the most recognised face of Québec archaeology. He promoted the need for heritage legislation to elected officials, led excavations at the sites of French posts at... more
During the 1960s and 1970s, the archaeologist René Lévesque was perhaps the most recognised face of Québec archaeology. He promoted the need for heritage legislation to elected officials, led excavations at the sites of French posts at Sept-Îles, Mingan and Brador, and energetically took the stage as a speaker, educator and in the media of his time. He had a longstanding interest for the grave of Samuel de Champlain, which still remains to be found. Lévesque was also a controversial figure for his stance in favour of an archaeology led by “knowledgeable amateurs”, at a time of archaeologists’ growing professionalization and organisation to promote archaeology in Québec. Special consultation of Lévesque’s journal sheds new light on this remarkable figure and his role during a pivotal period in Québec archaeology. At the same time, access to his unfinished doctoral dissertation reveals his interest for the prehistory of the Blanc-Sablon region, but also the struggle of this self-taught pioneer to keep up with the rapid acceleration of scholarly research.

Dans les années 1960 et 1970, l’archéologue René Lévesque occupait une place très visible dans l’archéologie québécoise. Il faisait la promotion d’une loi sur le patrimoine archéologique auprès des élus, il dirigeait les fouilles sur les sites d’établissements français à Sept-Îles, à Mingan et à Brador, et il s’activait comme conférencier, enseignant et dans les médias de l’époque. Il avait un intérêt durable pour la sépulture de Samuel de Champlain, qu’on n’a d’ailleurs jamais identifiée. Lévesque était aussi une figure controversée pour sa prise de position en faveur d’une archéologie menée par des « amateurs avertis », à une époque où un nombre croissant d’archéologues se professionnalisaient et s’organisaient pour faire avancer l’archéologie au Québec. L’accès privilégié au journal de Lévesque jette un éclairage inédit sur ce personnage marquant et son rôle dans une période charnière de l’archéologie québécoise. En même temps, l’accès au jet de sa thèse doctorale, jamais terminée, révèle son intérêt pour la préhistoire de la région de Blanc-Sablon, mais montre aussi la difficulté de ce pionnier autodidacte de suivre le décollage rapide des recherches scientifiques.
The identification in Montréal of a nautical astrolabe previously unknown to specialists motivated a new look at these instruments held in Canada and France. Mariners used the astrolabe to take the sun's elevation and thus calculate their... more
The identification in Montréal of a nautical astrolabe previously unknown to specialists motivated a new look at these instruments held in Canada and France. Mariners used the astrolabe to take the sun's elevation and thus calculate their latitude. Cast in Lisbon in 1631, the Montreal instrument belongs to the historical collection of the Sulpician fathers. The context of its acquisition being unknown, this study evaluates its possible link with two Sulpicians -- René Bréhant de Galinée, navigator, and Jean Cavelier, brother of the famous explorer Cavelier de La Salle. This research then considers the instrument within the corpus of 11 nautical astrolabes known in Canada and France. Made in Spain, France, and Portugal, these pieces shed light on the evolution of navigation practices in the North Atlantic. This study identifies Honfleur as a fabrication centre in France. Nautical astrolabes took part in the social construction of scientific maritime knowledge tied to the State, a process that involved religious orders, including the Montréal Sulpicians.

L'identification à Montréal d'un astrolabe nautique inconnu des spécialistes a motivé un examen de ces instruments conservés au Canada et en France. L'astrolabe nautique permet la prise d'élévation du soleil ou de l'étoile polaire et, ainsi, le calcul de la latitude où l'on se trouve. Celui de Montréal, fabriqué à Lisbonne en 1631, appartient à la collection historique des pères sulpiciens. Le contexte de son acquisition étant inconnu, ce travail évalue son lien possible avec les sulpiciens René Bréhant de Galinée, navigateur, et Jean Cavelier, frère du célèbre explorateur Cavelier de La Salle. L'étude considère ensuite l'instrument au sein du corpus de 11 astrolabes nautiques connus en sol canadien et français. Fabriquées en Espagne, en France et au Portugal, ces pièces jettent une lumière sur l'évolution des pratiques de navigation dans l' Atlantique septentrional aux xvi e et xvii e siècles. Ce travail identifie Honfleur comme lieu de fabrication en France. Les astrolabes nautiques participèrent à la construction sociale d'un savoir maritime scientifique lié à l'État, processus impliquant des ordres religieux dont celui des sulpiciens de Montréal.
This paper provides an update of recent research and thought on the Basques in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Atlantic Acadia. New discoveries and a review of existing collections have amplified the repertoire of known Basque sites in... more
This paper provides an update of recent research and thought on the Basques in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Atlantic Acadia. New discoveries and a review of existing collections have amplified the repertoire of known Basque sites in several regions. Archival research has also progressed, showing the locations of Basque fisheries in the southern Gulf, and of burial grounds of deceased sailors. This work reveals the complexity of Basque activities following three themes: the diversity of Basque activities, the relation of Basques from Spain with French colonial power, and the Basques' indigenous relations in the 17th century, in particular with the Inuit and the Mi'kmaq. These themes synthesize Basque adaptations to a constantly evolving historical context over the 250 years of their presence. Because these adaptations vary in space, this text presents new research and thought in four regions: Grand Bay, southern Newfoundland, Atlantic Acadia and Laurentian Acadia.

Ce travail fait le point sur les recherches et idées récentes concernant les Basques dans le golfe du Saint-Laurent et en Acadie atlantique. Des découvertes nouvelles et le retour aux collections existantes ont amplifié la liste des sites basques connus, et ce, dans plusieurs régions. Les recherches en archives ont progressé également, identifiant les lieux de pêche basque dans le sud du golfe, et les lieux d'enterrement de marins décédés. Ce travail révèle la complexité des activités basques selon trois thèmes : la diversité des activités basques, le rapport des Basques d'Espagne avec le pouvoir colonial français, et les rapports entre Basques et Autochtones au XVIIe siècle, en particulier les Inuits et les Mi'kmaq. Ces thèmes synthétisent les adaptations des Basques au contexte historique qui ne cesse d'évoluer au cours des 250 ans de leur présence. Puisque ces adaptations variaient dans l'espace, ce texte présente les recherches et idées récentes selon quatre régions : la Grande Baie, le sud de Terre-Neuve, l'Acadie atlantique et l'Acadie laurentienne.
Coarse earthenware with a painted decor from the Toulouse region of France occur at the Fortress of Louisbourg, Canada, in contexts dating to 1713-1758. This paper compares pieces from Louisbourg to examples made at three pottery centres... more
Coarse earthenware with a painted decor from the Toulouse region of France occur at the Fortress of Louisbourg, Canada, in contexts dating to 1713-1758. This paper compares pieces from Louisbourg to examples made at three pottery centres in the "Midi toulousain" region, namely Giroussens, Lomagne and Cox. Geochemical analysis shows that the type initially ascribed to Cox, then to "Cox-Lomagne", definitely derives from the Lomagne region near Auvillar on the Garonne River. 

Des terres cuites communes peintes fabriquées dans la région de Toulouse surviennent au Canada, entre autres à la forteresse de Louisbourg entre 1713 et 1758. Ce travail compare des pièces de Louisbourg aux exemplaires fabriquées à trois centres potiers du «Midi toulousain», soit Giroussens, Lomagne et Cox. L'analyse géochimique démontre que les types attribués d'abord à Cox, puis à «Cox-Lomagne», proviennent définitivement de Lomagne, près d'Auvillar sur la Garonne.
Mediterranean ceramics found at the Fortress of Louisbourg and other 17th and 18th century Canadian contexts raise the question of their transatlantic route to the New World. Two hypotheses are investigated: via the Canal du Midi and the... more
Mediterranean ceramics found at the Fortress of Louisbourg and other 17th and 18th century Canadian contexts raise the question of their transatlantic route to the New World. Two hypotheses are investigated: via the Canal du Midi and the Garonne Valley to Bordeaux, and thence to Canada; and through the Strait of Gibraltar to link up with transatlantic routes. The most plausible scenario involves Breton cod fishing ships from Saint-Malo and neighbouring ports, engaged in the triangular trade with Canada and Marseille.

Des terres cuites méditerranéennes retrouvées à Louisbourg et d'autres contextes canadiens du XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle soulèvent la question de leur route transatlantique au Nouveau Monde. En guise de réponse, deux hypothèses sont envisagées: via le canal du Midi et la Garonne jusqu'à Bordeaux, puis au Canada; et via le détroit de Gibraltar pour rejoindre les routes transatlantiques. Le scénario le plus plausible met en cause des morutiers bretons de la région de Saint-Malo, qui s'activaient dans le commerce triangulaire avec Terre-Neuve et Marseille.
This volume, edited by Brad Loewen and Claude Chapdelaine, brings together recent archaeological research on 16th-century Contact from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to Lake Ontario. The Introduction provides a resume of the book's fourteen... more
This volume, edited by Brad Loewen and Claude Chapdelaine, brings together recent archaeological research on 16th-century Contact from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to Lake Ontario. The Introduction provides a resume of the book's fourteen chapters.
Research Interests:
This chapter of Contact in the 16th Century analyses the historical record of Basques and Saint Lawrence Iroquoians, building on C. Martijn’s hypothesis that these two groups enjoyed a “privileged partnership” in the sixteenth century. It... more
This chapter of Contact in the 16th Century analyses the historical record of Basques and Saint Lawrence Iroquoians, building on C. Martijn’s hypothesis that these two groups enjoyed a “privileged partnership” in the sixteenth century. It revisits P. Bakker’s hypothesis that “Iroquois” signified “killer people” in a Basque-Algonquian trade pidgin, and proposes instead that Iroquois meant “town-dwellers” in Basque. By correlating the timelines of Basque whalers and Saint Lawrence Iroquoians, the paper proposes that the abrupt retreat of the whalers in 1579 was related both to the dispersal of the Saint Lawrence Iroquoians c.1580, and to the arrival of French traders in the Tadoussac region in 1581. It finally examines c.1590-1650 references to Natives called “Canadiens” or “Canadaquois” around the Gulf, and suggests may identify groups of dispersed Saint Lawrence Iroquoians that had regrouped in three places – the Lower North Shore, Chaleur Bay, and between Tadoussac and Sept-Îles.
Chapter on the history of "social archaeology", as well as a methodological approach to building social archaeology from prehistory through to the 20th century. The paper is built on case studies in Canada, with a view to building a... more
Chapter on the history of "social archaeology", as well as a methodological approach to building social archaeology from prehistory through to the 20th century. The paper is built on case studies in Canada, with a view to building a global theory of social archaeology in the western hemisphere.
It is often thought that Europeans left Labrador about 1630, and that only Inuit populated the country until French colonisation in 1703. This paper shows that Basques from Spain were present in the Strait of Belle Isle and Gran Baya, the... more
It is often thought that Europeans left Labrador about 1630, and that only Inuit populated the country until French colonisation in 1703. This paper shows that Basques from Spain were present in the Strait of Belle Isle and Gran Baya, the northeast arm of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, throughout the seventeenth century. Thus, the Basque presence was roughly conterminous with Inuit expansion into this region. Using both historical and archaeological sources, the paper first summarises evidence that Basque navigation into the study area continued without interruption until about 1700. Secondly, it shows that Basques from Spain engaged in sealing and that the seal economy brought them into direct contact with the Inuit, either as competitors or as collaborators. Thirdly, it analyses traces of Basque cultural influences in seventeenth-century Inuit society.
Autour du golfe du Saint-Laurent, le corpus des sites basques du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle est dominé par les stations baleinières de la côte nord du golfe et du détroit de Belle-Île. Tandis que Red Bay (Labrador) et son épave le San Juan,... more
Autour du golfe du Saint-Laurent, le corpus des sites basques du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle est dominé par les stations baleinières de la côte nord du golfe et du détroit de Belle-Île. Tandis que Red Bay (Labrador) et son épave le San Juan, coulé en 1565, servent de point d'ancrage chronologique de la culture matérielle associée à ces marins-pêcheurs, l'épave d'Isle-aux-Morts dans la région de Port-aux-Basques (Terre-Neuve) peut mettre en scène la présence basque labourdaine au XVIIe siè-cle. Cette collection peu connue constitue désormais une référence pour la culture matérielle basque des pêches morutières au sud et à l'ouest de Terre-Neuve au XVIIe siècle.
The Basque-language pilot book, written by Piarres Detcheverry, has erroneously been understood as a simple translation of an earlier French-language work. While several passages are indeed fairly close translations, Detcheverry added new... more
The Basque-language pilot book, written by Piarres Detcheverry, has erroneously been understood as a simple translation of an earlier French-language work. While several passages are indeed fairly close translations, Detcheverry added new sections including a description of Basque ports and routes in Chaleur Bay. This paper translates this description into French and analyses its contribution to knowledge on the Basque fisheries in Chaleur Bay, circa 1677.
Right and bowhead whale populations in the western Atlantic were diminished by Basque whaling in Labrador c.1540-1600. The study refines previous estimates of whale captures, and revises the number downward. However, since historical... more
Right and bowhead whale populations in the western Atlantic were diminished by Basque whaling in Labrador c.1540-1600. The study refines previous estimates of whale captures, and revises the number downward. However, since historical whale populations are estimated on the basis of whaling records, historical populations may also have been smaller than previous estimates.
Loewen, Brad. 2017. "Stowage and Packing Containers", in The Archaeology of a Seventeenth-Century Ship of New World Colonization, edited by James E. Bruseth, Amy A. Borgens, Bradford M. Jones and Eric D. Ray, p. 291-331. Texas Historical... more
Loewen, Brad. 2017. "Stowage and Packing Containers", in The Archaeology of a Seventeenth-Century Ship of New World Colonization, edited by James E. Bruseth, Amy A. Borgens, Bradford M. Jones and Eric D. Ray, p. 291-331. Texas Historical Commission and Texas A&M University Press, Austin.
These two chapters introduce the analysis of a 16th-century Basque whaling ship found at Red Bay, Labrador, Canada. They cover Renaissance ideas of ship design and construction, and how these ideas can be studied through archaeology. They... more
These two chapters introduce the analysis of a 16th-century Basque whaling ship found at Red Bay, Labrador, Canada. They cover Renaissance ideas of ship design and construction, and how these ideas can be studied through archaeology. They also cover Basque naval metrology, as it relates to forestry, shipbuilding and gauging ship's tonnage. They introduce volume 3 of the comprehensive study of the Red Bay underwater site by Parks Canada, edited by Robert Grenier, Willis Stevens and Marc-André Bernier.
Sixteenth-century shipwrecks originating in Iberia, England and the Mediterranean may be distinguished by attributes that have typological value. This paper seeks to understand why these attributes vary regionally, and to discover their... more
Sixteenth-century shipwrecks originating in Iberia, England and the Mediterranean may be distinguished by attributes that have typological value. This paper seeks to understand why these attributes vary regionally, and to discover their underlying social and technological structures. Emphasis is on Euro-Atlantic shipwrecks, as compared to Mediterranean and Northern European regional characteristics.

Loewen, Brad. 2001. The structures of Atlantic shipbuilding in the 16th century. An archaeological perspective. In  Francisco Alves (ed.), International Symposium on Archaeology of Medieval and Modern Ships of Iberian-Atlantic Tradition, p. 241-258. Centro Nacional de Arqueologia Náutica e Subaquática / Academia de Marinha, Lisboa.
Projectile points have a great diagnostic value for dating occupations and for understanding the occupants' cultural affiliations. In the Montréal region, the sequence of points begins during the Laurentian Archaic and extends through to... more
Projectile points have a great diagnostic value for dating occupations and for understanding the occupants' cultural affiliations. In the Montréal region, the sequence of points begins during the Laurentian Archaic and extends through to the 17th century. We find 21 recurring types, as well as numerous non­diagnostic examples, especially the stemmed style of the Post­Laurentian Archaic and Early Woodland periods. Different conceptual approaches may be used to situate the Montréal point sequence within its environmental, cultural and socio­economic context over the period from about 6700 to 2400 BP. The analysis includes the points' chronology, the foyers where they emerged, and their lithic material as a geographic indicator. This analysis sheds light on the nature of the Montréal region as a strategic place within the greater Northeast.
Les pointes de projectile ont une grande valeur diagnostique pour dater les occupations et mieux comprendre leur affiliation culturelle. Dans la région montréalaise, la séquence des pointes débute à l' Archaïque laurentien et se prolonge jusqu'au xvii e siècle. Nous y recensons 21 types récurrents, et de nombreux exemplaires non diagnostiques, dont le style pédonculé à l' Archaïque post-laurentien et au Sylvicole supérieur. Diverses approches conceptuelles aident à relier la séquence montréalaise à son contexte environnemental, culturel et socioéconomique au long de la période de 6700 à 2400 AA environ. L'analyse comprend la chronologie des types de pointes, leurs foyers d'émergence, et leur matériau lithique comme indice géographique. Par cette analyse, la nature du « lieu stratégique » qu'est la région montréalaise est éclairée, au sein du grand Nord-Est. •
Pointe-à-Callière is where Montréal was founded in 1642. Excavated as a field school by the Université de Montréal and the Musée d’archéologie Pointe-à-Callière, the site has more than 2.5 metres of stratified soils that form a... more
Pointe-à-Callière is where Montréal was founded in 1642. Excavated as a field school by the Université de Montréal and the Musée d’archéologie Pointe-à-Callière, the site has more than 2.5 metres of stratified soils that form a fine-grained and well-dated sequence beginning about 1590. Its colonial uses – as a palisade fort, market garden and canoe yard – extend to 1805. Riverfront development then wrought a dense urban tissue of warehouses, workshops and stables. Pointe-à-Callière is a reference for Canadian archaeology and its 360,000 artefacts include several hundred worked bone and shell items from the 17th to 19th centuries.
While worked bone is a prehistoric technology, the tradition extends seamlessly into recent times, attaining a rich degree of representational meaning. Wampum, rosary beads, gaming pieces, knife handles, toothbrushes, combs and buttons are the most common artefacts found at Pointe-à-Callière. Their technology evolved in step with historical changes in meat procurement, processing and distribution practices that supplied bone-workers with raw material. Some recovered artefacts indicate a symbolic relationship between bone objects and their makers or owners.
Objectives: We describe a method to identify human remains excavated from unmarked graves in historical Québec cemeteries by combining parental-lineage genetic markers with the whole-population genealogy of Québec contained in the BALSAC... more
Objectives: We describe a method to identify human remains excavated from unmarked graves in historical Québec cemeteries by combining parental-lineage genetic markers with the whole-population genealogy of Québec contained in the BALSAC database. Materials and methods: The remains of six men were exhumed from four historical cemeteries in the province of Québec, Canada. DNA was extracted from the remains and genotyped to reveal their mitochondrial and Y-chromosome haplotypes, which were compared to a collection of haplotypes of genealogically-anchored modern volunteers. Maternal and paternal genealogies were searched in the BALSAC genealogi-cal record for parental couples matching the mitochondrial and the Y-chromosome haplotypic signatures, to identify candidate sons from whom the remains could have originated. Results: Analysis of the matching genealogies identified the parents of one man inhumed in the cemetery of the investigated parish during its operating time. The candidate individual died in 1833 at the age of 58, a plausible age at death in light of osteological analysis of the remains.
This paper lays out a spatial, archaeological, and cultural framework for studying the Basque cod fishery in southern Newfoundland and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon. From the first half of the sixteenth century onward, this region was a major... more
This paper lays out a spatial, archaeological, and cultural framework for studying the Basque cod fishery in southern Newfoundland and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon. From the first half of the sixteenth century onward, this region was a major destination for Basque transatlantic fishermen (Barkham, 2009). Loewen and Delmas (2012) have suggested that the region held the greatest concentration of Basque cod fishermen in all of eastern Canada throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, attracting crews from both Spain and France. They hypothesized that Placentia Bay was the core area of the Basque cod fishery from which it expanded to several areas around the Gulf of St. Lawrence, reaching its apex between 1630 and 1713. However, little historical and archaeological research has been conducted on the Basque presence in this region, and many questions remain. Not least, we lack confirmation of the number of ships that fished in southern Newfoundland and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, and the proportion that they represented of the total Basque fleet in the Gulf. Knowledge has also remained somewhat anecdotal on the ports where Basques fished, and we lack an overall portrait of their distribution in the region. We will address these historical questions, based on the analysis of a 1677 Basque pilot book by Piarres Detcheverry and a 1676 annotated map by the French naval officer Courcelles.
This introduction to a special volume of Newfoundland and Labrador Studies introduces questions related to Basques and Indigenous Peoples in the province during the 17th Century, with a special focus on archaeology. The 17th-century... more
This introduction to a special volume of Newfoundland and Labrador Studies introduces questions related to Basques and Indigenous Peoples in the province during the 17th Century, with a special focus on archaeology. The 17th-century Basque record is compared to those of the 16th and the 18th century, which are quite distinct. Papers in the special volume cover Inuit personal names (Mitchell and Marguirault), the Basque-Inuit seal hunt (Castro), Native material culture on Basque sites (Delmas), a history of Basque fishermen at Placentia (Landry), the Basque cemetery at Placentia (Egana Goya) the Isle-aux-Morts shipwreck (Dieulefet), and an approach to the Basque fisheries in southern Newfoundland and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon (Losier, Loewen and Egana Goya).
Vincent Delmas reviews the archaeological data showing an Indigenous presence on Basque sites from the Strait of Belle Isle to the Saguenay River. The extensive amount of data and the number of sites on which they appear have not... more
Vincent Delmas reviews the archaeological data showing an Indigenous presence on Basque sites from the Strait of Belle Isle to the Saguenay River. The extensive amount of data and the number of sites on which they appear have not previously been noticed. Archaeologists working on these sites, often in isolation, have hesitated to suggest a direct relationship between Basques and local Indigenous people on individual sites. However, Delmas urges archaeologists to reconsider the data as a whole, since the recurring pattern of Indigenous materials on Basque sites indicates a wealth of material relationships between Basque crews and Innu, Iroquoian, and Inuit peoples.
Javi Castro presents historical evidence of Basque sealing in Labrador, and follows the chaîne opératoire of sealskins through the tanning, shoemaking, and export trades of two secondary ports in Gipuzkoa. Sealskins were used to make... more
Javi Castro presents historical evidence of Basque sealing in Labrador, and follows the chaîne opératoire of sealskins through the tanning, shoemaking, and export trades of two secondary ports in Gipuzkoa. Sealskins were used to make watertight sailors’ boots for the Newfoundland fishery, and some boots were worn in Labrador by overwintering Basque sealers. Castro relates the sealskin economy to the arrival in the Basque Country in about 1620 of an Inuit family — as well as their kayak that decorated a local church for about 350 years. Sealing thus appears as a focus for Basque–Inuit contact in the seventeenth century.
Greg Mitchell and Ihintza Marguirault examine the record of Inuit personal names in Labrador, from 1694 to 1834, for indicators of Iberian names and surnames. They suggest that these names represent the oldest layer of historical... more
Greg Mitchell and Ihintza Marguirault examine the  record of Inuit personal names in Labrador, from 1694 to 1834, for indicators of Iberian names and surnames. They suggest that these names represent the oldest layer of historical identity construction among Indigenous Labrador people, prior to the Moravian missions of the 1770s and likely arising during the time of Basque whaling, sealing, and fishing in the Strait of Belle Isle. The possible Spanish or Basque origin of Inuit names provides an original window on cultural relations that likely arose in the seventeenth century.
Nicolas Landry surveys historical data on relations between Basque fishermen and French colonial authorities at Placentia. The French colonial archives he has studied show Basque ships sailing from Saint-Jean-de-Luz and Bayonne in the... more
Nicolas Landry surveys historical data on relations between Basque fishermen and French colonial authorities at Placentia. The French colonial archives he has studied show Basque ships sailing from Saint-Jean-de-Luz and Bayonne in the Basque province of Lapurdi (France). While these archives reflect the French official point of view, they also show the cohesiveness of the entire Basque fishing fleet and its ability to decisively aid or confront colonial authorities, depending on the circumstances.
Gaëlle Dieulefet presents the material culture from a shipwreck site at Isle aux Morts in southwest Newfoundland, dated between 1638 and about 1690. Based on the range of ceramics and technological similarities to the San Juan that sank... more
Gaëlle Dieulefet presents the material culture from a shipwreck site at Isle aux Morts in southwest Newfoundland, dated between 1638 and about 1690. Based on the range of ceramics and technological similarities to the San Juan that sank at Red Bay, Labrador, in 1565, she argues that this ship had a Basque origin — perhaps from Spain — and was outfitted by Saint-Jean-de-Luz merchants. This site is the clearest archaeological example of seventeenth-century Basque fishing activity, and shows the increasing complexity of the Basque archaeological record after the Red Bay whaling enterprise.
Miren Egaña Goya analyzes the Basque gravestones preserved at Placentia. She shows that the Placentia burying ground was already used in the sixteenth century for Basque fishermen who died in Newfoundland. Linguistic analysis of the... more
Miren Egaña Goya analyzes the Basque gravestones preserved at Placentia. She shows that the Placentia burying ground was already used in the sixteenth century for Basque fishermen who died in Newfoundland. Linguistic analysis of the inscriptions sheds light on the identity and origin of the interred sailors, while stylistic analysis attaches these monuments to an ancient Basque funerary tradition. One tombstone, inscribed in French, identifies a Basque corsair whose illustrious career ended tragically in Newfoundland.
This paper lays out a spatial, archaeological, and cultural framework for studying the Basque cod fishery in southern Newfoundland and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon. From the first half of the sixteenth century onward, this region was a major... more
This paper lays out a spatial, archaeological, and cultural framework for studying the Basque cod fishery in southern Newfoundland and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon. From the first half of the sixteenth century onward, this region was a major destination for Basque transatlantic fishermen (Barkham, 2009). Loewen and Delmas (2012) have suggested that the region held the greatest concentration of Basque cod fishermen in all of eastern Canada throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, attracting crews from both Spain and France. They hypothesized that Placentia Bay was the core area of the Basque cod fishery from which it expanded to several areas around the Gulf of St. Lawrence, reaching its apex between 1630 and 1713. However, little historical and archaeological research has been conducted on the Basque presence in this region, and many questions remain. Not least, we lack confirmation of the number of ships that fished in southern Newfoundland and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, and the proportion that they represented of the total Basque fleet in the Gulf. Knowledge has also remained somewhat anecdotal on the ports where Basques fished, and we lack an overall portrait of their distribution in the region. We will address these historical questions, based on the analysis of a 1677 Basque pilot book by Piarres Detcheverry and a 1676 annotated map by the French naval officer Courcelles.
Four small flat-bottom craft dating from c.1751 were found in the harbour of Quebec City. They are the only known archaeological examples of the French "batteaux plats", otherwise well known for their critical role in the colonial wars... more
Four small flat-bottom craft dating from c.1751 were found in the harbour of Quebec City. They are the only known archaeological examples of the French "batteaux plats", otherwise well known for their critical role in the colonial wars opposing New France and the New England colonies from 1665 to 1760. The "batteau" was designed to transport troops and supplies arriving from France to fortified places deep in continental territories along inland waterways, but served also as all-purpose boats. The analysis of the wood material, hull lines and construction techniques of the archaeological remains on one hand and the historical sources (contracts, paintings, etc.) on the other hand, help to better understand all the different aspects of the bateaux plat's architecture, from the selection of the trees to the caulking of the hull.
The “bateau-type” can be defined by a list of particular architectural characteristics, a principle and few construction contracts. The context of use and the historical origin are also part of the boat's definition. The most significant aspect of this boat type is its construction in hundreds at a time, thanks to a very standardised industry put in place by the colonial government. The bateau plat participates to the “total maritime fact” as an element of the “maritime cultural landscape”. Its existence is both determined and restricted by three factors: the water environment, natural resources and the politico-economical context. In the colonial situation, state policies are the most determining factor for the development and use of this boat type.
This thesis is part of a broader research project on the archaeological potential of Mount Royal carried out by Université de Montreal in partnership with the City of Montreal and the Ministry of Culture and Communications of Quebec. More... more
This thesis is part of a broader research project on the archaeological potential of Mount Royal carried out by Université de Montreal in partnership with the City of Montreal and the Ministry of Culture and Communications of Quebec. More specifically, it aims to assess the utility and efficiency of archaeological potential studies as a tool in cultural resource management. In Quebec, despite the importance of this tool in preventive archaeology at the diagnostic stage, there has been very little empirical study of its effectiveness and the validity of the different methodologies used. We therefore wish to bring a better understanding to the assessment of archaeological heritage potential by using a cultural landscape and historical ecology approach, in order to see how this can bring about a new way of considering archaeological potential. The development of the theoretical framework for this paper was based on some thirty archaeological assessments produced in Quebec. It is through this theoretical framework that the archaeological potential of the territory under study, namely the northern slopes of Mount Royal, was documented for a period starting at the end of the 17th century up to the 20th century. The theoretical research was complemented by visual inspections of the geographical zones, thereby permitting a more precise documentation of certain environmental features such as the topography, the ground vegetation and tree cover, the hydrography, etc. In the construction of the cultural landscape, the mythical and symbolic aspects of the mountain retain our interest. We have chosen three main themes, namely the picturesque mountain and the forest landscape, the agricultural mountain and the tanning industries and, lastly, the arrival of cemeteries and religious institutions. For each theme, research orientations are formulated in order to reflect the elements of archaeological interest that we present. These themes may be taken into account for archaeological resource management.

Ce mémoire s’inscrit dans un projet de recherche plus global sur l’évaluation du potentiel archéologique du mont Royal réalisé par l’Université de Montréal en partenariat avec la Ville de Montréal et le ministère de la Culture et des Communications du Québec. Plus précisément, il a pour objectif de mettre en œuvre et d’apporter une réflexion sur l’outil dans la gestion du patrimoine archéologique. Au Québec, malgré l’importance de cet outil à l’étape du diagnostic en archéologie préventive, il existe peu de connaissances empiriques sur son efficacité et sur la validité des différentes méthodologies employées. Nous avons donc voulu mieux comprendre la démarche de l’évaluation du potentiel à partir de l’approche du paysage culturel et de celle de l’écologie historique, et ce, afin de voir comment cela pouvait apporter une nouvelle façon d’envisager le potentiel archéologique. L’élaboration de notre cadre théorique s’est appuyée, notamment, sur une trentaine d’études de potentiel archéologique produite au Québec. À l’aide de ce cadre théorique, le potentiel archéologique du versant nord du Mont-Royal a été documenté sur une période allant de la fin du XVIIe siècle jusqu’au XXe siècle. La recherche théorique a été complétée par des inspections visuelles des zones, permettant ainsi de documenter plus finement certains éléments environnementaux, tels la topographie, le couvert végétal, l’hydrographie, etc. Dans la construction du paysage culturel, c’est l’aspect mythique et symbolique de la montagne qui nous intéresse. Nous en avons retenu trois thèmes principaux qui s’échelonnent dans le temps, c’est-à-dire la montagne pittoresque et le paysage forestier, la montagne agricole et l’industrie des tanneries et, enfin, l’arrivée des cimetières et des établissements religieux. Pour chacun de ces thèmes, des orientations de recherche sont énoncées en guise de réflexion sur les éléments d’intérêt archéologique présentés. Ces thèmes, nous le suggérons, pourront être pris en compte dans un contexte d’archéologie préventive.
In Chile, the modernization process, which led to the expansion of capitalism and industrialization at the beginning of the twentieth century, had profound economic and social repercussions. However, the material culture associated with... more
In Chile, the modernization process, which led to the expansion of capitalism and industrialization at the beginning of the twentieth century, had profound economic and social repercussions. However, the material culture associated with modern mining industries and their influence on indigenous societies suffers from a lack of archaeological studies. This dissertation focuses on twentieth century sulphur mining in the Quechua indigenous community of Ollagüe, located in the Antofagasta region of northern Chile. From the end of the nineteenth century, after the Chilean war against Peru and Bolivia (1879-1883), the region began a long process of capitalist expansion linked to various extractive mining activities. The mining camps, as new centers of work, generated a significant demand for products, services and labor, leading to a vast migration process and an increase in population. Studding the Andean landscape of Ollagüe, at 4,000 meters of altitude, the ruins of sulphur mining bear witness to the impacts of industrialization and capitalist expansion in the region. This dissertation examines the socio-cultural transformations generated by industrial mining in the local community through the study of three abandoned sulphur mining camps, Buenaventura, Station Puquios and Santa Cecilia. The vestiges of social spaces and material culture allow me to explore the identity of the mining workers and their families, as well as their living and working conditions on the heights of the volcanoes. Highlighting the specificities of Chile's modernization and capitalist expansion, this dissertation addresses industrial materiality in terms of continuity, fragmentation, and rupture. It aims to make visible and to valorize the modern material culture associated with the mining industries of the twentieth century. I argue that the process of modernization, industrial ruins and materiality of the recent past have generated spaces of memory that today are intertwined with the contemporary concerns of the local indigenous community.

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Au Chili, le processus de modernisation qui, au début du XXe siècle, s'est traduit par l'expansion du capitalisme et de l'industrialisation a eu des répercussions économiques et sociales profondes. La culture matérielle associée aux industries minières modernes et leur influence sur les sociétés autochtones ont cependant fait l’objet de très peu d’études archéologiques. Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’exploitation du soufre dans la communauté autochtone quechua d’Ollagüe, située dans la région d’Antofagasta, au Nord du Chili. À partir de la fin du XIXe siècle, après la guerre chilienne contre le Pérou et la Bolivie (1879-1883), la région entama un long processus d'expansion capitaliste lié à diverses activités minières extractives. Les camps miniers, en tant que nouveaux centres de travail, ont fait appel à de nombreux produits, services et travailleurs, entraînant un vaste processus de migration et une augmentation de la population. Dispersées dans le paysage andin d'Ollagüe, à 4000 mètres d'altitude, les ruines de l'extraction minière du soufre témoignent des impacts de l'industrialisation et de l'expansion capitaliste dans la région. L’étude des transformations socioculturelles générées par l'exploitation minière industrielle dans la communauté locale est fondée, dans cette thèse, sur la documentation de trois camps miniers de soufre abandonnés – Buenaventura, Station Puquios et Santa Cecilia. J'explore leur histoire à travers l'étude de l'espace social et de la culture matérielle pour examiner l'identité des travailleurs miniers et de leurs familles, ainsi que leurs conditions de vie et de travail sur les hauteurs des volcans. Soulignant les spécificités de la modernisation et de l'expansion capitaliste du Chili, cette thèse aborde la culture matérielle industrielle en termes de continuités, de fragmentation et de ruptures. Elle vise à rendre visible et à valoriser la culture matérielle moderne associée aux industries minières du XXe siècle. Je soutiens que le processus de modernisation, les ruines industrielles et la culture matérielle du passé récent ont généré des espaces de mémoire qui sont aujourd’hui entrelacés avec les préoccupations contemporaines de la communauté autochtone locale.
This study explores 20th century lumber camps through a public archaeology project in Témiscouata, Québec. Using archaeological, historical and oral sources, this research examines the material and structural conditions shaping... more
This study explores 20th century lumber camps through a public archaeology project in Témiscouata, Québec. Using archaeological, historical and oral sources, this research examines the material and structural conditions shaping lumberjacks’ lives. Two lumber camp sites of the 1940s located at Lake-Témiscouata national Park were examined archaeologically. The sites revealed an industrialized and homogenous artifact assemblage generally selected by the lumber company. Despite the controlled material world of the industrial frontier, it is possible to shed light on individual workers’ behaviour and consumption habits. Material culture analysis shows that workers used a variety of strategies to navigate their corporate environment and maintain a certain form of control over their lives, such as the consumption of alcohol and patent medicine. Today, how can we translate the material past of lumberjacks’ daily lives for present communities? Residents of Témiscouata maintain a strong historical connection and identity towards the lumber industry, and so public archaeology offers a compelling approach to conduct a more inclusive and relevant research for the local community. This study explores the role archaeology plays in the revitalization of memory surrounding lumber camps, while addressing how communities can contribute to the documentation of their past. We used numerous participative strategies such as a public excavation activity, an interactive public workshop and interviews with the elders who worked in the former lumber camps. An analytical framework enabled the categorization of participants’ comments generated during these activities. This analysis brings greater understanding to the nature of the community's contribution to research. Drawing on the mnemonic quality of material remains, this study shows that public archaeology can act as a “memory trigger” to encourage the sharing of local knowledge and personal stories.

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Cette étude explore les camps forestiers du XXe siècle au Témiscouata dans le cadre d’un projet d’archéologie publique. À l’aide des sources archéologiques, historiques et orales, cette recherche examine les conditions matérielles et structurelles caractérisant la vie quotidienne des bûcherons. Deux sites de camp forestier des années 1940, localisés au Parc national du Lac-Témiscouata, ont fait l’objet d’interventions archéologiques. Ces sites ont livré un ensemble d’artéfacts industrialisés et homogènes majoritairement prédéterminé par une compagnie forestière. Malgré ce cadre matériel contrôlé typique de la frontière industrielle, l’analyse de culture matérielle permet toutefois de mettre en lumière les choix de consommation et les comportements individuels des travailleurs forestiers. En effet, cette étude révèle que les bûcherons utilisaient diverses stratégies pour s’approprier leur environnement physique et pour maintenir un certain contrôle sur leur vie, comme la consommation d’alcool et de médicaments brevetés. À partir des témoins matériels des camps forestiers, comment pouvons-nous traduire le mode de vie unique des bûcherons pour les communautés d’aujourd’hui ? Puisque le lien historique et identitaire avec l’industrie forestière est encore bien présent au Témiscouata, l’archéologie publique présentait une approche prometteuse pour produire une recherche plus inclusive et pertinente pour la communauté locale. Cette thèse explore le rôle que peut jouer l’archéologie dans la réactivation de la mémoire des camps forestiers, et expose la manière dont la communauté peut contribuer à la documentation de son propre passé. Pour ce faire, plusieurs stratégies participatives ont été employées, dont une activité de fouilles publiques, un atelier-conférence interactif et des entretiens avec des témoins ayant vécu dans les camps forestiers. Le cadre d’analyse, basé sur la catégorisation des interventions des participants lors des activités publiques, a permis de caractériser la nature de la contribution du public à la recherche. En raison de la qualité mnémonique des témoins matériels, cette thèse démontre que l’archéologie agit comme un « déclencheur de mémoire », favorisant le partage de connaissances et de souvenirs personnels sur les camps forestiers.
This Master’s thesis presents the results of a zooarchaeological study based on two occupations of a single site dating to the beginning of the colonization of Baie-Saint- Paul (17th-18th centuries). An analysis of the faunal assemblage,... more
This Master’s thesis presents the results of a zooarchaeological study based on two occupations of a single site dating to the beginning of the colonization of Baie-Saint- Paul (17th-18th centuries). An analysis of the faunal assemblage, a total of 1175 animal bones, has shown the opposite characters of the occupations. The tar makers’ habitation site reveals the exploitation of wild ressources to make up for deficient animal rearing, as well as the skinning of wild game to provide a supplementary income through the fur trade. The farm established by the Séminaire de Québec reveals an alimentation based on farm produce, augmented by the hunting of wild species from the immediate environment. The zooarchaeological study of the Bas-de-la-Baie farm site also confirms the central role of breeding for rural sites in the St. Lawrence Valley, while underlining their diversity, in which farming, hunting and fishing played complementary roles.

Ce mémoire présente les résultats d’une recherche zooarchéologique portant sur deux occupations d’un site du début de la colonisation à Baie-Saint-Paul (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle). L’analyse de leurs assemblages fauniques, totalisant 1175 restes osseux, a démontré le caractère diamétralement opposé des deux occupations. Le site d’habitation des goudronniers a révélé une exploitation des ressources sauvages visant à suppléer un élevage déficient et fournir un revenu d’appoint par le commerce des fourrures. Pour sa part, le site de la ferme établie par le Séminaire de Québec a révélé une alimentation basée sur les produits de l’élevage, mais supplée par la chasse de gibier disponible dans les environs immédiats du site. La différence d’exploitation faunique soulignée par l’étude zooarchéologique du site de la ferme du Bas-de-la-Baie a également permis de confirmer le rôle central de l’élevage pour les sites ruraux de la vallée laurentienne tout en soulignant leur variabilité, visible au sein de l’élevage et dans l’apport supplémentaire fourni par la chasse et la pêche.
This study proposes a synthesis of the architectural remains and the material culture of Basque whaling and codfishing sites on the northern coast of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. It deals with... more
This study proposes a synthesis of the architectural remains and the material culture of Basque whaling and codfishing sites on the northern coast of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. It deals with the factors of continuity and change in the Basque fisheries over almost three centuries, in order to better understand the identity of these fishermen. The crews mainly of Spanish origin, the evolution of fishing and whaling techniques, the hierarchical and gender relations in exclusively male crews, and their relations with indigenous populations were the guidelines for the survey of some twenty Basque sites. The collections analysis carried out in Québec City, Ottawa, St. John's and Red Bay (Labrador) and participation in terrestrial and underwater excavations of a Basque site on Petit-Mécatina Island (Lower North Shore, Quebec) have been the focus of many ideas. The contextual and comparative analysis of all the archaeological material found on the various sites has revealed several noteworthy features of the identity of the Basque fishermen. First, they have left a lasting and deliberately visible architectural imprint on the coastal landscape. Second, the analysis of material provenances shows that the Basque fishermen forged commercial links all alone the European Atlantic coast, from Andalusia to Normandy, but also brought several previously unidentified Basque productions to the New World. This dissertation demonstrates that these fishermen formed a seafarers' society open to the transfer of knowledge in which the importance of family ties, adaptation to the maritime environment and geopolitical realities, as well as reciprocal relations with indigenous people, allowed them to have a relatively comfortable position in a sometimes hostile environment.

Cette étude propose une synthèse des vestiges architecturaux et de la culture matérielle des sites baleiniers et morutiers basques sur la côte nord du golfe du Saint-Laurent du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle. Elle s’intéresse aux facteurs de continuité et de changement dans les pêches basques sur près de trois siècles, afin de mieux comprendre l’identité de ces pêcheurs. L’origine principalement en Espagne des équipages, l’évolution des techniques de pêche et de chasse à la baleine, les rapports hiérarchiques et de genre au sein des équipages exclusivement masculins, et leurs relations avec les populations autochtones ont été les lignes directrices dans l’étude d’une vingtaine de sites basques. L’analyse des collections conservées à Québec, Ottawa, Saint-Jean et Red Bay (Labrador) et la participation à des fouilles terrestres et subaquatiques d’un site basque à l’île de Petit-Mécatina (Basse-Côte-Nord, Québec) ont été le pivot de nombreuses réflexions. L’analyse contextuelle et comparative de l’ensemble du mobilier retrouvé sur les différents sites a permis de dégager plusieurs traits remarquables de l’identité des pêcheurs basques. Tout d’abord, ils ont laissé une empreinte architecturale durable et délibérément visible dans le paysage côtier. Ensuite, l’analyse des provenances montre que les pêcheurs basques ont tissé des liens commerciaux sur toute la façade atlantique européenne, de l’Andalousie à la Normandie, mais ont également apporté plusieurs productions basques jusque-là non identifiées. Cette thèse démontre que ces pêcheurs formaient une société de gens de mer ouverte à la transmission des savoir-faire dans laquelle l’importance des liens familiaux, l’adaptation au milieu maritime et aux réalités géopolitiques, ainsi que des rapports de réciprocité avec les Autochtones, leur permettaient une relative aisance dans un milieu environnemental parfois hostile.
Since the 1980s, archaeologists have remarked the originality of the ceramic collections found on sites occupied by Basque fishermen during the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries on the Atlantic coasts of Canada. The site of Red Bay... more
Since the 1980s, archaeologists have remarked the originality of the ceramic collections found on sites occupied by Basque fishermen during the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries on the Atlantic coasts of Canada. The site of Red Bay (Labrador) was the first to provide a rich collection of common coarse earthenware, stoneware and majolica that allowed archaeologists to recognise a distinctive pottery tradition. For over two centuries, these ceramics form a continuous thread of materials showing the permanence of Basque commercial activities in Canada. Using a mutualistic and comparative approach to four Basque fishing sites – Red Bay (1530-1580), Anse-à-la-Cave (1580-1630), Petit-Mécatina (1630-1713), Pabos (1713-1760) – and their outfitting ports in Atlantic Europe, we will observe how this mid-sixteenth century ceramic collection was transformed from one place to another without losing its distinctive nature until the early eighteenth century, when the Basque ceramic record changes radically. Finally, through a global perspective that links the two Atlantic shores by way of these ceramic materials, we discover the supply networks for the Basque fishery, and the complex economic space that articulated its maritime and continental routes, two elements that are key to understanding the European overseas expansion and its configuration within the world economy of the early modern era.

Depuis les années 1980 les archéologues ont remarqué l'originalité des collections  céramiques trouvées sur des sites occupés par les pêcheurs basques au cours du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle sur les côtes atlantiques du Canada. Le site de Red Bay (Labrador) a été le premier à fournir une riche collection de terre cuites communes, majoliques et grès, qui ont permis aux archéologues de reconnaître une tradition céramique distincte. Pendant plus de deux siècles, ces céramiques constituent un fil conducteur qui montre la permanence des activités commerciales basques au Canada.
En utilisant une approche mutualiste et comparative de quatre sites de pêche basque (Red Bay (1530-1580), Anse-à-la-Cave (1580-1630), Petit-Mécatina (1630-1713), Pabos (1713-1760)) et leurs ports d’attache dans l’Europe atlantique, nous observons comment à partir du milieu du XVIe siècle, l’ensemble des céramiques se transforme d'un endroit à l’autre sans perdre son air distinctif jusqu'au début du XVIIIe siècle quand les témoins des céramiques basques changent radicalement. Finalement, une perspective globale qui relie les deux côtes atlantiques par le biais de ces matériaux céramiques nous aide à mieux connaître les réseaux d'approvisionnement liés aux traversées de pêche et l’espace économique complexe qui s’articule aux routes maritimes et de l’intérieur. Ces deux éléments se veulent essentiels à la compréhension de l'expansion outremers, ses matériaux laissés et son rôle dans l'économie mondiale au début de l'époque moderne.

Desde los años 1980 los arqueólogos han remarcado la originalidad de las colecciones cerámicas encontradas en los sitios ocupados por pescadores Vascos durante el siglo XVI al XVIII en las costas atlánticas de Canadá. El sitio de Red Bay (Labrador)  sido el primero en proporcionar un rico conjunto de cerámica común, mayólicas y gres que han ayudado a reconocer una tradición alfarera distintiva. Este conjunto de materiales constituye por casi tres siglos, un hilo conductor sobre la permanencia de las actividades comerciales vascas en Canadá. Utilizando un enfoque mutualista y comparativo entre cuatro sitios de pesca vasco-canadiense – Red Bay (1530-1580), Anse-à-la-Cave (1580-1630), Petit-Mécatina (1630-1713), Pabos (1713-1760) – y sus puertos de salida en el Atlántico Europeo, observaremos como este conjunto cerámico de mediados del siglo XVI, se transforma de un sitio a otro sin perder su particular estilo hasta inicios del siglo XVIII, donde la evidencia cerámica cambia radicalmente. Por último, un punto de vista global que vincula las dos costas a través de estos materiales, nos acerca a conocer las redes de aprovisionamiento para sus viajes de pesca y el complejo espacio económico que articula sus vías marítimas y sus rutas interiores, dos elementos claves para la comprensión de los materiales dejados por los vascos en Canadá y su papel como parte importante de una economía mundial de inicios de la época moderna.
In this thesis we examine a collection of glass bottles recovered during archaeological excavations at the Château de Vaudreuil, a building that stood, in the 18th century, at the present location of Place Jacques-Cartier, in Montreal.... more
In this thesis we examine a collection of glass bottles recovered during
archaeological excavations at the Château de Vaudreuil, a building that stood, in the 18th century, at the present location of Place Jacques-Cartier, in Montreal. The analysis of this artifact assemblage constitutes the basis of a study that addresses, on the one hand, the bottles themselves and, on the other, the wider perspective of alcohol consumption by the inhabitants of the Château.
The occupation of the residence is distinguished between the French and British regimes. During the first epoch, members of the colony’s political elite occupied the Château. Afier the British conquest the building was purchased by the Fabrique de Montréal in order to house the Montreal Petit Séminaire administered by the Sulpicians: the Saint-Raphaël College. At a time in which glass bottles were relatively uncommon, their substantial presence within the building may reflect specific social practices.
The analysis of the archaeological assemblage rests upon major trends
regarding glassware traditions. Moreover, the examination of both the synchronic and diachronic distributions of the bottle fragments provides information on the role that they played within the Château de Vaudreuil throughout the different periods recognized archaeologically.
The archaeological analysis is informed by the general notion of consumption in order to enlighten the consumption practices of the estate’s tenants. This theoretical concept, which provides the framework for this research, is divided into three components: the market, the object, and the consumer. All three are considered from both archaeological and historical viewpoints.
Finally, this research intends to investigate alcohol consumption at the
Château while emphasizing two points: the pattems of alcohol supply in Montreal during the 18th century, as weIl as the inhabitants themselves and their relationship with alcohol during the different epochs.

Ce mémoire porte sur la collection de bouteilles de verre retrouvée lors des fouilles archéologiques menées au château de Vaudreuil. Ce bâtiment se tenait, au XVIIIe siècle, à l’emplacement de l’actuelle place Jacques-Cartier à Montréal. L’analyse de cet assemblage d’artefacts devient le point de départ d’une étude concernant, d’une part, les bouteilles de verre et, dans un cadre plus large, la consommation d’alcool associée aux occupants du château de Vaudreuil.
L'occupation du château de Vaudreuil se divise en deux époques distinctes selon les Régimes français et anglais. Au cours de la première époque, des membres de l’élite politique coloniale résident au château. Après la Conquête, le bâtiment est acheté par la Fabrique de Montréal en vue de loger le Petit séminaire de Montréal tenu par les Pères du Saint-Sulpice: le collège Saint-Raphaël. À une époque où les bouteilles de verre sont relativement anecdotiques, la présence de ces contenants au sein du bâtiment doit dissimuler une pratique sociale particulière.
L’analyse de la collection archéologique insiste sur les grandes tendances quant aux traditions verrières desquelles les bouteilles sont issues. De plus, l’étude de la distribution synchronique et diachronique des fragments de bouteilles permet de nous informer sur la place qu’elles occupaient à l’intérieur du château de Vaudreuil selon les périodes représentées archéologiquement.
L’analyse archéologique est intégrée au concept de consommation en vue de documenter les pratiques consommatoires des habitants du château de Vaudreuil. Ce concept théorique agit en tant que fil conducteur au cours de cette étude et se divise selon trois éléments : le marché, l’objet et le consommateur. Ces trois éléments sont étudiés à partir de données archéologiques et historiques.
Enfin, cette étude vise à documenter la consommation d’alcool au château de Vaudreuil en insistant sur deux points: d’abord sur les schèmes d’approvisionnement de l’alcool à Montréal au XVIIIe siècle, puis sur les occupants du château de Vaudreuil et leur relation à l’alcool, selon l’époque.
Our study is interested in the transatlantic commercial networks of the 17th and 18th centuries conveyed by French common earthenwares found on two archeological sites of Montreal, l'îlot Callière and the place Royale. To compare... more
Our study is interested in the transatlantic commercial networks of the 17th and 18th centuries conveyed by French common earthenwares found on two archeological sites of Montreal, l'îlot Callière and the place Royale. To compare mechanisms operating during the supply of the colony, we used the already collected data conceming three other collections of ceramic, those from the wreck of the Machault, the Habitation de Champlain and the latrines of the Perthuis house in Québec.
This report is divided into five different chapters. The first one explains the general structure of the study. The second surveys the historic and archaeological sites of Montreal and in New France. The third chapter present a working model of the chaîne opératoire of French ceramics from the extraction of the clay to their distribution outside the region of production. This chapter also deals with the idea of proto-industrialization that is indispensable to understanding the mechanisms of marketing ceramics produced in a regional rural industry.
Chapter four is the heart of our study because it presents the results of our analyze. We also discuss the resemblances and the differences observed between the collections of Montreal. We pursue with the comparative analyses of the collections from Montreal and the three other sites.
Finally, the last chapter integrates the historical data and applies the concept of protoindustrialization to the types of ceramic production identified in collections. Furthermore, the concept of trade networks is used to show the presence of social dimensions in the distribution of ceramic.

Notre mémoire s'intéresse aux réseaux commerciaux transatlantiques du XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle véhiculés par les terres cuites communes françaises retrouvées sur deux sites archéologiques de Montréal, l'îlot Callière et la place Royale. Pour comparer les mécanismes oeuvrant lors de l'approvisionnement de la colonie, nous avons utilisé les données déjà recueillies concernant trois autres collections de céramiques, celles de l'épave du Machault, de l'Habitation de Champlain et des latrines de la maison Perthuis à Québec.
Ce mémoire se divise en cinq chapitres distincts. Le premier expose la structure générale de l'étude. Le deuxième est un survol historique et archéologique des sites de Montréal et d'ailleurs en Nouvelle-France. Le troisième chapitre brosse un tableau de la chaîne opératoire des céramiques françaises depuis l'extraction de l'argile jusqu'à leur diffusion en dehors de la région. Ce chapitre traite aussi du concept de proto-industrialisation indispensable à la compréhension des mécanismes de commercialisation des céramiques, produits d'une industrie rurale régionale.
Le quatrième chapitre est le coeur de notre étude puisqu'il présente nos résultats d'analyse. Nous proposons aussi une discussion sur les ressemblances et divergences observées entre les assemblages de Montréal. Nous poursuivons avec les analyses comparatives entre les collections de Montréal et celles des trois autres sites à l'étude.
Finalement, le dernier chapitre intègre les données historiques et applique le concept de proto-industrialisation aux types de production céramiques identifiés dans les collections. De plus, le concept de réseaux marchands est employé afin de montrer l'aspect social présent dans la diffusion des céramiques.
This thesis describes the vegetal landscape at the Pointe à Callière (BjFj-101) in Montreal from about 1590 to 1879, drawing on pollinic data associated with archaeological and historical data to construct time graphs representing the... more
This thesis describes the vegetal landscape at the Pointe à Callière (BjFj-101) in Montreal from about 1590 to 1879, drawing on pollinic data associated with archaeological and historical data to construct time graphs representing the variation of pollen through different layers dated archaeologically. This project covers the initial proto-historic and historic occupations until the industrial age: it aims to describe the conversion of the wooded glades landscape shaped by Indian occupation into the commercial backlot vegetation of the 19th century. The pollinic analysis of a horticultural area and a fireplace dated from 1615-1640 radiocarbon specifies the sequence of occupation from the late 16th century to the early 17th century, highlighting a proto-gardening phase. New data on the Callière gardens helps to better understand the organization of 18th century crops, and the urbanization of landscape at the dawn of the 19th century. The study of pollinic and chemical traces left in the soil by subsequent commercial occupations allows us a glimpse into the commercial and industrial vegetation of the Montreal port area. Spanning almost 300 years, the pollinic sequence of these events highlights the changing socio-environmental relations and offers a referential chronology on a prominent colonial and urban site in North America.

Ce mémoire a pour objectif la description du paysage végétal de la pointe à Callière (BjFj-101) à Montréal de 1590 à 1879 à partir des données polliniques associées à des données archéologiques et historiques. Ce mandat est mené à bien à travers la construction de graphiques temporels représentation la variation polliniques des espèces végétales à travers les différentes couches datées archéologiquement. Par l’échantillonnage de cinq colonnes de sédiments, le projet couvre les occupations protohistoriques et historiques initiales jusqu’à l’ère industrielle : il parvient ainsi à décrire la transformation du paysage boisé à clairières modelé par l’exploitation amérindienne en un quartier commercial portuaire à végétation de friche et d’arrière-cour. L’analyse pollinique d’une aire d’horticulture dans le sol naturel, puis d’un foyer daté au radiocarbone de 1615-1640, permet de préciser la séquence d’occupation de la fin du XVIe siècle au début du XVIIe siècle. Elle met en lumière une phase de jardinage protohistorique. De nouvelles données sur les jardins de Callière ont permis de mieux comprendre l’organisation des cultures dans les jardins maréchaux du XVIIIe siècle, ainsi l’urbanisation du paysage à l’aube du XIXe siècle. L’étude des traces polliniques et chimiques laissées dans le sol par les occupations commerciales subséquentes ont permis de mettre à jour une végétation diagnostique d’un lot commercial et industriel du XIXe siècle situé au sein du quartier portuaire montréalais. La séquence pollinique de ces évènements, s’étendant sur près de 400 ans, met en lumière l’évolution des rapports socio-environnementaux et propose une chronologie référentielle continue sur un site colonial et urbain d’Amérique du Nord.
This thesis examines the transatlantic networks that supplied Montréal’s seventeenth-century foundation site (BjFj-101) also known as the fort of Ville-Marie. By studying the provenances of the coarse earthenware, faience and coarse... more
This thesis examines the transatlantic networks that supplied Montréal’s seventeenth-century foundation site (BjFj-101) also known as the fort of Ville-Marie. By studying the provenances of the coarse earthenware, faience and coarse stoneware found in the site’s 1642-1688 contexts, the thesis aims to understand how the supply and trade of fort Ville-Marie were organised.
The numerous ceramics discovered on New France’s colonial sites are often identified by their production centre. These production centres in France or New France were linked to a particular sea port and the ceramics thus attest to each port city’s commercial influence throughout the French Atlantic. The ceramics from the sealed contexts of Ville-Marie’s fort provide an original database from which we can examine these ports fluvial and maritime networks and their evolution over the course of the 17th century.
The site’s various contexts of discovery can be divided into two phases, the first from 1642 to 1674 and the second from 1674 to 1688. These chronological intervals also correspond with differences in the ceramic record and indicate an evolution of Ville-Marie’s fluvio-maritime supply network during its first half-century of existence. The functional and contextual analysis of the ceramics during each interval also reveals the workings and specialisations of several different maritime networks.
Our results show the great importance of the Southwestern ports of France, (Bordeaux and La Rochelle), Normandy and also of the more limited influence of other European regions as well as the potters of New France. The origins of these ceramics also shed new light on historical data, especially showing that the city of Bordeaux had a sturdier hold than La Rochelle on the supply lines of 17th-century Montreal.

Les céramiques retrouvées sur les sites coloniaux de la Nouvelle-France sont souvent identifiées selon leur lieu de production, qui est lié à un port océanique en France (ou en Nouvelle-France) et témoignent alors du rayonnement commercial de ce port à travers l’Atlantique. Ainsi, les céramiques donnent un accès privilégié aux réseaux maritimes qui se déploient à partir de chacun des ports océaniques, et de leur évolution au cours du XVIIe siècle.
Les contextes de découverte sur le site du fort de Ville-Marie se divisent en deux grandes phases, de 1642 à 1674, et de 1674 à 1688. Ce découpage temporel correspond aussi à des différences céramiques, permettant de proposer une évolution des réseaux maritimes en lien avec Ville-Marie au cours du premier demi-siècle de la colonie montréalaise. L’analyse fonctionnelle des objets ainsi que leur analyse contextuelle, au sein du fort de Ville-Marie, révèlent également des différences entre les réseaux maritimes à l’oeuvre.
Les résultats ont démontré l’importance des ports du Sud-Ouest de la France, de Bordeaux et de La Rochelle, de la Normandie ainsi que de l’influence limitée de l’Europe et de l’artisanat colonial dans l’approvisionnement de la Nouvelle-France. Les provenances des céramiques permettent également de confronter les données archéologiques et les recherches historiques, dévoilant, entre autres, que les circuits marchands bordelais étaient plus importants que ceux de La Rochelle dans l’approvisionnement de la colonie montréalaise du XVIIe siècle.
This thesis focuses on the material culture of the period from 1805 to 1815 on the site of Montreal’s foundation (BjFj-101). During this decade, the site had a commercial vocation and belonged to the Scottish merchant James Dunlop. The... more
This thesis focuses on the material culture of the period from 1805 to 1815 on the site of Montreal’s foundation (BjFj-101). During this decade, the site had a commercial vocation and belonged to the Scottish merchant James Dunlop. The overall goal is to elaborate the commercial network of James Dunlop from the provenances of the material culture in the study. The reconstructed network will then be inserted in the greater economic frame of the early 19th century British Empire to better understand the commercial choices of Dunlop and the place of Montreal’s foundation site inside his network.
To attain this objective, we have reconstructed the stratigraphic contexts and buildings of the site’s Period V (1805-1842), which holds 63 296 artefacts and ecofacts. Using this assemblage, we have studied the materials that are contemporary with Dunlop, in order to gain a picture of the goods and wares that transited the site during the decade 1805-1815. Three groups of materials are particularly indicative of James Dunlop’s business: ceramics, alcohol containers, and raw materials like timber, potash and wheat. Ceramic and alcohol show the importance of the importations from the western United Kingdom, especially Glasgow, which was Dunlop’s base in the British Isles. Inversely, the Canadian raw materials, the principal source of Dunlop’s income, were exported to Britain and the West Indies colonies. While this kind of trade network was typical of its time, the agency of James Dunlop gives us a new angle on the business of colonial merchants. Far from being a simple representative of British interest, Dunlop based his business in Montréal and could react swiftly to the changes in the British market in order to sell Canadian products on the most advantageous terms for him.

Ce mémoire porte sur l’étude de la culture matérielle de la période allant de 1805 à 1815 sur le site de fondation de Montréal (BjFj-101). Durant cette décennie, le site possède une vocation commerciale et appartient au marchand d’origine écossaise James Dunlop. Le mémoire se donne comme objectif d’élaborer le réseau d’échange de James Dunlop à partir des provenances de la culture matérielle étudiée. Ce réseau est inséré dans le cadre économique plus large de l’Empire britannique du début du XIXe siècle afin de mieux comprendre les choix commerciaux de Dunlop et la place du site au sein de ce réseau. Pour arriver à cet objectif, nous avons d’abord reconstitué les structures et les contextes stratigraphiques de la Période V du site (1805 à 1842), qui regroupent 63 296 témoins. Dans cette collection, nous avons analysés les artéfacts contemporains à Dunlop afin de dresser un portrait des marchandises qui transitaient sur le site durant la décennie allant de 1805 à 1815.
Trois ensembles de témoins sont particulièrement indicatifs des affaires de James Dunlop: les céramiques, les contenants d’alcool et les matières premières que sont le bois, la potasse et le blé. La céramique et l’alcool révèlent des importations de l’Ouest britannique, particulièrement Glasgow qui était pour Dunlop la base à ses affaires dans la métropole britannique. Inversement, les matières premières tirées du Canada, étaient exportées vers la métropole et les colonies antillaises, et constituaient les principales sources de revenus de Dunlop. Si ce type de réseau commercial était typique de son époque, l’agentivité de Dunlop nous donne un nouvel angle de vue sur les affaires des marchands coloniaux. Loin d’être un seul représentant de la métropole, Dunlop basait ses affaires à Montréal et pouvait réagir rapidement à l’évolution conjoncturelle du marché britannique et vendre ses produits canadiens dans les termes qui lui étaient les plus avantageux.
This thesis in Canadian colonial archaeology analyses the ceramics found in the ice cellar of the Gervaise site (BjFj-119) in Old Montreal. The deposit within the cellar, which is divided into three levels, was put in place between 1750... more
This thesis in Canadian colonial archaeology analyses the ceramics found in the ice cellar of the Gervaise site (BjFj-119) in Old Montreal. The deposit within the cellar, which is divided into three levels, was put in place between 1750 and 1770, thus overlapping the British Conquest of New France in 1760. The property, bought by the master baker Charles Gervaise in 1693 and occupied by him and his family until 1753, was subsequently inhabited by different families of the middling sort. The ceramics assemblage opens a window on the rapidly evolving socioeconomic and political landscape of the time and on the consumption practices of these individuals during this eventful period in Montreal history and more generally in the context of the extension of capitalism in Occident. The study is informed by the methods of description and contextualisation suggested by the archaeology of consumerism, which explores the various relationships between material culture and individuals. The collection from the Gervaise ice cellar offers an original view of well-to-do households at the end of French Regime and the beginning of the British Regime, and challenges the role of some ceramic markers such as local earthenware, creamware, white faience and white stoneware.

Ce mémoire en archéologie coloniale canadienne présente une analyse de la céramique mise au jour dans la fosse à glace du site Gervaise (BjFj-119) dans le Vieux-Montréal. Le dépôt dans la fosse, où l’on peut distinguer trois niveaux stratigraphiques, a été mis en place entre 1750 et 1770, chevauchant la Conquête britannique de la Nouvelle-France en 1760. La propriété du site Gervaise, acquise par le maître boulanger Charles Gervaise en 1693 et habitée par lui et sa famille jusqu'en 1753, fut par la suite occupée par une succession de familles de la petite et moyenne bourgeoisie. L'assemblage de céramiques des trois niveaux de la fosse reflète l’évolution du paysage socioéconomique et politique de l'époque, ainsi que celle de la consommation de ces individus pendant ce temps mouvementé de l'histoire de Montréal et dans le contexte plus général de l’extension du capitalisme en Occident. L'étude est soutenue par les méthodes de description et de mise en contexte préconisées par l'archéologie du consumérisme, qui explore les diverses relations entre la culture matérielle et les individus. La collection de la glacière Gervaise offre un portrait original des maisonnées aisées de la fin du Régime français et du début du Régime anglais, et approfondit la place socioéconomique de certaines céramiques comme la terre cuite locale, le creamware, la faïence blanche et le grès fin blanc.
This master’s thesis consists of an anthropological and comparative study of the Roman Catholic gravestones of the 19th century, in Québec. It is based on a study by James Deetz and Edwin Dethlefsen carried out for New England... more
This master’s thesis consists of an anthropological and comparative study of the Roman Catholic gravestones of the 19th century, in Québec. It is based on a study by James Deetz and Edwin Dethlefsen carried out for New England (1680-1830). By studying several hundreds of gravemarkers in the context of archaeology (space, time and form), they showed a new way in which people laid out their dead. They document the evolution of funerary worship, considering here by its monuments, with respect to hïstorical events that traversed the East Coast at that time.
The principal concept used will be death (the perception of death, the mortuary industry in the 19th century, the funeral object, the death of the Other, etc), with references to the works of P. Ariès, L.-V. Thomas, P. Bourdieu and J-D. Urbain.
Thirty-five cemeteries were visited. Eight hundred gravestones were studied. A statistical analysis of these monuments was carried ont with SPSS software. The resuits were put in relation with historical data of the 19th century. It appears that the monuments of the beginning of the century were cut by local craftsmen. However, the type, the epitaph and the iconography were already standardized. Around the year 1830, recognized tradesmen were already active and prosperous. It was with the cemetery-garden (1855) that merchants proposed a more elaborate iconography and granite monuments began to appear around 1860. This transition period
coincided with an ecclesiastical revival and widespread economic progress.

Ce mémoire consiste en une étude anthropologique et comparative des pierres tombales catholiques romaines du XIXe siècle, pour le Québec. Il s’appuie sur une étude de James Deetz et Edwin Dethlefsen effectuée pour la Nouvelle-Angleterre (1680-1 830). En étudiant plusieurs centaines de stèles dans le contexte de l’archéologie (espace, temps et forme), ils ont démontré une nouvelle façon pour les gens de l’époque de disposer de leur propre mort. Ils ont pu documenter l’évolution du culte funéraire, vu ici par ses monuments funéraires, en lien avec des événements historiques qui ont bouleversé la société américaine de la côte Est à cette époque.
Le principal concept utilisé sera la mort (la perception de ta mort, l’industrie de la mort
au XIXe siècle, l’objet mortuaire, la mort de l’Autre, etc.). Il sera circonscrit par les ouvrages de P. Ariès, L.-V. Thomas, P. Bourdieu et J.-D. Urbain.
Trente-cinq cimetières ont été visités. Huit cent pierres tombales ont été retenues. Une
analyse statistique de ces monuments a été effectuée avec le logiciel SPSS. Les résultats d’analyses ont été mis en relation avec des données historiques du XIXe siècle. Il appert que les monuments funéraires du début du siècle étaient taillés par des artisans locaux. Cependant, le type, l’épitaphe et l’iconographie étaient déjà standardisés. Vers les années 1830, des commerçants reconnus ont pignon sur rue. C’est avec le cimetière-jardin (1855) que les marchands proposent une iconographie plus élaborée et des monuments de granit font leur apparition vers 1860. Cette époque charnière coïncide avec un renouveau ecclésiastique et un essor économique.
This master’s thesis is about the colonization context and forestry exploitation of eastern white cedar (Thuya occidentalis) in the Montreal hinterland of the 19th century. On the one hand, it aims to document the local exploitation... more
This master’s thesis is about the colonization context and forestry exploitation of eastern white cedar (Thuya occidentalis) in the Montreal hinterland of the 19th century. On the one hand, it aims to document the local exploitation strategies of eastern white cedar and the evolution of the domestic cultural landscape of colonial landholdings since their initial concession. On the other hand, this thesis seeks to identify the exchange networks of the cedar timber that was shipped to Montreal for the construction of the city’s buildings and port facilities.
With the near absence of historical documentation on the subject, only the application of the dendrochronology and the dendroprovenancing allows us to attain our objectives. We present a detailed analysis of six rural sites in the Ottawa and the Upper Saint Lawrence Valleys. Dendrochronology analysis of these areas enables us to tackle colonial establishment in an original way.
The second part of this thesis is dedicated to the dendroprovenancing analysis of seven Montreal sites, all studied beforehand by Poudret-Barré (2007) and the Groupe de recherches en dendrochronologie historique (GRDH). To do so, the previously designated sites will serve as a geographic anchor point to help us determine the origin of the pieces of eastern white cedar found in Montreal.
Our study of eastern white cedar along with the results of the dendrochronology and dendroprovenancing analysis allows us to tackle the architectural and archeological heritage from a new angle. Completing the available history data, it also opens the way to new research of the same kind.

Ce mémoire porte sur le cèdre blanc (Thuja occidentalis) dans les contextes de colonisation et d’exploitation forestière de l’arrière-pays montréalais au XIXe siècle. Il vise, d’une part, à documenter les stratégies d’exploitation locale du cèdre blanc au XIXe siècle et l’évolution du paysage culturel domestique d’un établissement colonial depuis sa concession initiale. D’autre part, ce mémoire cherche à identifier les réseaux d’échanges du cèdre blanc acheminé à Montréal au XIXe siècle pour la construction des bâtiments et des infrastructures portuaires.
En raison de la quasi-absence de documents historiques sur le sujet, il devient évident que seule l’application de la dendrochronologie et de la dendroprovenance permet d’atteindre ces objectifs. Nous vous présentons ici l’analyse détaillée de six sites ruraux situés dans les vallées de l’Outaouais et du haut Saint-Laurent. Les analyses dendrochronologiques effectuées permettent d’aborder l’établissement colonial d’une façon originale.
La deuxième partie de ce mémoire se consacre aux analyses de
dendroprovenance de sept sites montréalais préalablement étudiés par Poudret-Barré (2007) et le Groupe de recherche en dendrochronologie historique (GRDH). Pour ce faire, les sites ruraux discutés précédemment servent de point d’ancrage géographique afin de déterminer l’origine des pièces de cèdre blanc retrouvées à Montréal.
L’étude du cèdre blanc et les résultats des analyses de dendrochronologie et de dendroprovenance réalisées dans le cadre de cette étude permettent d’aborder le patrimoine architectural et archéologique sous un angle nouveau. Venant compléter les données historiques disponibles, il ouvre la voie à de nouvelles recherches de ce genre.
In the 19th century, Montreal was an expanding city which by its geographical position was the centre of staple trade between the Great-Britain and newly colonized lands in the west. The port was full of vessels unloading merchandise and... more
In the 19th century, Montreal was an expanding city which by its geographical position was the centre of staple trade between the Great-Britain and newly colonized lands in the west. The port was full of vessels unloading merchandise and manufactured goods and uploading large quantities of wheat, potash and timber - raw materials in high
demand in the metropolis. With Napoleon's continental blockade, Britain placed preferential taxes on Canadian timber. The consequence was the stimulation of the timber trade industry, which was almost nonexistent until that time. Since then Canadian forests would be exploited on a large scale. In this context of the expansion of Montreal and its harbour, partly due to commercial evolution we are studying the timber supply and the part it played in the construction of buildings in Montreal.
Our corpus is composed of wood pieces of eastern white cedar (Thuja
occiden~alis L.), white pine (Pin us strobus L.) and oak (Quercus spp.) in archaeological and architectural contexts, from warehouses, harbour wharves and suburban houses. The theoretical framework of our thesis is inspired by historical geography of the time, which coincides with a dendrochronological approach and enables us to develop several socio-economic dimensions from the archaeological timber. Our main hypothesis is that the systematic analysis of archaeological timber favours the study of the evolutionary relationship between Montreal, as a central-city, and its hinterland during the 19th century.
By an analysis of timber used in building construction in Montreal in the 19th century, we want to trace the timber trade route from consumption back to the original forest using a dendro-provenancing analysis inspired from similar European studies done on oak (Quercus spp.).

Montréal est au XIXe siècle une ville en plein essor qui de par sa position géographique agit comme plaque tournante du commerce des denrées de base entre la Grande-Bretagne et les terres nouvellement colonisées plus à l'ouest. Plusieurs navires y débarquent des marchandises et des produits manufacturés et y embarquent du blé, de la potasse et du bois. Ces matières premières exportées sont en forte demande dans la métropole. Depuis le blocus continental opéré par l'armée impériale française sous Napoléon, la Grande-Bretagne a mis en place des tarifs préférentiels sur le bois canadien. Ceci aura comme effet de stimuler une industrie jusqu'alors inexistante. Les forêts canadiennes seront dès lors exploitées à grande échelle. Dans le cadre d'une expansion de la ville de Montréal et de son port, due en partie à leur évolution commerciale, nous nous intéresserons à l'approvisionnement en bois d'oeuvre dans la construction montréalaise.
Notre corpus se compose de pièces de bois de cèdre de l'Est (Thuja accidentalis L.), de pin blanc (Pin us strabus L.) et de chêne (Quercus spp.) issues de contextes archéologique et architectural, représentant des entrepôts locatifs, des ouvrages portuaires et des habitations des faubourgs. Notre mémoire s'inscrit dans un cadre théorique inspiré de la géographie historique, un cadre qui convient bien à la dendroarchéologie et qui permet de développer plusieurs dimensions socioéconomiques à partir du bois archéologique. Notre hypothèse principale est la suivante: l'analyse systématique du bois archéologique offre un accès privilégié à l'étude du rapport évolutif entre Montréal comme ville-centre et son arrière-pays au cours du XIXe siècle.
En analysant le bois de construction de Montréal au XIXe siècle nous voulons remonter la filière du commerce du bois depuis la consommation jusqu'à la forêt d'origine par une analyse de dendro-provenance inspirée d'études similaires en Europe pour le chêne (Quercus spp.).
Much like pottery, glass beads represent important chronotypological markers within archaeological collections in the North American Northeast. However, their potential has not always been fully exploited, leaving hundreds of glass bead... more
Much like pottery, glass beads represent important chronotypological markers within archaeological collections in the North American Northeast. However, their potential has not always been fully exploited, leaving hundreds of glass bead assemblages unstudied, and creating a gap in our knowledge relating to the dating of beads in Quebec, to their role in intercultural relations, and on the trade routes by which they moved through the territory. This thesis examines 4,518 glass beads found on three archaeological sites on the shores of Lake Abitibi, in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region. Beginning with their typological identification, this analysis parses out the beads’ distribution within the sites themselves, ascertains their chronology, and conceptualises the relations between First Nations and French traders by theorising their role within these relations. The movement of these beads through space will be examined with respect to George Hunt’s and Bruce Trigger’s idea of a Northern Route, a vast exchange network linking Huronia to the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region (Trigger 1976a : 271). The interactions between the French and First Nations will be explored using Richard White’s idea of Middle Ground and Gilles Havard’s complementary concept of “Empire du milieu.”
The use of the Kidd classification system and the Kenyon chronotypological system reveals that the majority of the glass beads from the Bérubé (DdGt-5), Margot (DdGt-6), and Louis (DdGu-7) sites date to an interval between 1600 and 1625/1630. The spatial distribution analysis of the beads at Bérubé reveals two patterns, one diffuse and one highly concentrated. Lastly, by integrating historical data, we see that glass beads were much more than a commodity of exchange. Although their economic function cannot be negated, they held a performative role within intercultural relationships, and represented the adherence to certain First Nations’ protocols by the French during the first half of the 17th century.

Tout comme la poterie, les perles de verre, des artefacts européens très répandus dans le Nord-Est américain, sont des repères chronotypologiques importants au sein des collections archéologiques. Leur potentiel n’a toutefois pas toujours été exploité, laissant des centaines d’assemblages non étudiés et creusant une lacune dans nos connaissances sur la datation de ces perles au Québec, sur leur rôle dans les relations interculturelles euro-autochtones et sur les systèmes d’échange par lesquels elles voyageaient sur le territoire. Ce mémoire analyse 4518 perles de verre retrouvées sur trois sites voisins au lac Abitibi, dans la région de l’Abitibi-Témiscamingue. À partir du classement typologique des perles, ce mémoire analyse leur distribution sur les sites à l’étude, détermine leur datation et conceptualise les relations entre les nations autochtones et les Français dans l’arrière-pays du Québec à travers le rôle des perles de verre à l’intérieur de ces relations. Le mouvement des perles dans l’espace est conceptualisé à l’aide de l’idée de la « route du Nord », élaborée par George Hunt et Bruce Trigger pour décrire un vaste réseau d’échanges entre la Huronie et les postes français sur le Saguenay (Trigger 1976a : 271). Les interactions interculturelles entre des nations autochtones et les Français, sous-jacentes à la distribution de ces artefacts, seront également explorées par l’entremise du concept de Richard White de Middle Ground et l’idée complémentaire de Gilles Havard de « l’Empire du milieu ».
L’emploi du système de classification typologique de Kidd et du système chronotypologique de Kenyon révèle que la majorité des perles dans les collections Bérubé (DdGt-5), Margot (DdGt-6) et Louis (DdGu-7) datent entre 1600 et 1625/1630. La distribution spatiale des perles de verre sur le site Bérubé montre deux schèmes sur le site : l’un diffus, l’autre très concentré. Enfin, en intégrant les écrits historiques, nous voyons que les perles de verre représentent bien plus qu’un simple artefact d’échange, jouant plutôt un rôle performatif au sein des relations et des médiations interculturelles du début du XVIIᵉ siècle.
This master’s thesis presents the study of about 1677 trade beads upfrom five archaeological sites near the Saint-Pierre rivermouth where the settlement of Ville-Marie, which would become known as Montréal, was founded. A typological... more
This master’s thesis presents the study of about 1677 trade beads  upfrom five archaeological sites near the Saint-Pierre rivermouth where the settlement of Ville-Marie, which would become known as Montréal, was founded. A typological analysis demonstrates that trade beads from contexts dated from 1642 to the beginning of the 19th century must rather be assigned to a chronology extending from 1600 until the end of the first quarter of the 19th century. As trade beads are one of the exchange items the most directly associated with Euro-Amerindian trade, a parallel study illustrates the nature and the intensity of these bicultural relations during the French Regime. On this topic, a regional conceptual approach inspired by the thought of historian Richard White on the ‘middle ground’ was used.

Ce mémoire présente les résultats d’une recherche en culture matérielle sur 1677 perles de traite mises au jour sur cinq sites archéologiques situés à l’embouchure de la rivière Saint-Pierre, lieu de fondation de Ville-Marie qui deviendra Montréal. L’analyse typologique a permis de démontrer que les perles provenant de contextes s’étalant de 1642 au début du XIXe siècle doivent plutôt être attribuées à une chronologie allant des environs de 1600 jusqu’à la fin du premier quart du XIXe siècle. Comme les perles sont l’un des produits d’échanges les plus directement liés au commerce euro-amérindien, une étude parallèle a permis d’illustrer la nature et l’intensité de ces relations biculturelles au cours du Régime français. Dans cette optique, une approche conceptuelle régionale mettant de l’avant les avancées théoriques sur le « middle ground » émises par l’historien Richard White a été employée.
This master's thesis seeks to explain the distribution and meaning of the glass beads found on the île aux Tourtes historic archaeological site and its integration at the heart of the Montréal archipelago (the fluvial network situated... more
This master's thesis seeks to explain the distribution and meaning of the glass beads found on the île aux Tourtes historic archaeological site and its integration at the heart of the Montréal archipelago (the fluvial network situated between Deux-Montagnes Lake and the confluence of Mille-Îles, des Prairies and St. Lawrence Rivers). Situated opposite Montréal's westernmost point, the île aux Tourtes archaeological site
included a Sulpician mission, a garrison fort and a trading post. Its easy access to communication routes such as the waterways of the Ottawa, St. Lawrence and other rivers gave it a strategic position for the interception of furs coming downstream to Montréal. We have studied the meaning of glass beads in the "contact space" of Amerindian and European cultures during the French Regime. Euro-Amerindian contact took place west of the Lachine rapids, at the edge of the colonial space that pushed Amerindian groups westward. Comprehension of the contact space was enabled by studying the global distribution of glass beads on all archaeological sites from the French Regime of the Montréal archipelago. From this distribution study, we determined the status of the île aux Tourtes archaeological site in relation with others across the Montréal archipelago. We also studied the assemblage of 925 glass beads from l'île aux Tourtes from the perspective of glass bead symbolism in order to rediscover the cultural meaning of this collection.

Ce projet de mémoire vise une compréhension de la distribution et de la signification des perles de verre sur le site historique de l'île aux Tourtes et de son intégration au sein de l'archipel montréalais (réseau hydrographique compris entre le lac des Deux-Montagnes et la confluence des rivières Mille-Îles, des Prairies et du fleuve Saint-Laurent). Situé en face de la pointe extrême ouest de l'île de Montréal, le site de l'île aux Tourtes abritait une mission sulpicienne, un fort de garnison ainsi qu'un poste de traite. L'accès aux voies de communications fluviales de l'Outaouais, du fleuve Saint-Laurent et autres rivières offrait au site une position stratégique dans l'interception des convois de fourrures qui descendaient à Montréal. La signification de la présence de ces perles a été observée à partir de l'espace de contact entre culture amérindienne et européenne pendant le Régime français. Cet espace de contact se situait à l'ouest des rapides de Lachine. Les terres à l'est des rapides étaient réservées à la colonisation européenne, refoulant ainsi les groupes amérindiens plus à l'ouest. La compréhension de cet espace de contact s'est faite à l'aide de la distribution globale des perles de verre sur les sites archéologiques du Régime français de l'archipel montréalais. À partir de cette étude de distribution, nous pourrons déterminer le statut du site archéologique de l'île aux Tourtes au sein de l'archipel montréalais. De plus, nous étudierons l'assemblage des 925 perles de verre du site de l'île aux Tourtes afin de faire émerger un sens de cet ensemble avec l'aide de textes portant sur la symbolique des perles de verre.
By studying over 450 native hair combs from various regions of the American Northeast, made by various cultural groups and during various periods, we were able to observe an evolution that shows profound changes during the Contact period... more
By studying over 450 native hair combs from various regions of the American Northeast, made by various cultural groups and during various periods, we were able to observe an evolution that shows profound changes during the Contact period between Native Americans and Europeans. The rising popularity of the native comb in the 16th and 17th  centuries brought us to introduce the concepts of “contact” and “body” into our study, the comb being an object of adornment, maybe also an object of prestige. Those concepts underlie the analysis of the materials used for crafting the combs, of the art that is carved and engraved on them, of their possible functions, of the archaeological contexts in which they were found and, finally, of their disappearance from the native world.

En étudiant un corpus de plus de 450 peignes amérindiens provenant de plusieurs régions du Nord-Est américain, ayant été fabriqués par plusieurs groupes culturels différents et à diverses époques, nous avons pu retracer une évolution de ces peignes qui révèle de profonds changements à la période de Contact entre les Amérindiens et les Européens. En effet, la popularité croissante du peigne amérindien aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles nous a conduit à percevoir cet objet par rapport aux concepts de « contact » et de « corps », Le peigne étant un objet de parure, peut-être lié au prestige. Ces concepts sous-tendront ce travail lors des analyses des matériaux utilisés dans la fabrication des peignes, de leur fabrication, de l’art retrouvé sculpté et gravé sur ces objets, de différentes fonctions possibles, des contextes archéologiques où sont retrouvés ces peignes et finalement, de leur disparition du monde amérindien.
Beyond the pale of traditional underwater archaeology, we find an industry composed of commercial companies that enter into contractual agreements and obtain permits which allow them to take objects from submerged sites for financial... more
Beyond the pale of traditional underwater archaeology, we find an industry composed of commercial companies that enter into contractual agreements and obtain permits which allow them to take objects from submerged sites for financial gain. Their practices create a lively and often heated controversy in the archaeological community. The principal disagreement concerns the sale of objects from sites. The marketing of archaeological heritage awakens protective instincts and actions for the protection of heritage, such as UNESCO’s campaign begun in 2001 for the adoption of a Convention on the protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (Unesco.org 2001). Despite all the arguments against « treasure hunting » companies, the Convention is far from being universally accepted by sovereign governments, who do not seem prepared to make the companies’ practices illegal. The methods used by the companies are also a source of friction with archaeologists. However, knowledge of their field methods seems rather incomplete, and contrary to some preconceived notions, these companies are not « grave robbers » working under the dark, but indeed duly registered companies working in full legality and even entering into contractual agreements with governments. This thesis aims to shed light on the activities of the underwater treasure hunting industry by studying their methods and operations as they have developed in the last ten years. In order to conceptualise the companies’ practices, we look at the relation between archaeological and business ethics.

En marge des recherches archéologiques traditionnelles, nous retrouvons aujourd’hui des compagnies privées qui contractent des accords et obtiennent des permis leur donnant le droit de prélever des objets à des fins lucratives sur les vestiges archéologiques submergés. Ces pratiques commerciales causent une controverse vive et enflammée au sein du monde archéologique. Le principal point de litiges concerne la mise en vente des objets extraits lors de fouille. La mise en marché du patrimoine archéologique éveille les fibres protectionnistes. Cela incite certains organismes à poser des gestes pour la protection du patrimoine. C’est le cas pour l’UNESCO qui fait la promotion depuis 2001 d’une Convention pour la protection du patrimoine submergé. Malgré tous les arguments à l’encontre des compagnies de « chasse aux trésors », cette Convention est loin de faire l’unanimité des gouvernements à travers le monde, qui ne semblent pas prêts à rendre ces pratiques illégales. Les méthodes utilisées par ces compagnies semblent aussi représenter un point de friction avec les archéologues. Toutefois, la connaissance de leurs pratiques sur le terrain semble très incomplète. De plus, contrairement à une certaine idée préconçue, ces compagnies ne sont pas des « pilleurs de tombes » œuvrant sous le couvert de l’anonymat, mais bien des compagnies dûment enregistrées, œuvrant en toute légalité et passant même des contrats avec les gouvernements. Ce mémoire a donc pour objectif de mettre en lumière les actions réelles des compagnies de chasse aux trésors subaquatiques en regardant leurs méthodes et leur fonctionnement, tels qu’on les voit dans les 10 dernières années. Pour mieux conceptualiser les pratiques de ces compagnies, nous nous interrogerons sur le rapport entre légalité et éthique et, plus précisément, sur l’éthique commerciale et archéologique.
This study seeks to understand transformations in the modern capitalist World-economy in the North Atlantic. It specifically treats the material culture of four French shipwrecks dating from 1700 to 1760 : la Dauphine (1704), l'Alcide... more
This study seeks to understand transformations in the modern capitalist World-economy in the North Atlantic. It specifically treats the material culture of four French shipwrecks dating from 1700 to 1760 :  la Dauphine (1704), l'Alcide (1747), l'Aimable Grenot (1749) and le Machault (1760). The starting point of this study is  the standardization of European material culture and the growing interstate exchanges in
an ever-stronger and integrated World-economy, or economic globalization. This study is built progressively, from the low-Ievel analysis of shipwreck assemblages to their global interpretation in conceptual terms, using three functional artefact groups: cargo, shipboard equipment and personal objects. The author seeks to identify the shipboard function of different artefacts and find their provenance, in order to study the production, the commercialization and the diffusion of the different productions found on the shipwrecks. He seeks a  closer understanding of the trends and dynamics underlying the European Atlantic economy during the I8th century, when the most powerful states of Western Europe fought for military and economic control of the continent.

Cette étude cherche à  comprendre les transformations en cours au sein de l'économie-monde capitaliste moderne. Elle s'intéresse spécifiquement à l'étude de la culture matérielle de quatre épaves
françaises datant de la  période 1704-1760 : la Dauphine (1704), l'Alcide
(1747), l'Aimable Grenot (1749) et le Machault (1760). La question centrale qui guide cette thèse est celle de l'uniformisation de la culture matérielle européenne, liée à l'accroissement des échanges interétatiques au sein d'une économie-monde atlantique intégrative, c'est-à-dire avec la  globalisation des marchés. La thèse se construit de manière progressive, de l'étude fonctionnelle et contextuelle des collections d'épaves à  leur interprétation en termes économiques plus larges, en fonction de trois classes fonctionnelles maritimes: les cargaisons, le  matériel de bord et les objets personnels. Après avoir organisé les artefacts pour chaque épave selon une grille fonctionnelle originale, l'auteur s'attache à reconnaître les fonctions à  bord des objets et à  retrouver leur provenance. Il tente alors d'analyser la production, la commercialisation et l'ampleur de la diffusion de chaque production, de manière à  comprendre les dynamiques en jeux au coeur de l'économie-monde atlantique au début du XVIIIe siècle, où s'affrontent les principaux États de l'Europe occidentale.
This study addresses the shipbuilding industry for the middle of the eighteenth century in France in the region of Bayonne. It aims to document the relation between the regional shipbuilding tradition and a globalisation of naval... more
This study addresses the shipbuilding industry for the middle of the eighteenth century in France in the region of Bayonne. It aims to document the relation between the regional shipbuilding tradition and a globalisation of naval techniques, as this period has been interpreted as one of abrupt change. The Machault, a French frigate built in Bayonne in 1757 and lost in Chaleur Bay, Québec, in the context of the Seven Years War en 1760 will be the object of this study. The archaeological analysis of the frigate gave us a unique vision of the eighteenth century shipbuilding industry. The analysis is organised in three main parts. First, the aspect of forestry will be addressed in order to understand the nature of the timbers resources that were used to build the frigate. Then, the thesis looks at the architectural design of the ship, based on theoretical considerations that reveal the ways of designing a ship. Finally, the carpentry will be analysed to dissect the assembly sequence of the ship, so as to analyse the construction itself. Together, these three main aspects will draw a portrait of the shipbuilding industry for the region of Bayonne in the mid-eighteenth century.

Cette étude s’intéresse à l’industrie de la construction navale pour le milieu du XVIIIe siècle en France dans la région de Bayonne. L’objectif est de documenter la relation qu’entretiennent les pratiques de construction traditionnelles et innovatrices à cette période. L’architecture de la frégate le Machault est au cœur de cette analyse. Construit en 1757 à Bayonne et perdu en 1760, le Machault a été fouillé, documenté et parallèlement récupéré par les archéologues de Parcs Canada entre 1969 et 1972 à Ristigouche dans la baie des Chaleurs, Québec. Cette étude constitue la première analyse architecturale approfondie menée sur ces vestiges. L’analyse est réalisée en trois temps qui correspondent aux trois grandes étapes de la chaine opératoire de la construction du navire. Tout d’abord, il est question d’aborder l’aspect de la foresterie afin de saisir la nature de la ressource forestière mobilisée pour la construction de la frégate. Ensuite, ce mémoire se penche sur la conception architecturale des navires qui renvoie à un aspect plus théorique, car il relève de la façon dont les formes du navire ont été « pensées ». Enfin, la charpenterie est abordée afin de saisir la séquence d’assemblage du navire. Ensemble, ces trois grands aspects dressent un portrait général de la construction navale pour la région de Bayonne au milieu du XVIIIe siècle.
According to the popular image of the Vikings, this people embodied a spirit of immense solidarity that resisted the yoke of Christianity and the dominance of Latin in Western Europe. This image is not without its contradictions, and... more
According to the popular image of the Vikings, this people embodied a spirit of immense solidarity that resisted the yoke of Christianity and the dominance of Latin in Western Europe. This image is not without its contradictions, and while it is true that writing was unknown in Scandinavia during the early centuries of the Viking expansion, we now know that trade and colonization, as much as their famous raids, motivated the irruption of the Scandinavian people on the medieval stage. However, there is an important area where the contradictions between the image of the Vikings and archaeological data still remain intact : the Vikings ships. These ships were designed for traders, settlers, fishermen and warriors. Like the Vikings themselves, their ships reflect a genius of unparallelled originality and high performance. How did the Vikings build their ships, conferring them with such impressive symmetry, balance and finesse? The first ethnologists who studied this issue favoured ideal notions of traditions compiled over generations of builders, along with simple tips for balancing portside and starboard. Following this reductive cultural representation, they then quickly turned to the essential elements of clinker built construction: use of split planks and a great number of iron rivets, evidence of a new metallurgy. The problem with these ships is that, while their construction is made using traditional methods fitting to the popular image of the Vikings, their architectural design, deriving from very refined knowledge, contradicts the idea of an illiterate medieval Scandinavia cut off from the main centres of learning. This work focuses on the architectural design of Scandinavian ships from the eighth to the eleventh century, to show their place in high European knowledge. It then seeks to understand the links between the theoretical and practical aspects of Vikings ships : the clinker built construction and a great homogeneity over more than five centuries. Analysis of the master frames of five wrecks – three Viking ships, one Ancient wreck and a pre-Viking Scandinavian vessel – has found positive indicators of the use of geometric design principles that were formerly thought to be original in Renaissance shipbuilding treatises. Each wreck showed signs of the application of these design principles. The results show moreover that it was possible to use a transverse system of hull design for ships that were built shell-first in the clinker style.
Note: Optimised file. See the original at: http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10661

Selon l’image reçue des Vikings, ce peuple incarne l'esprit d’une immense solidarité primitive ayant su résister rudement au joug du christianisme et à la domination du Latin en Europe occidentale. Cette image n’est pas sans ses contradictions et, s’il est vrai que l’écriture était encore inconnue en Scandinavie durant les premiers siècles de l’expansion viking, on sait maintenant que le commerce et la colonisation, autant que les célèbres raids, motivèrent l’irruption des peuples scandinaves sur la scène médiévale. Quant aux navires de ces marchands, colonisateurs, pêcheurs et guerriers, ils apparaissent, un peu à l’image des Vikings eux-mêmes, sur le grand tableau de l’histoire nautique sous l’enseigne d’une originalité et d’une technicité sans parallèle. Comment les Vikings construisaient-ils leurs navires, en leur donnant une symétrie, un équilibre et une finesse si achevés? Les premiers ethnologues qui se sont intéressés à cette question ont privilégié les idées issues d'une tradition acquise par des générations de constructeurs, et d'astuces simples pour équilibrer tribord et bâbord. Puis, ils se sont rapidement tournés vers les techniques inhérentes à la construction à clin : utilisation de planches fendues et non sciées et de rivets abondants témoignant d’une sidérurgie acquise depuis peu. Le problème que présentent ces navires, est que leur construction artisanale demeure conforme à l’image reçue des Vikings, mais que leur conception architecturale, réalisée selon des connaissances théoriques très exactes, brise la notion d’une Scandinavie médiévale illettrée et coupée des grands centres du savoir. Ce travail s’intéresse précisément à la conception architecturale des navires scandinaves du VIIIe au XIe siècle pour montrer comment ils s’insèrent dans un haut savoir européen dès leur apparition. Il explore ensuite les liens qui unissent ce savoir théorique aux aspects véritablement originaux des navires vikings, en l’occurrence leur construction à clin et leur homogénéité sur une grande région à travers plus de cinq siècles. Au terme de cette recherche, l'analyse réalisée sur le maître-couple de trois épaves vikings, une épave antique et une épave scandinave pré-viking, a permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs indices de l'utilisation du système de conception géométrique apparaissant pour la première fois dans les traités d'architecture navale de la Renaissance, et ce, sur chacune de ces épaves. Les résultats obtenus démontrent qu'il est possible d'employer un système transversal de conception pour des navires vraisemblablement construits bordé premier et assemblés à clin.
NB. Fichier optimisé. Voir l'original à: http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10661
The shipwreck Pointe-de-Pomègues 1 was discovered in 1977 and was the subject of archaeological excavation until 1979, under the supervision of Jean-Claude Négrel of the Département de recherche en archéologie sous-marine (DRASM). The... more
The shipwreck Pointe-de-Pomègues 1 was discovered in 1977 and was the subject of archaeological excavation until 1979, under the supervision of Jean-Claude Négrel of the Département de recherche en archéologie sous-marine (DRASM). The excavation revealed that the ancient ship carried around three thousand amphoras from central Italy to southern France in the second century B.C. For the purpose of this memoir, during the summer of 2017 and the winter of 2018, an update of the collection was carried out to identify one hundred and fourteen amphoras. The preliminary study of the collection allowed the construction of an archaeological catalog that had not been reviewed since 1983. The study of the wreck Pointe de Pomègues 1 did not result in any publication or article and has proved an example of a commercial relationship between Rome and Gaul. The reopening of the archaeological record was carried out at the level of archives, reports of excavations, dendrochronological analyses on the wood of the wreck, a consultation of experts in ceramology of the Centre Camille-Jullian at the Université Aix- Marseille, in the Ancient Greece and Rome Department of the British Museum and the collaboration of archeaologists from the Département de recherche en archéologie subaquatique et sous-marine of Marseille (DRASSM), for two research trips in France. By analyzing the collection of amphoras, the ship-board artefacts, as well as deepening of the historical knowledge of the subject, some elements advanced by the researchers of Negrel’s team in 1977 could be questioned as for the origin and datation of the ship.

Note: The file here optimised so as to fit into this site. For the original, please consult: http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22012

L’épave Pointe-de-Pomègues 1 a été découverte en 1977 et a fait l’objet de fouilles archéologiques jusqu’en 1979, sous la direction de Jean-Claude Négrel du Département de recherche en archéologie sous-marine (DRASM). Les fouilles ont révélé que l’épave antique devait transporter environ trois mille amphores depuis l’Italie centrale vers le sud de la France au IIe siècle avant notre ère. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, une mise à jour de la collection a été réalisée pour recenser cent quatorze de ces amphores. L’étude préliminaire de cette collection a permis la construction d’un nouveau catalogue archéologique car celui-ci n’avait pas été revu depuis 1983. L’étude de l’épave Pointe de Pomègues 1, qui n’avait fait l’objet d’aucune publication, a montré que ce bateau constituait un bel exemple des relations commerciales entre Rome et la Gaule au Ier siècle avant notre ère. La recherche a nécessité une étude des archives, des rapports de fouilles, des analyses dendrochronologiques effectuées sur le bois de l’épave, du mobilier archéologique, ainsi que la consultation d’experts en céramologie du Centre Camille-Julian de l’Université d’Aix-Marseille, au département de Grèce et de Rome antiques du British Museum. Elle a également bénéficié de la collaboration des archéologues du Département de recherche en archéologie subaquatique et sous-marine de Marseille (DRASSM), notamment durant mes deux séjours de recherche en France. Grâce à l’analyse de la collection d’amphores et du mobilier de bord, ainsi qu’à l’étude du commerce maritime à l’époque romaine, il a été possible de remettre en question certains éléments avancés par les chercheurs de l’équipe de Négrel en 1977, notamment en ce qui a trait à la provenance et la datation du navire.

NB. Le fichier ici a été optimisé afin de l'entrer dans l'espace disponible sur ce site. Pour l'original, prière de consulter: http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22012
In 1985, the remains of three keeled boats were uncovered during the construction of the Musée de la civilisation in Québec City. Built around 1740, these boats are called "chaloupe à quille". They had many purposes: as harbour lighters,... more
In 1985, the remains of three keeled boats were uncovered during the construction of the Musée de la civilisation in Québec City. Built around 1740, these boats are called "chaloupe à quille". They had many purposes: as harbour lighters, for fluvial transport, cabotage and fishing. Their great versatility may explain the numerous mentions of
chaloupes found in various historical texts. Analysis of these writings brings much detail to the boat' s features and its chaine opératoire. In addition, archaeological study of the boat's materials, its design and construction methods generate further data which, after comparison with historical data, provide a complete portrait of the chaloupe in New France. Study of the chaloupe's spatio-temporal frame and "navigation zone" allows a more extensive analysis. Navigation conditions on the St. Lawrence River and transport needs stemming from agriculture and commerce in New France influenced the steps of the boat's chaine opératoire. Analysis of its shape, size, propulsion mode, materials and methods of design and construction explain the boat's environmental integration, as well as its longevity and ubiquity in New France.

En 1985, les vestiges de trois embarcations à quille furent mis au jour lors de la construction du Musée de la civilisation, à Québec. Ces embarcations, dont la datation a été établie à vers 1740, sont appelées « chaloupes à quille ». Elles étaient associées à de nombreuses fonctions: allège dans les ports, navigation fluviale, cabotage et pêche. Leur grande polyvalence peut expliquer les fréquentes références aux chaloupes que l'on retrouve dans les différents récits historiques. L'analyse de cette documentation permet d'obtenir de nombreuses informations quant aux caractéristiques de la chaloupe et la chaîne
opératoire qui a mené à sa réalisation. De plus, l'analyse des matériaux, de la conception et de la construction des chaloupes fournit des données supplémentaires qui, une fois comparées aux données historiques, tracent un portrait complet de cette embarcation en
Nouvelle-France. L'étude du cadre spatio-temporel et de la zone de navigation dans lesquels les chaloupes ont évolué permet de pousser plus loin l'analyse de ce type d'embarcation. En effet, sa forme, ses dimensions, ses modes de propulsion, les matériaux utilisés ainsi que
ses méthodes de construction ont été influencés par les conditions de navigation sur le fleuve Saint-Laurent et les besoins en transport associés à l'agriculture et au commerce en Nouvelle-France. Ces éléments démontrent ainsi l'adaptation de cette embarcation à son environnement. Le concept d'intégration au milieu permet d'expliquer pourquoi la chaloupe à quille a été utilisée pendant une aussi longue période et de façon aussi courante en Nouvelle-France.
This thesis focuses on the study of the material culture of the Auguste, a cartel ship wrecked in 1761 northeast of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) in New France entailed the surrender of Louisbourg in... more
This thesis focuses on the study of the material culture of the Auguste, a cartel ship wrecked in 1761 northeast of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) in New France entailed the surrender of Louisbourg in 1758, Quebec in 1759, and finally, Montreal in 1760. France consequently lost an important colony. The establishment of a temporary British military regime caused the departure of many members of higher social classes from the colony towards France. To this end, ships were requisitioned and travelled as cartel ships, in other words, they navigated to France under a white flag with the “prisoners”,
their families, and their possessions. In 1761, three departures from Québec City occurred in May, July, and October. The Auguste, a British merchant ship, was requisitioned in Quebec as a cartel ship during the fall of 1761. A month after its departure, the ship grounded in Aspy
Bay and wrecked, bringing death to the majority of the passengers. More than two centuries later, a partnership between Parks Canada and local divers led to two archaeological excavations in the late 1970s, revealing a collection of over four thousand artefacts. This thesis’ analysis of the material culture includes an outline of the history and the discovery of the ship and a classification of artefacts along functional categories related to maritime archaeology. The different analytical steps in this study ultimately lead to the integration of archaeological data towards understanding the repatriation of elites within the Modern State, and to define relationships between the wealthiest families of the colony and certain artisans of New France. The study of the Auguste finally seeks to understand the function of a cartel ship and the maritime organisation of a passengers ship’s transatlantic voyage.

Ce mémoire porte sur l’étude de la culture matérielle de l’Auguste, un navire de cartel ayant fait naufrage en 1761 au nord-est de l’île du Cap-Breton, en Nouvelle-Écosse. La date de 1759 marque la conquête de la Nouvelle-France par l’Angleterre. La France perd donc un important territoire. À la suite de la capitulation de Montréal en 1760, un Régime militaire temporaire anglais est mis en place et entraîne le départ de plusieurs membres des classes dirigeantes de la colonie vers la France. Leur rapatriement est effectué au moyen de navires de cartel, c’est-à-dire des vaisseaux voyageant sous drapeau blanc et transportant des
« prisonniers », leur famille et leurs avoirs. L’Auguste, un navire marchand d’appartenance britannique, est réquisitionné à Québec comme navire de cartel à l’automne 1761. Un mois après son départ, le navire s’échoue dans la baie d’Aspy et fait naufrage en emportant à la
mort la majorité des passagers. Plus de deux siècles après ces événements tragiques, un partenariat entre Parcs Canada et des plongeurs locaux a mené à la réalisation de deux campagnes de fouilles archéologiques à la fin des années 1970 mettant au jour une collection
de plus de quatre mille artefacts. L’analyse de cette culture matérielle comprend notamment la mise en contexte de l’histoire et de la découverte du navire et un classement des artefacts selon des catégories fonctionnelles liées à l’archéologie maritime. Les différents niveaux analytiques mènent ultimement à l’intégration des données archéologiques dans la compréhension du rapatriement des élites au sein de l’État moderne et à l’établissement de liens intéressants entre les familles nanties de la colonie et certains artisans de Nouvelle-
France. L’étude de l’Auguste a finalement permis de mettre en lumière la fonction de cartel du navire et d’établir et l’organisation maritime d’un voyage transatlantique pour le transport de passagers.
In the summer of 1998, before the completion of a marina, an international team of underwater archaeologists gathered in the Azores by the Centro Nacional de Arqueologia Nâutica e Subaquâtica (CNAN$) of Lisbon to excavate two wrecks in... more
In the summer of 1998, before the completion of a marina, an international team of underwater archaeologists gathered in the Azores by the Centro Nacional de Arqueologia Nâutica e Subaquâtica (CNAN$) of Lisbon to excavate two wrecks in imminent danger of destruction. During the twelve weeks of the project, the Angra C wreck and the Angra D wreck, both dating from around the beginning of the 17th century, were excavated, drawn, dismantled and moved away from the projected marina. In the summer of 2000, a team from Texas A&M University with the help of CNANS-Azores went back to the site and accomplished an architectural study of elements selected from the two wrecks. This thesis will present the final resuit of the archaeological excavation of 1998 and the subsequent study of chosen architectural elements from the Angra C wreck. It will seek to demonstrate the Dutch origin of our wreck and, using and contextual approach, will reconstitute the Azorean historical environment cf the 17th century. with the archaeological data from other Dutch wrecks and data from Dutch naval treaties of the l7th
century, we will try to define the conceptual purpose of pre-assembled frames found on Angra C. We will tthen explore the possibility that the practice of using assembled frames in fact represented a transfer of technological knowledge from ship carpenters of the Iberian Peninsula te their counterparts cf the North Sea.

À l’été 1998, une équipe internationale d’archéologues subaquatiques fut réunie aux Açores par le Centro Nacional de Arqueologia Nâutica e Subaquitica (CNANS) de Lisbonne pour effectuer des fouilles de sauvetage sur deux épaves menacées de destruction imminente par la construction d’une marina de plaisance. Au cours des douze semaines du projet, l’épave Angra C et l’épave d’origine ibérique Angra D, toutes deux ayant fait naufrage à la première moitié du XVIIe siècle, furent dégagées, fouillées, dessinées, démantelées et déplacées en pièces détachées sur des palettes hors de l’aire de construction. À l’été 2000, une équipe de l’Université A&M du Texas en association avec
l’équipe du CNANS-Açores effectua le relevé individuel d’éléments architecturaux choisis des deux épaves. Ce mémoire présente les résultats des fouilles ainsi que la description des éléments architecturaux de l’épave d’Angra C. Utilisant une approche
historique, nous replacerons ce navire à l’intérieur d’un contexte açoréen du XVIIe siècle. Nous utiliserons les données archéologiques recueillies sur les épaves et les traités architecturaux hollandais d’époque afin de démontrer son origine hollandaise. Enfin, nous nous questionnerons sur un trait unique à Angra C, soit la présence de membrures assemblées, afin d’en déterminer le rôle conceptuel et la possibilité que cette pratique soit le résultat d’un transfert du savoir technique de la péninsule ibérique vers la mer du Nord.
In the St. Lawrence estuary, there are many ancient wharves whose mutual resemblance of their remains suggests they are contemporaneous. The remains of the “government wharves” relate an important conjecture (1870-1930) formed by the... more
In the St. Lawrence estuary, there are many ancient wharves whose mutual resemblance of their remains suggests they are contemporaneous. The remains of the “government wharves” relate an important conjecture (1870-1930) formed by the integration of the coastal localities in an interregional economic network. The wharf, formerly an interface between the rural land and the estuarial cabotage, presents an opportunity for the archaeologist to recognize the architectural character of the conception and the realization of the wharves. The examination of their frame construction allows us to distinguish the architectural character of the government wharves among the techniques already employed in the estuary in the 19th century.

On trouve sur les côtes de l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent des vestiges de quai dont la ressemblance mutuelle suggère leur contemporanéité. Les vestiges de ces «quais du gouvernement » relatent une importante conjoncture (1870-1930) caractérisée par l'intégration des localités côtières dans une économie interrégionale. Le quai, autrefois lieu d'interface entre la ruralité et le cabotage, devient pour l'archéologue une occasion de retracer les éléments entrant dans sa conception et sa réalisation. L’observation des éléments architecturaux permet de distinguer les traits architecturaux associés aux quais du gouvernement parmi l’ensemble des techniques de construction déjà employées dans l’estuaire au XIXe siècle.
Review of Laurier Turgeon, Une histoire de la Nouvelle-France. Français et Amérindiens au XVIe siècle. Paris, Belin, 2019.
Review of Éric Rieth, Le maitre-gabarit, la tablette et le trébuchet. Essai sur la conception non-graphique des carènes du Moyen Age au XXe siècle. Paris, CTHS, 1996.
Review of Filipe Vieira de Castro, The Pepper Wreck: a Portuguese Indiaman at the Mouth of the Tagus River. College Station, Texas A&M Press, 2006.
This paper considers shipwrecks as a form of disaster and studies historical shipwreck accounts to gain insights into social constructions of disaster. Theoretical debates address global inequalities in disaster experience, response, and... more
This paper considers shipwrecks as a form of disaster and studies historical shipwreck accounts to gain insights into social constructions of disaster. Theoretical debates address global inequalities in disaster experience, response, and research, and notably identify the concept of risk as a key to understanding social constructions of disaster. We analyze shipwrecks, a recurring but diverse risk, as a series of material and psychological stages that allow us to explore three facets of the social construction of shipwrecks. In the sixteenth century, Labrador whaling outfitters left shipwreck accounts that reveal how they converted the systemic risk of winter weather into an insurable natural hazard. In the seventeenth century, transatlantic fishermen blamed summer storms for their shipwreck losses, but also took responsibility as professionals for risk management and workplace security. In the eighteenth century, passengers' accounts begin from an etic (observer) perspective and, at a certain stage of the shipwreck, shift to an emic (participant) perspective, enabling them to convert their experience into cultural capital within the emerging middle class. These facets of shipwreck accounts hold analogies for critical disaster studies, by revealing the role of social position in the perception, calculation, and cultural commodification of risk.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Inventory of known mariner's astrolabes, version 16.3.
As early as the 1950s, New York archaeologists used the variability of glass beads to date Iroquoian sites. In Ontario, archaeologists developed a series of Glass Bead Periods (GBP) as a dating tool, which however had limited value in... more
As early as the 1950s, New York archaeologists used the variability of glass beads to date Iroquoian sites. In Ontario, archaeologists developed a series of Glass Bead Periods (GBP) as a dating tool, which however had limited value in Québec. This article proposes a seriation of beads found along the coast from Tadoussac to northern Labrador, and identifies nine bead "complexes" that run from 1540 to 1890 approximately. This seriation may serve as a dating aid for other collections in Québec-Labrador. We also link bead types to their places of manufacture and their transatlantic "distribution networks", revealing tendencies that future research may explore in more detail. Research for the seriation finally brings new information to the dating of Iroquoian sites in the Saint Lawrence estuary, and clarifies the multiple occupations of the major site at Red Bay, Labrador.

Déjà dans les années 1950, les archéologues new-yorkais utilisent la variabilité des perles de verre pour dater les sites iroquoiens. En Ontario, les archéologues vont élaborer une série de Glass Bead Periods (GBP) comme outil de datation, qui s'avèrent toutefois imparfaites pour le territoire québécois. Ce travail propose une sériation des perles du littoral qui s'étend de Tadoussac au nord du Labrador, et identifie neuf « complexes » s'échelonnant de 1540 à 1890 environ. La sériation se veut une aide à la datation d'autres collections au Québec-Labrador. En outre, nous rattachons les perles à leurs lieux de fabrication et à leurs « réseaux de diffusion » transatlantiques, ce qui révèle des tendances que les recherches futures pourront approfondir. Enfin, le travail de sériation apporte de nouveaux éléments à la datation des sites iroquoiens dans l'estuaire du Saint-Laurent, et clarifie les occupations multiples du site majeur de Red Bay, Labrador.
A 17th-century chapel in Alcáçovas, Portugal, is known for its walls decorated with seashells, colored stones, majolica, and glass beads. Alcáçovas is a quiet town set in a landscape dominated by vast farms, about 90 minutes drive... more
A 17th-century chapel in Alcáçovas, Portugal, is known for its walls decorated with seashells, colored stones, majolica, and glass beads. Alcáçovas is a quiet town set in a landscape dominated by vast farms, about 90 minutes drive southeast of Lisbon. Considering its rural, inland setting, Alcáçovas at first sight seems an unlikely place to find a major artwork created with seashells and 17th-century glass beads. The seigneurs of Alcáçovas, however, stemmed from the Castilian crown, whose influence in Portugal derived from trade, military service and diplomacy. The chapel in their rural fiefdom, with its exotic decor of seashells and glass beads acquired through seaborne trade, reminded pilgrims of the status in the larger European world that the seigneurs enjoyed.
Nueva Cadiz and associated beads are among the earliest categories of European glass beads found in the Americas. Named after the site in Venezuela where they were first identified, these tubular, square-sectioned beads occur in regions... more
Nueva Cadiz and associated beads are among the earliest categories of European glass beads found in the Americas. Named after the site in Venezuela where they were first identified, these tubular, square-sectioned beads occur in regions of 16th-century Spanish colonial trade. A similar style occurs around Lake Ontario in northeastern North America in areas of 17th-century Dutch and French colonial trade. We compare the chemical composition of beads from South America and Ontario, Canada, to explore their provenience and technology. Differences in key trace elements (Hf, Zr, Nd) strongly indicate separate sand origins for the two bead groups. Comparison with soda-lime glass made in Venice and Antwerp reveals chemical similarities between the South American beads and Venetian glass, and between the Ontario beads and Antwerp glass. The analysis also sheds light on beadmaking technologies.
This article presents beadmaking in Paris during the second half of the 16th century as seen through period documents and artifacts. Parisian archives document beadmaking by artisans called patenôtriers who made a wide range of glass... more
This article presents beadmaking in Paris during the second half of the 16th century as seen through period documents and artifacts. Parisian archives document beadmaking by artisans called patenôtriers who made a wide range of glass buttons and jewelry, including beads. Records of the patenôtriers' guild provide an idea of the number of artisans engaged in this activity, while notarial contracts and estate inventories reveal individual careers and the material dimension of beadmaking in Paris. Patenôtriers obtained their materials-soda glass and enamel supplied as tubes, rods, or ingots-from glassmakers in rural France, Altare in Italy, and a small glassworks that operated in the suburb of Saint-Germaindes-Prés in 1598-1608. They exported rosary beads to Iberia and trade beads to North America. In European terms, Paris was a major beadmaking center during the 16th century and we know its products from a small number of archaeological finds and museum holdings.
The Venetian glass bead industry has its roots in the Late Middle Ages. The development of Atlantic trade and, particularly, the slave trade from the second half of the 17th century increased the demand for glass beads. The 18th century... more
The Venetian glass bead industry has its roots in the Late Middle Ages. The development of Atlantic trade and, particularly, the slave trade from the second half of the 17th century increased the demand for glass beads. The 18th century would be the heyday of this industry, when Venetian beads attained a significant global diffusion. While scholars have long known the global exports of beads from Venice, this paper contributes new quantitative data on their precise routes and markets in the 18th century, toward the Orient and toward the Atlantic. Using beads as a case study, this paper shows how a niche product allowed a Mediterranean city such as Venice to stay connected with the Atlantic world and how the Atlantic slave trade influenced Venetian glass bead exports to the West.
This paper reconstructs the history of a family of French beadmakers in Eu County, Normandy, from 1687 to 1747, as well as the context of their migration from the urban beadmaking center of Rouen. While Normandy had produced windowpane... more
This paper reconstructs the history of a family of French beadmakers in Eu County, Normandy, from 1687 to 1747, as well as the context of their migration from the urban beadmaking center of Rouen. While Normandy had produced windowpane and bottles since the Middle Ages, artisans who made "crystal" soda glass-the glass of beads-were newcomers from Italy and Languedoc. They founded glassworks in Paris and Rouen in the late 16th century. Conflicts with Rouen artisans and merchants led the Mediterranean glassworkers to migrate to Eu County in 1634, where their crystal factories spun off a rural beadmaking trade. The present research builds on 19th-century archaeological reports of beads and beadmaking wasters in the villages of Aubermesnil-aux-Érables and Villers-sous-Foucarmont. We have identified three generations of the Demary family of beadmakers in the Eu Forest. Using genealogical methods, we have traced their migration from Rouen, their family history, and their links to Mediterranean crystal glassmakers. The example of the Demary patenôtriers sheds light on a transitional period of beadmaking in Normandy, characterized by its ruralization and its proximity with forest glassmaking in the second half of the 17th century.
Dating to about 1500-1560, Nueva Cadiz and associated beads comprise the earliest glass bead complex found in the Americas, and many questions regarding their technology and provenience surround them. Analysis of 10 beads from the... more
Dating to about 1500-1560, Nueva Cadiz and associated beads comprise the earliest glass bead complex found in the Americas, and many questions regarding their technology and provenience surround them. Analysis of 10 beads from the namesake Nueva Cádiz site in Venezuela and 33 beads collected from an unknown site or sites near Tiahuanaco, Bolivia, provide chemical compositions of their turquoise, dark blue, white, red, and colorless glasses. We analyze the composition of the sand, flux, and colorants that went into their fabrication. The two collections show a common beadmaking tradition and provenience, except for three beads made of high-lime low-alkali (HLLA) glass. Colorants and opacifiers are cobalt for blue, a tin-based agent for white, and copper for turquoise and red. Trace elements associated with cobalt indicate a variable source for this colorant. By comparing the layers of compound beads, we discover technological aspects of bead design and workshop organization. To investigate provenience, we compare the levels of key elements with other glasses of proven origin. There are chemical similarities with glasses made in Venice and Antwerp, identifying these places as candidates to consider when searching for the origin of Nueva Cadiz beads.
A research project at the Université de Montréal and the Field Museum in Chicago is focusing on Nueva Cadiz beads and other stylistically or contextually related types. The project aims to describe the chemical composition of these beads,... more
A research project at the Université de Montréal
and the Field Museum in Chicago is focusing on Nueva
Cadiz beads and other stylistically or contextually
related types. The project aims to describe the chemical
composition of these beads, and discover chemical
groups that may help to understand where and when
these beads originated, their particular technology, and
their exchange networks.
The archaeological study of glass bead proveniences raises theoretical questions regarding the idea of “beadmaking centers” as defined by typological, technological and geochemical means. Also important for defining beadmaking centers are... more
The archaeological study of glass bead proveniences raises theoretical questions regarding the idea of “beadmaking centers” as defined by typological, technological and geochemical means. Also important for defining beadmaking centers are historical sources in various languages. In the 19th century, French scholars interested in glassmaking in Normandy also noted beadmaking ca. 1590-1635. Their publications show a rural cottage industry in the county of Eu and the forest of Brotonne, and an urban guild of patenôtriers in Rouen. While most historical data show the production and export of rosary beads, the Normandy “beadmaking center” coincides with a major outfitting region of the 17th century transatlantic fur trade. This geographic correlation allows us to hypothesize that some French beads found in North America may originate in Rouen. Interestingly, archaeological data from 1869 contains a chevron bead production tube and two frit-core (faïence) beads, similar to North American examples, in a Rouen production context.
Ce rapport fait état des activités et résultats de recherche archéologique en 2023 sur le site d'Anse-aux-Batteaux (BhFn-32), localisé sur le fond du fleuve Saint-Laurent en face de la municipalité de Les Coteaux, MRC de... more
Ce rapport fait état des activités et résultats de recherche archéologique en 2023 sur le site d'Anse-aux-Batteaux (BhFn-32), localisé sur le fond du fleuve Saint-Laurent en face de la municipalité de Les Coteaux, MRC de Vaudreuil-Soulanges, Québec. Le site recèle les vestiges de cinq épaves et trois quais datant de la période 1831-1960 environ. Il fait l'objet d'un projet de recherche et de formation universitaire dirigé par Brad Loewen, professeur d'archéologie historique et maritime, Université de Montréal.
Ce rapport archéologique fait état de l'inventaire subaquatique effectué en 2022 à BhFn-32, Anse-aux-Batteaux, un site submergé dans le fleuve Saint-Laurent, au village de Les Coteaux dans le MRC de Vaudreuil-Soulanges en Montérégie. Le... more
Ce rapport archéologique fait état de l'inventaire subaquatique effectué en 2022 à BhFn-32, Anse-aux-Batteaux, un site submergé dans le fleuve Saint-Laurent, au village de Les Coteaux dans le MRC de Vaudreuil-Soulanges en Montérégie. Le site contient les vestiges submergés de cinq épaves et de trois quais. Le site date des années de 1817 à 1960, que nous pouvons diviser en quatre périodes d’aménagement. Période 1 (1817-1845): port-relais de vapeurs et diligences de la Upper Canada Line qui offrait un service aux voyageurs entre Montréal et Toronto. Période 2 (1845-1870): port d’attache d’une flotte de vapeurs et barges associée aux négociants et armateurs Orton Pease et Benjamin Wilson Bridges. Période 3 (1870-1902): abandon des embarcations et quais associés aux messieurs Orton et Bridges; aménagements portuaires associés à la Canada Atlantic Railway. Période 4 (1902-1960): essor d’une villégiature dont l’un des ancrages est l’auberge Pinsonneault; aménagement d’un hangar à bateau associé à l’auberge Pinsonneault.