Middle Ages

espanolEl presente trabajo esta dedicado al analisis de las tecnicas para el vidriado de la ceramica que aparecen documentadas en diversos tratados y recetarios de epoca medieval. Se trata de textos procedentes, en su mayor parte, de la Peninsula Italiana, que incluyen recetas dedicadas al vidriado de la ceramica al plomo y al estano, con particular referencia a la realizacion de la loza dorada. El estudio comenta los textos donde dichas recetas se insertan, las tecnicas de trabajo que mencionan y concluye con un apendice documental en el que se incluye la traduccion al castellano de las recetas estudiadas. EnglishThis work is dedicated to the analysis of techniques for glazing ceramics that are documented in some treatises and recipe books of medieval times. These are texts from, for the most part, the Italian Peninsula, including recipes dedicated to the glazed ceramic with lead and tin, with particular reference to the making of the so-called, golden ceramic. The study discusses the texts in which these recipes are inserted, the techniques of work mentioned and it concludes with an appendix which includes the translation into Castilian language of the prescriptions studied.

John Skelton is a central literary figure and the leading poet during the first thirty years of Tudor rule. Nevertheless, he remains challenging and even contradictory for modern audiences.

This book aims to provide an authoritative guide to this complex poet and his works, setting him in his historical, religious, and social contexts. Beginning with an exploration of his life and career, it goes on to cover all the major aspects of his poetry, from the literary traditions in which he wrote and the form of his compositions to the manuscript contexts and later reception. Contributors: Tom Betteridge, Julia Boffey, John Burrow, David Carlson, Helen Cooper, Elisabeth Dutton, A.S.G. Edwards, Jane Griffiths, Nadine Kuipers, Carol Meale, John Scattergood, Sebastian Sobecki, Greg Waite

The admittance of individuals into a chivalric order was an important tool of late medieval diplomacy which contributed significantly to the reinforcement of political and cultural ties between the order’s leader and admitted member and between their respective social circles. Therefore, this paper analyses the presence of such chivalric orders in medieval Bosnia, with special emphasis placed on the Aragonese Order of the Stole and Jar through the prism of an alliance concluded between King Alfonso V of Aragon (r. 1416-1458) and Stjepan Vukčić (r. 1435- 1466), the Grand Duke of Bosnia who later became the Duke of St. Sava. The most of the individuals admitted to this Order were diplomats who visited Alfonso’s court in Naples. However, the privileges granted to Duke Stjepan Vukčić in 1444 constitute an exceptional case. According to a preserved document, he was granted the right to accept fifty new members and provide them with the insignia of the Order. The paper further contains an analysis and transcription of the text as well as a photographic reproduction of an authorized copy of this charter.

Esta proposta de discussão é fruto do desenvolvimento das pesquisas originadas do Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, que objetivou analisar a construção do imaginário acerca da figura do Diabo na sociedade católica europeia no século XV. Dentre esta perspectiva, debruçou-se sobre o Malleus Maleficarum (1487), importante obra que serviu para instruir o processo de caça as bruxas, na passagem do século XV para o XVI, para a realização desta análise. Buscou-se orientar a interpretação de nosso objeto de pesquisa, o Diabo, sob a perspectiva complementar: o estudo do objeto enquanto imaginário . Nossa proposta concerniu em perceber como a intrínseca relação entre a cultura popular e a cultura erudita, colaboraram para que o Diabo e seus seguidores ocupassem o cenário principal no imaginário europeu, através desta amálgama de comportamentos e tradições.

The article describes the development of research of the deserted village settlement from the early Middle Ages to the 20th century. It mentiones the most important researched localities and the methods of non-destructive research. The article describes also the currect trends of research in the field of new documentation methods (lidar), use of environmental archeology and finally the research of villages deserted since 1945.

Preface; I. Introduction: I.1 Prelude "To Imitate the Bees"; I.2 Towards an Interpretation of Spolia: Delimitations and Methods; I.3 Reuse The Development of a New Architectural Practice; II. Translatio of Materials: II.1 Fragments and Fragmentation. The Disposition of Spolia in Church Buildings; II.2 Translations and Transferences: Christian Versions of Roman Architecture; II.3 The Aesthetics of Appropriation Eclecticism, Variety, and Antithetical Harmonies; III. Translatio of Meanings: III.1 Breaking Down the Past Rejections of Rationality; III.2 "Seeing the invisible" Towards a New Metaphorical Architecture; III.3 To "Strip Error Bare" The Rhetoric of Transformation; IV. Translatio of Time: IV.1 "Novelty in the Old and Age in the New". The Rhetoric of Renovation; IV.2 Recollecting the Past Spolia and Historical Consciousness; IV.3 Inventing the Past: Spolia and the Ideology of Classicism; Bibliography; List of Illustrations; Photo Credits; Index.

With the release of ‘Outlaw King’, the upcoming film ‘Robert the Bruce’ and the long shadow cast by ‘Braveheart’, the wars for Scottish independence of the fourteenth century are being re-fought in modern popular culture, just as they were later in the middle ages, according to Iain MacInnes.

The twelfth century was a period of significant development and change in the religious and secular world of Western Europe. One area of transition occurred in depictions of Christ’s crucifixion. In both writing and art, the triumphant living Christ of the early Middle ages, was transformed into the dying, suffering, and yet majestic savior of the twelfth century.  This essay examines images and written sources from the fourth to the twelfth centuries, and seeks to determine how the twelfth century renaissance and reformation—based on the discovery of the individual— influenced this evolution.

Kosmas von Prag über das Liebesleben von Mathilde von Tuszien und Welf V. is a paper I have written for an university seminar before. It contains a small research about Mathilda of Canossa and her much younger second husband Welf V. The source used in this paper is from Cosmas of Prague.
It might not be perfect, but since there isn't much info gathered about medieval "love", I thought it should be published. :-) The bibliography is linked.

A partir de l'étude du chapitre 38 de l'ouvrage du savant mecquois al-Fâsî (m. 1429), Shîfâ' al-gharâm bi-akhbâr al-balad al-harâm, consacré à l'histoire du hajj, cet article tente d'identifier les modes de représentation du pouvoir mecquois dans l'oeuvre d'al-Fâsî. Il suggère que le récit récurrent des fitnas qui déchirèrent la cité sainte au moment du pèlerinage était une manière de
mieux en neutraliser les effets et les traces, à un moment où s'affirmait un nouveau pouvoir local fort, autour du chérif Hasan b. 'Ajlân.

В сборнике рассматривается широкий круг актуальных проблем античной,
византийской и средневековой истории, археологии, историографии, а также
истории науки, музейного дела, развития исторической науки. Значительное
место занимают исследования разнообразных археологических памятников.
Сборник отражает современные тенденции развития антиковедения, византи-
нистики, исторической науки в целом.
Для историков, археологов, преподавателей и студентов гуманитарных
факультетов университетов, всех интересующихся историей и археологией.

17th century is the critical period for Ottoman Empire when great wars and major territory losses have taken place. My study focuses on the manuscript which is attributed to Tımışvarlı Osman Ağa as a result of his important role in Ottoman History and Literature with regard to his memoir of captivity which reflects its period.
The manuscript which is incomplete thematically and registered with no:220 at Süleymaniye Library, Hacı Ahmet Paşa Collection involves the years between AD 800-1662. The writing mentions Austria and German History until 1500s, and in the following years it mentions Ottoman-Austria relations in addition to German History. In this study the manuscript is transcribed into Latin alphabet, evaluated in terms of its content and source value -both its importance for Turkish History and credibility- and critically examined with its periods’ contemporary chronicles by comparing them.
Although it doesn’t give extensive knowledge, it sheds light on the first period German History and gives information about 17th Century Ottoman-Austria and Ottoman-German relations when major events occurred, which makes it a valued writing.
NOTE: For full access, please visit YÖK National Thesis Center.
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17. yüzyıl, Osmanlı Devleti için büyük savaşların ve önemli toprak kayıplarının vuku bulduğu kritik bir dönemdir. Bu dönemde yaşamış ve bu dönemi yansıtan bir esaretnameye sahip olması bakımından, Osmanlı tarihi ve edebiyatında önemli bir konuma sahip olan Tımışvarlı Osman Ağa’ya atfedilen yazma, araştırmamızın konusunu teşkil etmektedir. Süleymaniye Yazma Eserler Kütüphanesi, Hacı Ahmed Paşa koleksiyonu, nr. 220’de kayıtlı olan ve konu olarak tamamlanmamış eser, miladi 800-1662 yılları arasını kapsar. 1500’lü yıllara kadar Avusturya ve Alman Tarihi, sonraki kısmında ise Alman tarihine ek olarak Avusturya-Osmanlı ilişkilerine değinen eser, transkribe edilerek muhteva ve kaynak değeri yönünden değerlendirilmiş ve de dönemin çağdaş kronikleriyle mukayeseli karşılaştırılması yapılarak eleştirel yönden incelenmiştir.
Geniş bilgilere yer vermese de ilk dönem Almanya tarihini aydınlatması ve önemli gelişmelerin meydana geldiği 17. yüzyıl Osmanlı-Avusturya (Nemçe/Beç) ve Osmanlı-Almanya ilişkileri hakkında bilgi vermesi bakımından kıymetli bir eserdir.
NOT: Tam erişim için lütfen YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezini ziyaret ediniz.

В сборнике рассматривается широкий круг актуальных проблем античной,
византийской и средневековой истории, археологии, историографии, а также
истории науки, музейного дела, развития исторической науки. Значительное
место занимают исследования разнообразных археологических памятников
и публикации новых археологических находок. Сборник отражает современ-ные тенденции развития антиковедения, византинистики, исторической нау-ки в целом.
Для историков, археологов, преподавателей и студентов гуманитарных
факультетов университетов, всех интересующихся историей и археологией.

Trabzon İmparatorluğu’nun kuruluşu, IV. Haçlı Seferi ve 1204’te Konstantinopolis’te Latin İmparatorluğu’nun kuruluşuyla yakından ilgilidir. O dönemlerde Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun toprakları, bir kısmı Rum, bir kısmı da Frank olan birçok eyalete bölünmüştü; üç Rum eyaleti 1204’den sonra Yakındoğu tarihinde önemli bir rol oynama mukadderatına sahipti. Bu üç Rum merkezi, Konstantinopolis başkentliğinde Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun, yeniden kurulması fikrinin kaynağını oluşturmaktaydı ve onlerdan birisi bu çabayı başarılı bir biçimde gerçekleştirdi. Kendisini 1222’de Thessalonica (Saloniki) İmparatorluğu olarak deklare eden Epiros Despotluğu veya Prensliği, Balkanlardaki kısa süren geçici siyasî başarısından hemen sonra 1230’da Bulgar Kralı John Asen tarafından ve Konstantinopolis’i ele geçirmek için yaptığı iddialı planından vazgeçmeye zorlanmıştı. Böylece bu Prenslik bir daha yükselmemek üzere toprağa gömülmüştür(Bu Prenslik bir daha asla doğmamak üzere tarihe karışmıştır) Diğer iki Rum merkezi, Theodoros Laskaris tarafından yönetilen Nicaea [İznik] İmparatorluğu ve Aleksios Kommenos’un yönettiği Trabzon İmparatorluğu’ydu.

Bu çalışma, "Ardahan Kale ve Kuleleri" adlı kitabın bölümlerinden biridir. Bu kitap içi bölümde, Ardahan'ın Eskiçağ'dan Türk fetihlerine kadar tarihçesi üzerinde durulmuş ve şehrin isminin kökenine ilişkin bir başlığa yer verilmiştir.
  Son yıllarda yapılan bilimsel araştırmalarla birlikte Eskiçağ ve Ortaçağ arkeolojik vaziyetinin Transkafkasya (Güney Kafkasya) arkeolojisiyle
oldukça örtüştüğü anlaşılan Ardahan, Doğu Karadeniz ve Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Bölgeleri ile Transkafkasya’yı birleştiren stratejik bir coğrafi konuma sahiptir. Batıda Karadeniz sahil şeridinin son ili Artvin ile
komşu olan Ardahan’ın güneyinde Erzurum ve Kars illeri, kuzeydoğusunda Gürcistan ve doğusunda Ermenistan yer alır. Transkafkasya ülkelerinde, özellikle Tunç ve Demir Çağları kültürlerine ilişkin hatırı sayılır araştırma ve arkeolojik kazı yapılmışsa da bu bölgenin komşusu olan Kuzeydoğu Anadolu için aynı değerlendirmeyi ne yazık ki yapamamaktayız. Özellikle Ardahan ili, Anadolu coğrafyasında arkeolojik araştırmaların en az yürütüldüğü yerlerden biri olmuştur. Bu nedenle şehrin tarihi ve arkeolojik geçmişi üzerine toplanan veriler, akademik anlamda tatmin edici bir düzeye erişememiştir. Yine de inanıyoruz ki, 2008 yılında kurulan Ardahan Üniversitesinin bünyesinde gerçekleştirilmekte olan ve yakın gelecekte daha da kapsamlı bir şekilde sürdürülecek bilimsel çalışmalar, şehrin tarihi, sanat tarihi ve arkeolojik
dokusunu çok daha detaylı bir şekilde yansıtacaktır.

Analysis of two macroremains samples dating to the Iron Age/Roman period and wood remains (n=6) from the construction of a medieval well from a terp in the Netherlands. The wood working traces are discussed briefly.

Botanical macroremains from pits , including a pit with dung: Hordeum vulgare var. vulgare, Linum usitatissimum, Brassica rapa, Sambucus nigra/racemosa, ruderals, salt marsh taxa,  water plants.

Wood of Abies sp. and Fraxinus sp.

Les fouilles archeologiques menees en Norvege arctique au cours des quarante dernieres annees ont fourni une excellente base a la comprehension de l'interaction des hommes avec l' environnement pendant plusieurs milliers d'annees, ainsi qu'un apercu important des relations inter-culturelles complexes entre les populations norvegiennes et Sami. Les recherches dirigees par le Pr. Reidar Bertelsen, de l'Universite de Tromso, de 1975 a nos jours, ont permis de documenter l'evolution d'un centre proto-urbain date d'environ 1200 apres J.-C., le site de Vagan, pres du centre de peche industrielle moderne des iles Lofoten. Le centre a evolue en un carrefour important dans le commerce grandissant de la morue au Moyen Age, canalisant les ressources vers le sud de Bergen et vers le reseau commercial hanseatique. Ce site est capital pour comprendre la transformation d'une societe septentrionale maritime autonome en une zone peripherique du coeur de l'Euro...

Le monument mis au jour en 1976 dans la cour du palais de justice de Rouen est le plus important vestige archéologique de la présence juive médiévale sur le territoire de la France actuelle. C’est la « butte témoin » d’une présence millénaire que les expulsions médiévales vont presque réduire à néant. En effet, la France, dans un mouvement de rejet qui a touché la plupart des pays de l’Europe occidentale, a banni les juifs au Moyen Âge. Dans le domaine royal, ces expulsions seront le fait de Philippe Auguste en 1182, de Philippe le Bel en 1306 et de Charles VI en
1394. Échappent à ce processus quelques enclaves régionales comme le Comtat Venaissin (alors sous l’autorité du pape) et l’Alsace (rattachée à la France en 1648). En Angleterre, les juifs arrivés avec Guillaume le Conquérant sont expulsés en 1290 par Édouard Ier. En Espagne, la dernière des expulsions est concomitante de la prise de Grenade en 1492, qui clôt le processus de la Reconquista. Dans le comté de Provence, rattaché au royaume de France en 1487, l’expulsion a finalement lieu en 1501. Cette présence juive a laissé des traces innombrables dans la toponymie, mais aussi
dans les archives écrites, tant latines qu’hébraïques. Pour autant, comme fait de civilisation, le judaïsme serait presque oublié en France sans les découvertes régulières de vestiges archéologiques qui se sont multipliées depuis les années 1990 avec le développement de l’archéologie préventive.

When looking back on the spiritual experiences of women in the Middle Ages, often times we seek to understand the experiences through a pathological contextualization - ultimately assigning a diagnosis to explain their encounters. Women such as Joan of Arc and Hildegard of Bingen both experienced spiritual revelations where in which they appeared to have been communicating with a higher power through auditory, visual, and sensory incidences, which could easily be understood as hallucinations. However, while their experiences may fit into a diagnostic model and possibly the criteria for mental illness such as schizophrenia, it is important to understand and contextualize their experiences from a myriad of perspectives. Therefore, this paper examines the spiritual experiences of these women from psychological, spiritual, and cognitive directions, while exploring their unique and individual experiences. Additionally, their childhood experiences and idiosyncratic personal histories are explored as an illustrative framework for the way in which these women’s experiences occurred, emerged, and manifested.

The largely fictitious History written in twelfth-century England by Gregory of Monmouth is shown to reveal more about contemporary British mentality, culture and political ambition than the earlier period of history that the work attempts to report.

Until now unpublished book review on Tim de Ridder & Epko Bult (red.) 2014. 'Graven in Holland. De hoven van de Hollandse graven tot
het einde van de 13 e eeuw in vergelijkend perspectief '. In: Westerheem, het tijdschrift voor de Nederlandse archeologie, Special nr. 3, september 2014. ISSN 016 6 4301.

Christians, Jews and the Money. About the permanence of a prejudice and its roots (text in German).
Deconstruction of the myth of exclusive Jewish money lending because of the pretended prohibition of interest for Christians, as it is still conveyed by handbooks of history, in school and otherwise, as well as in the internet. Historic sources and serious scholarly research reveal the evidence that money lending all over the Middle Ages was an activity undertaken by Christians, too.

Nicholas of Hohenstein (1350-1420) - he studied in Vienna. From around 1370, he was in Gdańsk. Here, as the first chaplain, he founded Elendenhof (refuge for the poor). In 1390 he made a pilgrimage with Dorothea of Montau to Rome. After the transformation of Elendenhof in Elisabethhospital (St. Elizabeth's Hospital), Nicholas joined the Teutonic Order and became the first hospitalist. This is confirmed by the sources from 1416.

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7373-2227

Daniel Pachurka (Ruhr-University Bochum) edited, translated and commented the polemic treatise of the dominican Ricoldus de Monte Crucis (1243[?] - 1320). Though this theologian of the Middle Ages seems to have only an apologetic interest nevertheless there are important insights in the use of original references of Arabic texts in Latin translation: Qur'an and Hadith-literature. Christian prejudices are "verified" by citing relating suras and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad or commenting events of his life. Ricoldus uses apologetic structures to show that Islam is a false religion. These polemic structures have influenced the debates between Christianity and islam till today. Therefore this book has also present importance.

PORTUGUÊS – DESCRIÇÃO E OBJETIVOS
A Revista Mundo Antigo é uma publicação científica semestral sem fins lucrativos de História Antiga, Medieval e Arqueologia do Núcleo de Estudos em História Medieval, Antiga e Arqueologia Transdisciplinar (NEHMAAT) do curso de História da Universidade Federal Fluminense – Instituto de Ciência da Sociedade e Desenvolvimento Regional – ESR – Campos dos Goytacazes.
A Revista Mundo Antigo tem por objetivo:
• Promover o intercâmbio entre pesquisadores, professores e pós-graduandos do Brasil e do exterior.
• Disseminar pesquisas de professores e pós-graduandos do Brasil e do exterior.
• Permitir acesso ágil e fácil à produção acadêmica de modo a ser usada em pesquisas futuras por discentes e docentes.
• Estimular a produção de conhecimento sobre a História Antiga, História Medieval e Arqueologia Antiga.
• Divulgar publicações, eventos, cursos e sites, quando possível, de modo a contribuir com a pesquisa docente e discente.
• Estabelecer uma relação entre mundo antigo e mundo contemporâneo, quando possível, para uma melhor compreensão dos processos históricos.

Todos os direitos reservados aos autores.
Os artigos são de responsabilidade de seus autores.

ENGLISH – DESCRPITION AND OBJECTIVES
The Mundo Antigo Journal is an open journal (free of charge)  publication of Ancient History, Middle Ages and Archaeology  from  Núcleo de Estudos em História Medieval, Antiga e Arqueologia Transdisciplinar (NEHMAAT - Center for Studies in Middle Ages,  Ancient History and Interdisciplinary Archaeology) of undergraduate program in History, of University Federal Fluminense – Instituto de Ciência da Sociedade e Desenvolvimento Regional – ESR – Campos dos Goytacazes city (Rio de Janeiro – Brazil). 


The Mundo Antigo Journal aims to:
• To promote exchange between researchers, teachers and graduate students from Brazil and abroad.
• Disseminate research professors and graduate students from Brazil and abroad.
• Allow access faster and easier to scholar research in order to be used in future research by students and teachers.
• Stimulate the production of knowledge about Ancient History, Medieval History and Ancient Archaeology.
• Disseminate publications, events, courses and sites in order to contribute to the research staff and students.
• Establish a relationship between ancient and modern world, when possible, to a better understanding of historical processes.

All rights reserved to the authors.
The articles are the responsibility of their authors.

PORTUGUES - LINHA EDITORIAL E DE PESQUISA
Usos do Passado no Mundo Moderno e Contemporâneo.
Visa analisar a utilização ou apropriação de elementos do mundo antigo e medieval como forma de legitimidade cultural, social e das relações de poder no mundo moderno e contemporâneo.

Cultura, Economia, Sociedade e Relações de Poder na Antiguidade e na Idade Média.
Permite ampla possibilidade de pesquisa no que se refere à Antiguidade e a Idade Medieval. Com relação à Antiguidade pretende-se privilegiar culturas tais como: Egito, Grécia, Roma, Mesopotâmia, Pérsia e Índia em princípio.

Religião, Mito e Magia na Antiguidade e na Idade Média.
Permite ampla possibilidade de pesquisa sobre práticas mágico-religiosas e relações sociais e de poder.


Cultura, Religião e Sociedade na África Antiga e Medieval.
Visa analisar sociedades africanas complexas e a ocupação de certas regiões da África pelas civilizações do Mediterrâneo tomando por base as contribuições européias, norte-americanas e sul-americanas, bem como as contribuições de pesquisadores africanistas.

ENGLISH - LINE EDITORIAL AND RESEARCH
Uses of the Past in Modern and Contemporary World.
Aims to analyze the use and appropriation of elements of ancient and Middle Ages to promote cultural and social legitimacy in the modern and contemporary world.

Culture, Economy, Society and Power Relations in Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Allows ample opportunity to study with regard to the antiquity and Middle Ages. Regarding the antiquity intended to focus on cultures such as Egypt, Greece, Rome, Mesopotamia, Persia and India in principle.

Religion, Myth and Magic in Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Allows ample opportunity to research magic-religious practices, and social  relation of power.
Culture, Religion and Society in Ancient Africa and African Middle Ages.
Aims to analyze African societies and the occupation of Africa (certain areas by Mediterranean societies) based upon Europe, North America and South America contributions as well as the African researchers.
Prof. Dr. Julio Cesar Mendonça Gralha (UFF-ESR)
(Editor)

A period in history which the Renaissance scholars pejoratively called the «Middle Ages» was marked by the emergence of Europe— the rise and development of the Western civilisation. The centuries from the fourth to the fifteenth proved essential for the moulding of today's Europe, but equally so for Croatia, as they witnessed the adoption of specific cultural values and the concentration of extraordinary creative and intellectual energy. The Middle Ages represent the foundations of the processes that followed, their proper understanding being possible only by tracing them to their medieval roots. It was then that Europe acquired its main features: the unity that was effectuated through the Christianity and culture, the opulence of differences, the schism between the East and West, deep-seated contrasts between the North and South, growth of institutions and diverse government bodies, technological and scientific advances, the value of labour and the rise of productivity, affirmation of the new.
The medieval period, however, is often erroneously described as 'dark', 'spiritually and materially backward', 'barbarian', 'a period of obscurantism and persecution', etc. On the other hand, there exists just as distorted romantic perception of the Middle Age as a period of idealism epitomised by chivalry, 'courtly love', monastic mysticism and asceticism, along with most refined human virtues. Apart from the bipolar view, some historians tend to refer to this thousand-year time span as a period of immobility. The truth lies elsewhere: it was a period of profound changes and reforms. The Middle Ages are characterised by a complexity and diversity of facets and meanings. Moreover, this period is defined through a coexistence of different identities, features and phenomena that together create a medieval world. It is more than an interesting, exotic, if obsolete, world of the past—it is a living legacy. The surviving architectural achievements, artefacts and other material remains of the Middle Ages represent the core of European identity. Equally inherent in our today's life and world is its invisible spiritual legacy

Resumo: No Monologion, publicado em 1077, temos a primeira demonstração anselmiana da existência de Deus. Esta é desenvolvida nos capítulos I-IV. Santo Anselmo constitui então um conjunto de provas a partir de três caminhos diferentes: a) a perfeição verificada nos diferentes seres, b) a perfeição que eles, em graus diversos, possuem em comum e que é o ser; c) os graus de perfeição que as coisas possuem. Elas correspondem as chamadas provas anselmianas cosmológicas ou a posteriori da existência de Deus, pois Santo Anselmo procura então demonstrar que se partindo do mundo (efeitos) pode se chegar a Deus (causa). Palavras-chave: Santo Anselmo, Monologion, Demonstração da existência de Deus. Santo Anselmo e a Disputa entre Dialéticos e Antidialéticos no Século XI É preciso situar historicamente a personagem filosófica de Santo Anselmo, para que possamos compreender o sentido de sua obra e, inclusive, entender sua proposta de demonstração da existência de Deus. Isto, naturalmente, implica em compreendê-lo a partir das preocupações filosóficas de seu tempo. Muito especialmente devemos entender o seu posicionamento na querela dita entre os dialéticos e os antidialéticos. Foi durante os dez anos de seu priorado em Bec (1063-1073) que Anselmo desenvolveu sua atividade filosófica mais intensa, compondo suas obras principais, incluso o Monologion. Santo Anselmo tomou então atitude na questão das relações entre a razão e a fé e, assim, imiscuiu-se na querela dita entre os dialéticos e antidialéticos. Com efeito, como estudam Philoteus Boehner e Etienne Gilson (1991, pp. 249 e 250), o duelo entre dialéticos e antidialéticos marca uma escolástica ainda insipiente, caracteriza-se por uma disputa transformada num "mero brinquedo", porém perigoso. Perigo, aliás, de proporções tanto mais alarmantes quanto mais lhes faltava uma distinção clara entre fé e razão e uma noção nítida de suas relações mútuas. Tal fato explica a existência simultânea de, por um lado, um racionalismo rígido e, por outro, um fideísmo simplista. Tal dialética, assim constituída, revelou-se totalmente estéril. A reação, que não fez-se esperar, como era natural, caiu no extremo oposto, condenando radicalmente toda a Dialética. Desta maneira, por algum tempo, dialéticos e antidialéticos defrontaram-se numa luta improfícua, de fato até que Santo Anselmo primeiro, e depois Abelardo, viessem a obter sínteses mais ou menos satisfatórias.

En 2011, avec le volume À la recherche du temps sacré, J. Le Goff essaya d’expliquer la perception médiévale du temps en s’appuyant sur un des « best-sellers » du Moyen Âge occidental, La légende dorée de Jacques de Voragine : au-delà de ses apparents traits de légendier, en effet, l’historien en fit une véritable somme sur le temps humain, sacralisé grâce à la fusion des dimensions du temporal, du sanctoral et de la perspective eschatologique.
Suite à la lecture de cette œuvre, notre communication propose de lire en utilisant la même approche que celle de Le Goff le Synaxaire de Constantinople, considéré comme un simple recueil hagiographique, une encyclopédie de la sainteté byzantine. Le tableau qui en sortira mettra en valeur le rôle de ce livre liturgique dans la définition du rapport entre le Temps et l’Homme à Byzance. Dans cette perspective, une reconsidération des entrées consacrées aux empereurs byzantins sera également possible.

The authors publish the findings of the digs on Mellya-Tamak VI temporary settlement belonging to the Chiyalik archaeological culture – one of the most comprehensively studied settlements in this complex of sites. Besides proper Chiyalik materials, some artefacts of Mesolithic-Neolithic, Early Iron Age (Pyany Bor culture) and Early Middle Ages (Kushnarenkovo culture) have been identified here. The Chiyalik stage is represented by debris of a summer camp, with its surface structures, hearths, stones from wall cladding and household pits. The life time of the Chiyalik settlement on the Mellya-Tamak dune can be dated within the thirteenth-fourteenth centuries, as suggested by the authors based on some finds of glass beads with overlaid linear-undulate paste threads and the ceramic complex. As a result of years of research, the authors conclude that the Chiyalik sites were left by the Uralic Ugrians, who were part of the Golden Horde population and were undergoing the process of Islamization and Turkization.

Публикуются результаты раскопок Меллятамакского VI селища чияликской археологической культуры, одного из наиболее полно исследованных поселений этого круга памятников. Кроме собственно чияликских материалов, здесь выявлены артефакты эпохи мезолита-неолита, раннего железного века (пьяноборская культура) и раннего средневековья (кушнаренковская культура). Чияликский этап представлен остатками поселения-летника, к которому относятся наземные сооружения, очаги, камни обкладки стен и хозяйственные ямы. Время существования чияликского поселения на Мелля-Тамакской дюне по находкам стеклянных бус с орнаментом в виде накладных линейно-волнистых пастовых нитей и керамическому комплексу определено авторами в рамках XIII–XIV вв. По результатам многолетних исследований можно заключить, что памятники чияликской культуры оставлены уральскими уграми, входящими в состав населения Золотой Орды и находящимися в этот период в процессе исламизации и тюркизации.