S O M E PALEOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS O N T W O GREEK N O M O C A N O N S FROM S O U T H E R N ITALY I N T H E STATE HISTORICAL M U S E U M (MOSCOW) Marina A. KURYSHEVA In this paper we examine two nomocanon codices from the Synodal Greek collection of the State Historical Museum in Moscow, which were acquired in the mid­seventeenth century by Arseny Sukhanov in the monasteries of Mount Athos. They both contain a characteristic mixture of church canons and civil law texts dealing with ecclesiastical matters. Briefly described in the Catalogue of Archimandrite Vladimir (Filantropov)1, they have been fully itemized and studied by V. N. Beneševič. MS Syn. gr. 398 ( Vhd. 315) contains the canonical collection known as Synagoge L titulorum (redaction B), as well as compilations of secular laws: Collectio XXV capitulorum, Collectio LXXXVII capitulorum^ and an anthology of fragments only from the Codex part of the Collectio Tripartita, as the text was cut short by the scribe2. MS Syn. gr. 432 {Vlád. 317), fairly similar in contents, consists of Synagoge L titulorum (redaction C), Canones Apostolorum, Collectio LXXXVII capitulorum, and of the first part of the Collectio Tripartita3. Both manuscripts have been briefly described and attributed to Southern Italy in the recent Supplement to Vladimirs catalogue by B. L. Fonkič and F. B. Poljakov4. These short 1. VLADIMIR (FILANTROPOV), Sistematicheskoe opisanie rukopisej Moskovskoj Sinodal'noj (Patriarshej) biblioteki, I: Rukopisi grecheskie, Moscow 1894, p. 429­438, 444­449. 2. V.N. BENEŠEVIČ, Sinagoga v 50 titulov i drugie juridicheskie sborniki Ioanna Skholastika. drevnejshej istorii istochnikov prava greko­vostochnoj tserkvi, Saint Petersburg 1914, . 70­83, 214­220, 222­267, 288; cf. Collectio Tripartita. Justinian on religious and ecclesiastical affairs, ed. N . VAN DER WAL and B.H. STOLTE, Groningen 1994, p. XXX­XXIII, XLI­XLII (special thanks to Prof. L. Burgmann for this reference and to Dr. E. Kazbekova). 3. BENEŠEVIČ, Sinagoga (cited η . 2), p. 17, 83­87, 89­95, 214­220, 222­267, 288, cf. ID., Kanonicheskij sbornik XIV titulov so vtoroj chetverti VII veka do 883 goda, Saint Petersburg 1905, p. 247­249; ID., Drevneslav­ janskaja kormchaja XIV titulov bez tolkovanij, I, Saint Petersburg 1906, p. 299­435. 4. B.L. FONKIČ and F.B. POLJAKOV, Grecheskie rukopisi Sinodal'noj biblioteki: Paleograficheskie, kodikobgich­ eskie i bibliograficheskie dopolnenija k katahgu arkhimandńta Vladimira (Filantropova), Moscow 1993, p. 107,108. Puer Apuliae. Mιknges offerts ΰ Jean­Marie Martin, éd. E. CUOZZO, V. DÉROCHE, A. PETERS­CUSTOT et V PRIGENT (Centre de recherche d'histoire et civilisation de Byzance, Monographies 30), Paris 2008. 374 MARINA A. KURYSHEVA entries remain so far their only paléographie description. Meanwhile, some distinctive features of the codices, clearly indicative of their Southern Italian origin, deserve a closer examination. The specificity of the Greek book production in Southern Italy, as compared with the Byzantine world to the east, was first explored in a ground­breaking study by R. Devreesse5, but neither this scholar nor those who wrote after him (P. Canart, J. Leroy, A. Jacob, S. Luca, to name but a few) could fully account for the evidence from the Russian collections. The modest aim of these notes consists in placing the two Moscow codices within the context of our knowledge about the Byzantine book production on the Italian soil. I. MS Syn. gr. 398 ( Vlád. 315), acquired by Arseny in the monastery of Iviron, was written in the second half of the tenth century in en as de pique minuscule, which is generally recognized as Italian (Calabrian). The name en as dιpique was coined primarily because of the ligature epsilon + rho, which resembles an as of spade. Other characteristic ligatures, like epsilon with nu, sigma, xi, iota, or pi, and forms of letters, like the minuscule hmbda and gamma with backward sloping strokes above the line, make this style ­ sketchy, neat, with a slight backward slope — easily recognizable despite the individual features of each scribe. The style en as dιpique is dated ca. 950­1050, with the peak of its popularity at the turn of the century. MS Syn. gr. 398 has a rather primitive «black­and­white» decoration with simple head ornaments of cut or waved lines and crosses with corners adorned with thin leaves, flowers and stars. The titles are always in small uncial. All the decorations are due to the scribe of the main text (fig. 1 a, b). This is the first, most common, type of en as dιpique style manuscripts' decoration in P. Canart s classification6. The writing en as dιpique is combined in the codex with a regular, vertical, somewhat archaic minuscule, somewhat similar to the «Anastasio» type (fig. 2) named after the copyist who produced, in 890, Par. gr. 1470 and 1476. A combination of handwriting styles is fairly common in the Greek­Italian manuscripts, but neither each style alone nor their combination provide a sure indication of the manuscript's origin. The "geographical" classification of manuscripts by R. Devreesse ­ as « tyrrhéniens », «campaniens », «gréco­ lombards » ­ is out of date, and the South Italian origin of "Anastasio minuscule" is cast in doubt 7 . Frequent migrations of population and even monasteries account for the mixture of handwriting styles8 and for a later expansion of the style en as dιpique beyond 5. R. DEVREESSE, Les manuscrits grecs de l'Italie mιridionale, Vatican City 1955 (Studi e Testi, 183), p. 27, 3 1 . 6. P. CANART, Le problθme du style d'écriture dit en as de pique dans les manuscrits italo­grecs, Atti del 4° Congresso Storico Calabrese (Cosenza, 2­7 ottobre 1966), Naples 1969, p. 57­58. 7. L. PERRIA, La minuscola « tipo Anastasio », in G. CAVALLO, G. DE GREGORIO and M. MANIACI eds, Scritture, libri e testi nelle aree provinciali di Bisanzio.Atti del Seminario di Erice (18­25 settembre 1988), Spoleto 1991 (Biblioteca del Centro per il collegamento degli studi medievali e umanistici nell'Universitŕ di Perugia, 5), I , p . 271­318. 8. J. IRIGOIN, L'Italie meridionale et la tradition des textes antiques, JOB 18, 1969, p. 37­55, reprinted in D. HARLFINGER ed., Griechische Kodikologie und Textόberlieferung, Darmstadt 1980, see p. 235­236. SOME PALEOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS O N T W O GREEK N O M O C A N O N S ­' ^ '^ Ѵ ;\ . ­ ^ 5v· ' vbL ^ :• ; Ο .^„ ;( HT4(íf,lt(,{llc 4 > * » · » « * . . ­ψ ν ν «ι «κ · ^. • & j <*«* ѵ „ v^fl /.,',.. , ή . , „.,,„­ „ ;, )t,„„,„ ; ;,,.. (,|# 1; /. .,sv,—< «.., ·. ,,(· •..;^,. < A^ J ,;, r ,vv./,..^„^ , 4 t . .,».»..·.·.­,·. ­η ν ·γ , f.., / .„„„. s4 » \ί ,·»'..0...·.:ύ . tr ζ *>γ ι ν ν Ι <·'.­­τ ­„... ;.,,..'._. .,... ·,.»ν .,ν ,τ , ,­ і , Ѵ > ' . . , — . < « "• *. «rt* ­ . ' . · . . ,»^.,.,.4 <.*«• ; +« "^it^tct^­uUUiri.,.. .|' ' ,„ . . | ­ . v , £ ,>. ',, / . \ , . , ' . ł, ,'ѵ ' ?„»..­,».,. . . . . ­ tir «. . · ι . (* \ fK • TOV­XVr ríKŤu?lt/,SMtHHín\C*V ν ^ο ν ».ι ί \·ΰ ·ΐ Η ·\·44ΐ C>7.MM<ŕ.ftu)Hn»WM w λ η ι . . Λ ftC­arf . ­ /<ρ £ £ ^ ­ Orwc'V«» > £*< ·'· » » • '­• · **Τ ţ \ L'C'/^TaU n r r t v ­ , ­r^c ι !ι >' "* "< X *4 > τ Υ ­oeroy Fig. la, b : MS 5yw. jr. 398 (Vlad. 315) £ 1 Γ <» «/, ,· and 114V. 375 the borders of Calabria and Campania9. For the tenth­century en as dιpique manuscripts, however, the traditional attribution to Calabria and Campania still appears pertinent, and I would like to refer in particular to the brilliant study of the appearance of the minuscule in Southern Italy by A. Jacob who argued that the style en as dιpique originated in Northern Calabria10. The codicological features of the manuscript are in line with its paleography. It has 308 folios which measure 184/186 χ 126/131. Its medium quality parchment, with all defects and disruptions carefully pasted and polished, reminds one of E.A. Loews description of parchment of the scriptoriums of Benevento: «As a rule it is well prepared and has a smooth, somewhat shining surface which is rather yellowish on the hair side and more 9. P. Canart considers the Greek­Arabic Gospel according to Lucas, from 1043 {Par. Suppl. gr. 911), as originating from Jerusalem, where it was kept for centuries at the library of the Holy Sepulchre. However, P. GÉHIN, Un manuscrit bilingue grec­arabe, BnF, Supplément grec 911 (année 1043), in F. DÉROCHE and F. RICHARD eds, Scribes et manuscrits du Moyen­Orient, Paris 1997 (Etudes et recherches, Bibliothθque nationale de France), p. 161­175, concludes from the analysis of the script of both the Greek and the Arabic part of the manuscript on its occidental, South­Italian or Sicilian, origin. Its attribution to the Arab­Christian milieu in Sicily appears to us the most plausible. 10. A. JACOB, Gaθte, 839. Le premier exemple daté de minuscule grecque dans l'Italie Méridionale, Bolletino delL· Badia Greca di Grotta/errata 47, 1993, p. 120. SOME PALEOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS ON TWO GREEK NOMOCANONS 377 whitish on the flesh side»11. These features do not fit the stereotype of the low quality parchment invoked to explain the small size of the Italian Greek codices; as pointed out by J. Leroy, neither the quality and the bulk density of parchment nor the size of a codex prove its Southern Italian origin12. The imposition of parchment sides in every gathering is regular. The codex consists of 39 gatherings, including 3 tentions and two gatherings of 10 folios each. 17 gatherings were lined in system 3: the first folio was lined on the outer flesh side, while the next folios carried only light traces of lining. 10 gatherings (4, 18, 21­22, 24­30, 39) were lined in system 11 (a combination of systems 3 and 4), and two gathering (1 and 3), in system 4, in which the central folio was lined on the flesh side. The diversity of lining systems is typical of the Italian­Greek codices. The style en as dιpique is most often combined with four linings: 3 and 2, 1, 11, but the presence of lining 4 in our codex is also indicative of its South Italian origin13. Seven gatherings were lined in an original manner which I cannot identify: only the borders of the future text were drawn between four perforated holes. According to Leroy, the type of lining is V00A1, whilst two gatherings were lined in VOI A l b type, when only the borders of the text are drawn. In the second case the line is drawn at the bottom of the page, apparently for the comments. Three folios were lined according to the type 00A1 (fols 173­176 r.) with the lines for every row. No traces of pagination of gatherings survive. The lining of parchment on the flesh rather than on the hair side is a common feature of South Italian codices, as pointed out by J. Irigoin14. What is more, combining the lining system 3 with 2 is typical, in the tenth century, of en as dιpique manuscripts of the Capua region15. To the indications of origin provided by the codicological features, one should adjoin the contents of the manuscript: the advanced society of Northern Calabria, unlike the rest of Calabria or Sicily, had use for the nomocanons 16 . Likewise, the Latin notes, apparently by the manuscripts scribes (fig. 3), and the inclusion of Latin in the Greek text, point to the Calabrian­Campanian church milieu, in which the learned Calabrian monks, refugees from the Arab raids, played a prominent role ca. 1080­1130s17. All these indicators strongly suggest, for our codex, a Northern Calabrian origin. 11. E.A. LOEW, The Beneventan Script. A History of the South Italian MinuscuL·, Oxford 1914 (reed. Rome 1980 [Sussidi eruditi, 33­34]), p. 287. 12. J. LEROY, Les manuscrits grecs d'Italie, in Codicobgica. 2. Ιlιments pour une codicohgie comparιe, Leyden 1978 (LitteraeTextuales), p. 55­56. 13. Ibid., p. 60­61. 14. IRIGOIN, L'Italie méridionale (cited η . 8), p. 252, η . 3 (the third feature consists in inversing folios inside the gathering thus making hair the outer side). 15. LEROY, Les manuscrits grecs d'Italie (cited η . 12), p. 61. 16. S. LUCA, I normanni e la « Rinascita» del sec. XII, Archivio storico per L· Calabria e la Lucania 60, 1993, p. 60­61. 17. See S. LUCA, Scritture e libri della scuola niliana, in CAVALLO ­DE GREGORIO ­MANIACI eds, Scritture, libri e testi nelle aree provinciali di Bisanzio (cit. η . 7), p. 370­371, no. 233. A medical manuscript Laur. 75.3, of similar calligraphy and decorated in yellow, green and red, was studied by S. Luca in the catalogue of an exhibition of Greek manuscripts from Southern Italy in Rome, see P. CANART and S. LUCA eds, Codici greci dell'Italia meridionale. Catalogo delL· mostra di Grotta/errata (2000), Rome 2000, p. 60, n° 15. 378 MARINA A. KURYSHEVA pi > OL** nrroto\tv Τ i,v" \ f^'1 Ô γ <& tfWf ** ­ « ' V | τ υ carpe) І [ 1 і μ λ «rívcr­ ^ / t í ­ c t «k> o~U*0u і Π λ Ν » 1 < « Vf ** · f wi«>// / 0 ^ ° $> i, ^xr^cr^o// «"VC 5 f ^ **? " 'Φ */* і σ і ^ Ρ ψ ^Ν Ş · > ;θ χ Ł*Η ! 3 · /***" *<" ^ *J*U № * /і «ar­ >/і ** «A ~r ­*4i F&4* ode * *y>i*v rtbů /* ooV < ί ^ / ѵ 'auLtķLacJif ćU4'At*ia* ^ <*^ ^ £*># \&& fc or « ' # 4 >LU TF ^ * ­ ! * ^ '®^V ÖÜT^ rou/ ^» ^/(foicr U luai bk\ju> tĄotf t ł ^ e e r W n ^ t f f ­ ^ ­ j ^ XmvfoiU Fig. 3 : MS Syn. gr. 398 (Vlįd. 315) f. 288". 379 SOME PALEOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS ON TWO GREEK NOMOCANONS A ' 4 ­ x — 4­ τ · \ * ­ '4y τ η ρ y ( ^ α / * Λ «*1 '{ft rC*jr, / y TP > en y y*Jy6cΰr\ γ . VLO> 4^ ѵ ^ ^ ^ * ^ <«> * ^ ѵ «( « '­^V ^< Ѵ Iry σ Ίρ oA i « »γ ^­ρ β Τ »~ιe\trpovi. ^ « " ^ ^ « ( ^ netrp• <r&;><4jrfu. ^ ^ ^ ^ Ј , ^ yu^ ^ [ ν , ţ/1 *Ύ « ó »«" « * ν*usv>υ Α VL\ >i­ttxn w «^ţi'y« tr^W* r4_SÉp«/Wv«y­ffY«V . / *^ ^ ^ 1 V^· OűflŚ^V*^ Τ » «Τ Η β * ^<*i fiic­ ei I rgp^y Φ V V^f V*f * ^ " β /10^! Ρ ^Ј 84 .! · ^ T»β ^ «<^ > anfy Y ѵ ^і і » ν VLÄ^>yaf ι ' Τ » ν Τ ί γ V </S a/yet» «^ tirV>* y.«tr#*f tfnr* r p t r ­^«і yfy «V^V · f τ » »τ »' І .v 2ťn v ·. JT/VKUATM"^ y « <і Fig. 4 : MS Syn. gr. 432 (Vlád. 317) f. 11 . II Our second manuscript, Syn. gr. 432 ( Vlád. 317), was bought in the Athos Laura of Saint Ąthanasios. It is written in pale black or brown ink by various hands, mostly in the traditional South Italian Reggio style (fig. 4), attested from 1118 to 124018. Most typical paleographical features of this scribal style were the delta with a sharp loop, and a wide Umbda with the incrassation on the shank, resembling the Chicago­Karakhissar group of manuscripts. The fundamental study of the Reggio style is due to P. Canart and J. Leroy, who acknowledge, however, the difficulty to identify its local varieties within Southern Italy19. The small size, 230/232 χ 184/187, of our codex is typical of Reggio style manuscripts, and so is also its rather poor quality parchment with the common Italian defects such as the edges, oval holes, and incrassations. The lining system 9 (according to Leroy), used throughout the manuscript, was observed by P. Canart and J. Leroy in 30 out of 85 Reggio style manuscripts that they studied; 40 more were lined in system 1. These two systems were preferred by the scribes in Calabria and Sicily, regardless of the type of handwriting20. 18. P. CANART and J. LEROY, Les manuscrits en style de Reggio. Étude paléographique et codicologique, in J. GLÉNISSON, J. BOMPAIRE and J. IRIGOIN eds., La palιographie grecque et byzantine. Actes du colloque international (Paris, 21­25 octobre 1974), Paris 1977 (Colloques internationaux du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 559), p. 241­261; by way of contrast, LUCA, I normanni (cited η . 16), p. 13­14, considers the « Reggio style » (a term of which he disapproves) as the second stage (mid­twelfth to the fourteenth century) in the evolution of «Rossano» style (first stage ca 1050­1150). 19. CANART ­ LEROY, Les manuscrits en style de Reggio (cited η . 18), p. 241­261. 20. Ibid., p. 251. 380 MARINA A. KURYSHEVA The type of parchment lining is 20C1 throughout the text, with the exception of the first gathering of 4 folios whose lining is unrecognizable. Two columns of the table of contents carry the lining V00D2. Such lining types were not distinctive of, or prevailing in, the Reggio style manuscripts. The types of lining within this group were very diver­ sified, but their common feature was the high intensity of vertical lines, which confined the text (indices and D according to Leroy). The lead that was used for lining our manuscript, which left dark marks, is also characteristic of this group. The manuscript has 30 gatherings: 1,11 and 17 have 4 folios each; 19 has 9 folios, 22 has 6 folios, and 5 consists of 11 folios. The imposition of parchment sides in every gathering is regular. Clipped and fading traces of the original numbering of the gatherings can only be found in the right upper corner of the folios 182 (κ β / ) and 190 (κ γ / ), the first in their respective gatherings. Such disposition of "pagination" figures was common since Antiquity, including the Italian­Greek manuscripts of the twelfth century 21 . It was not typical, however, for the Reggio style manuscripts, and our codex maintains on this point the old Byzantine tradition. Counting back one discovers that the numbering was applied only from the third gathering. While the parchment of the first two gatherings is visibly the same as in the rest of the manuscript, they must have been compiled after it was completed. The second gathering (fol. 5­12) contains the table of contents (pynax). Then a collection of heterogeneous material (articles about the five patriarchates, a letter of the Antiochian patriarch to the archbishop of Venice, etc.) was added at the beginning to form a "prequel" of four folios. Both gathering belong to a South Italian hand of the late twelfth­early thirteen century, contemporary of the hand that copied the main text. The long carmine initials on fol. 13, 64, 88 (PI. 9, fig. 1, 2, 3) ­ initials style 1 according to Canart­Leroy ­ are common in the Reggio style manuscripts, which typically combine different styles of initials. The simple decorations fit in the Greek book tradition of South Italian monasteries. Headpieces appear on fol. 13 and 64, while the beginning of each article is marked with a four­pointed cross, brick­red, dark­blue or olive. The headlines were sometimes recovered with yellow paint, a simple decoration very popular in Southern Italy, though hardly peculiar to this region22. Numerous notes in Latin are dispersed throughout the codex. A South Italian hand of the late twelfth­early thirteenth century added notes on fol. 1­6 and corrected the table of contents on fol. 6 ­1 l r . The Greek title on fol. 149 was duplicated in Latin; in the text of 84 canons of the council of Carthage under Cyprian (255 AD), several bishops' names [N episcopus dixit] (fig. 5) were added in Latin in the margins (fol. 153­156, 159); finally, the Symbol of Faith appears in Latin on fol. 12v, without the Filioque (fig. 6) 23 .1 would 21. LEROY, Les manuscrits grecs d'Italie (cited η . 12), p. 65. 22. N . G. WILSON, Mediaeval Greek Bookhands: Examples Selected from Greek Manuscripts in Oxford libraries, 2 vol., Cambridge (Mass.) 1973 (Publication of the Mediaeval Academy of America, 81), I, p. 15 mentions three eleventh­twelfth­century manuscripts, from Morea, Constantinople and Edessa, using yellow in headpieces and titles. 23. The text was published by BENEŠEVIČ, Sinagoga (cited η . 2), p. 86. describe the latter as an illiterate translation of the Greek Symbol of Faith of Constantinople (381 AD), with added elements from Gelasian Sacramentory and Pauline of Aquilea24. This data would indicate that the codex was kept, in the late twelfth century, in a mixed Greek­Latin, possibly monastic milieu, in which the knowledge of Greek seems to be on decline. 24. H. DENZINGER and A. SCHÖNMETZER eds., Enchiridion symbolorum definitionum et declaraόonum de rebus fidei et morum, editio 36emendata, Freiburg im Breisgau 1973, part I: § 17­40, p. 66­67. Special thanks to Dr. A. Barmin for his kind assistance in studying ofthat material. Such are the results of our preliminary examination of two Greek nomocanons now in the State Historical Museum in Moscow. The analysis of their codicological features, handwriting and ornamentation, so typical of Southern Italy, allows us to attribute them to tenth­century Northern Calabria for the first and to late­twelfth­century Sicily for the second. Institute of General History Russian Academy of Sciences