Risk society

Socially engaged art since the 1990s has become a global trend. The practices of socially engaged arts, while creating new kinds of arts and opening up the entire institutional domain of the art world, are inseparable from the practices of museums that undertake significant changes. In this essay, I theorize the concept of “socially engaged art museum” - a practice that unveils art as an aesthetic force for rendering everyday life performative or playful - to examine both socially engaged arts and museums under what the philosopher Jacques Rancière calls “aesthetic regime of art” (2009). Comparing with the current scholarship that mostly examines European and American examples, I examine cases from Chinese contemporary art. Specifically, I discuss artistic practices of the Yangdeng Art Collective in Southwestern China. My argument is that a socially engaged art museum - qualitatively different from a conventional art museum that engages social life through its curated collections and exhibitions - is both a context-specific artwork of aesthetic experience and a technology of the individualized self in contemporary risk society. Not only does this study question the common scholarly view of socially engaged arts as “post-autonomous” or “anti-aesthetic,” but it also advances a notion of sociality that accounts for the complexity of everyday life.

The paper deals with the increasing phenomenon of sexual harassment
in the academic environment, according to the figures of The Guardian
investigation concerning sexual misconduct in UK Universities. In particular, Cambridge University recorded the highest number of incidents, after introducing a new reporting system. Thanks to its communicative impact, The Guardian investigation allows a further analysis into the reasons why universities failed to tackle sexual misconduct and did not succeed in enacting reforms to support and protect victims. This could be one of the most significant aspects
of post-modern universities, partly enhanced by the perception of danger, both psychological and physical. Thanks to The Guardian’s investigation, and media emphasis on those figures, it is possible to interpret universities as places of risk in an era marked both by connected knowledge and relationships and by mass slaughters and the collective risks sometimes stemming from the involvement in research activities in unsafe countries. Sexual harassment in universities –
perpetrated especially by students, as The Guardian inquiry emphasizes – sheds a light on the silent but painfully awkward situation of victims, usually unable to denounce the misconduct perpetrated by both students and staff.

This study aimed to demonstrate how South Korean news media routinized and sensationalized the face mask amid two recent public health crises: the fine-dust crisis and the COVID-19 epidemic. News media appropriated the mythologized meaning of the face mask as a symbol of individual safety during the two crises. This study analyses news articles to answer three questions: (1) How was wearing the face mask mythologized as a routinized practice in days of uncertain risk? (2) How was the face mask politicized as a mythologized sign indicating China as an external threat? and (3) How was the face mask politicized as a symbolic code of the government's responsibility for the crisis? Once signified as the primary means of individual protection in the context of Korean risk society, the face mask became politicized amid the shortage of the face mask. Placed in the context of the recent disastrous crises in Korea, China was identified as the culprit not only in the epidemic but also in the shortage of the face mask. The meaning of China as KEYWORDS COVID-19 face mask Korean news media risk society Sino-Korea relations news and myth

Ulrich Beck tarafından ilk olarak kavramsallaştırılan ‘risk toplumu’, modern toplumun içinden geçmekte olduğu dönüşüm sürecini analiz eden teorik bir yaklaşımdır ve özünde bir modernlik eleştirisidir. Modernliği ve modernliğin beraberinde getirdiği çevresel, ekonomik ve güvenliğe ilişkin riskleri konu alan risk toplumu tezi, Batı toplumlarının modernleşme sürecinin bazı ‘beklenmeyen yan etkilere’ (unintended side effects) sebep olduğunu iddia etmekte ve modern sanayi toplumunun rasyonel mantığının modern insanı gerek ekonomik gerek siyasi gerekse çevresel alandaki farklı riskler üzerinde daha fazla düşünmeye ittiğini öne sürmektedir. Modernliğin en önemli amaçları arasında yer alan kontrol ve denetimin bir anlamda iflas etmesine neden olan bu riskler, çevresel, ekonomik ve siyasi alanda bir anda ortaya çıkan risklerin doğru yönetilememesi nedeniyle güvensizliğin, kontrolsüzlüğün ve denetimsizliğin modern toplum için adeta bir norm haline gelmesini, adeta üretilmesini de beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu normun ötesine geçebilmek ve ‘modernliğin modernleşmesini’ sağlamak için ilk adım ise modern sistemin kontrol ve denetimiyle ilgili bireysel, toplumsal, ulusal ve uluslararası seviyedeki tüm aktör ve kurumların gerçek bir özeleştiri yapması ve modern gelişim dinamiklerinin ‘sorun’ üreten yapısıyla ilgili farkındalığın arttırılmasıyla atılmış olacaktır.

Op 1 januari 2015 overleed onverwacht de 70-jarige Ulrich Beck, een van de toonaangevende hedendaagse sociologen, van wie de basisboeken in meer dan 30 talen beschikbaar zijn. Toch bleef hij in Vlaanderen minder gekend en minder geliefd. Oorspronkelijk speelde daarbij misschien een taalbarrière, maar het gaat vooral om een andere sociologische traditie. Beck ontwikkelde met zijn analyse van onze mondiale risicomaatschappij een hedendaagse moderniseringstheorie, die als metakader minder aansluiting vond bij de meer empirische traditie van de Vlaamse sociologie.
Beck was een socioloog van de tijdsgeest. Rudi Laermans (2015) noemde Beck “een breeddenker die lopende evoluties graag uitvergrootte en geregeld stelling nam in het publieke debat. Een modale academicus was hij bepaald niet, daarvoor dacht hij te zeer voorbij de ingeburgerde consensus, zonder dekking door een sluitende theorie of
een batterij aan feiten. Op zijn werk valt dan ook veel af te dingen, maar tegelijk is het een toonbeeld van sociologische verbeeldingskracht. Beck was het soort sociale wetenschapper waarvan we er altijd te weinig zullen hebben”.
In dit artikel geven we een aanzet tot analyse van het oeuvre van Ulrich Beck en schetsen we de hoofdthema’s en de ontwikkeling in zijn denken en thematieken.

In my encounters in the field, I realized that the mono-disciplinary (Economics) solution for current problems of Vietnamese coffee industry seems not work well. Then understanding of history becomes the key to valuate and work out an exit for the region, as the leading Vietnamese economic historian Dang Phong  has found in his discussion of economic transformation in Vietnam.
The local knowledge accumulated in the period of the successful export of Vietnamese coffee in 1990s seems to be in question since we are now in the “risk society” (Beck 1986, 1992) which means risk distribution is not limited in any separate nations or industries but all people through globally financial institutions and international relations. The implication of globalization also changes society lives, the interaction and communication process. In this situation, we may be confident in “abstract systems” like the effectiveness of banking systems (Giddens 2006) or of the network of coffee agents in the Central Highlands of Vietnam.
In the current condition, the “advanced” Brazilian model providing credit and managing price risk is considered to be a valuable source of inspiration in making policy for Vietnamese coffee industry. To successful implement the self-sustaining model, it requires all the stakeholders, especially the State, believe in implementing with 100% of conviction and participation (“social capital”) (Putnam 1993).

The famous German sociologist Ulrich Beck's main argument as outlined in his groundbreaking Risk Society (1986) is that modern society as we know it has actually been increasingly structured around and being affected by new qualities of risk that haven't existed before. Modern society has become a risk society in the sense that it is increasingly occupied with debating, preventing and managing risks that it itself has produced (Beck, 2006, p. 332). Drawing on Beck's observations, I argue that Hari Kunzru's novel Transmission (2004) is one such contemporary novel that examines some implications of living in a global risk society where we face the unintended consequences of hyper complexity and integration. Transmission revolves around the main character Arjun Mehta, an Indian computer programmer who leaves his native country behind to realize his "Amrican" [sic] dream in the so-called land of golden opportunities. Unsettled by a profound experience of uncertainty and insecurity as he shifts between local and global positions, Arjun gradually understands that he is considered to be little more than cheap and disposable foreign labor. When he is eventually made redundant by his employer due to economic downturn, Arjun panics and suffers a nervous breakdown as he cannot even bear the thought of going back to India as a failure. Once he realizes that he will not be getting his job back, he creates a highly effective virus that causes the near-global collapse of networked computers. Ultimately, Transmission shows that increasing connectivity has rendered our system fragile mainly because we seem to lack the capacity to manage the growing complexities of a rapidly evolving global system. Öz Ünlü Alman sosyolog Ulrich Beck çığır açan kitabı Risk Toplumu'nda (1986) bildiğimiz anlamda modern toplumun giderek artan bir biçimde daha önce varolmayan yeni risk türleri etrafında yapılandığını ve şekillendiğini öne sürer (Beck, 2006, p. 332). Kendi ürettiği riskleri giderek daha fazla münazara eden, önlemeye ve yönetmeye çalışan modern toplum bir risk toplumuna dönüşmüştür. Bu makalede, Beck'in gözlemlerinden yola çıkarak, Hari Kunzru'nun 2004 yılında yayınlanan kitabı Aktarım'ın hiper-karmaşıklık ve entegrasyondan kaynaklanan beklenmedik küresel riskleri nasıl ele aldığı incelenecektir. Roman, ülkesi Hindistan'ı terk ederek altın fırsatlar diyarında "Amerikn" [sic] hayalini gerçekleştirmek üzere yola çıkan bilgisayar programcısı Arjun Mehta'nın hikayesini anlatır. Bölgesel ve küresel konumlar arasında yer değiştirirken yaşadığı şiddetli belirsizlik ve güvensizlik sonucu dengesi bozulan Arjun, gitgide ucuz ve harcanabilir yabancı iş gücü olarak algılandığının farkına varır. Çalıştığı şirketin yaşadığı ekonomik sıkıntılar sonucunda işten çıkartılınca, Hindistan'a başarısız biri olarak dönme korkusunun yaşattığı panikle psikolojik bir çöküş yaşar. İşini geri alamayacağını öğrendiğinde ise, nerdeyse bütün dünyanın bilgisayar ağını çökerten çok etkili bir virüs geliştirir. Sonuç olarak, Aktarım romanı çok hızlı bir şekilde evrilen küresel sistemin giderek artan karmaşıklığını yönetecek kapasitemiz olmadığı için, artan bağlantısallığın sistemimizi nasıl kırılgan bir hale geldiğini ortaya koyar.

Modernite kavramı her zaman için sosyolojik tartışmaların merkezinde yer almıştır. Bunun başlıca sebebi, sosyoloji disiplininin modern çağ içerisinde ortaya çıkmış olması ve modern toplumu incelemesidir. En basit ifadesiyle geleneksel olandan bir kopuşa işaret eden modern sözcüğünden türetilen modernite, kimi düşünürlere göre son bulmuş ve yerini post-modern döneme bırakmıştır. Buna katılmayan geç modernite kuramcıları ise moderniteden bir kopuştan çok, bir değişim ve dönüşüm sürecine odaklanılması gerektiğini savunmuşlardır. Bir geç modernist olan Ulrich Beck, ikinci modernite kavramını ortaya atmış ve bu dönemin risk kavramıyla tanımlanması gerektiğini iddia etmiştir. Diğer bir geç modernist olan Anthony Giddens ise risk olgusunu modernitenin tek sonucu olarak değil, birden fazla sonuçtan bir tanesi olarak değerlendirmiş ve risk toplumu kavramı bu iki düşünürün argümanları doğrultusunda şekillenmiştir. Mevcut çalışmada, dijital çağın Beck ve Giddens’ın risk toplumuyla ilgili iddialarına uygun bir görünüm sergilediği düşüncesinden hareket edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, dijital çağın önemli dönüştürücülerinden biri olan sosyal medya platformları, bilginin güvenliği ve gizliliği ilkesi bağlamında bir risk olarak kuramsal bir tartışma ekseninde ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, risk toplumu kavramsallaştırmasına uygun olarak teknolojik gelişmelerin risk olgusuyla bağlantısının artan bir şekilde devam ettiği ve bunlarla baş edebilmek adına bireysel önlemlerin alınması gerektiği anlaşılmıştır.

El nuevo milenio revitaliza las tesis de Ulrich Beck (2008) y su sociedad del riesgo a través de dos grandes acontecimientos
que golpean a Estados Unidos en el arranque del siglo XXI: los atentados del 11 de Septiembre —y
sus consecuencias— y la Gran Recesión. Precisamente en este ambiente de incertidumbre se desarrolla uno de
los momentos de mayor esplendor para las producciones dramáticas estadounidenses conocida como la Tercera
Edad Dorada de la televisión. Este doble contexto es el punto de partida de la presente investigación que se centra
en el papel de la ficción en la reproducción de la sensación de miedo. Así pues, el estudio se centra en Breaking Bad
(AMC, 2008-2013), uno de los grandes éxitos de esta época de calidad e innovación.
De esta forma, y haciendo uso del análisis de contenido cualitativo, se estudia la influencia de la sociedad del
riesgo a partir del impacto del miedo en la trama, prestando especial atención a la construcción del personaje
principal y su consecuente evolución hacia el antiheroísmo. Una investigación que revela la importancia de la
ficción a la hora de explicar y reproducir el presente ambiente de incertidumbre.
Abstract
In the new millennium, the thesis of Ulrich Beck (2008) focused on the Risk Society are continuously revitalized, not
only by the 9/11 attacks and its consequences but by the economic crisis that starts seven years later in the USA. An
environment strongly influenced by the uncertainty, where the so-called Third Golden Age of American Television also
takes place. It is just that the bottom of this research that questions the role of fiction in reproducing the sensation
of fear. For such purpose, the case study is Breaking Bad (AMC, 2008-2013). A television series which is born between
these two historic moments that impacts in its plot and in its sub-genres.
In this way, the Qualitative Content Analysis allows to analyze the influence of the Risk Society on the impact of
the fear in this plot, specifically the anti-heroism. A research that shows that fiction is fundamental for a better understanding
of the environment of uncertainty nowadays.

The chapter focuses on the ways in which Hollywood films have represented the material and emotional dimensions of nuclear risk and on how these representations engage viewers. James Bridges’s The China Syndrome and Mike Nichols’s Silkwood both frame their representation of risk as suspense-driven political thrillers and in both cases the fictional drama is heightened by the films’ relationships to real-world risks and events. While the invisibility of radiation raises representational problems, both films use their viewers’ preexisting risk perceptions to engage them in plotlines that are driven by the anticipation of catastrophes rather than by the catastrophes themselves. By telling melodramatic stories about courageous individuals who struggle to uncover the truth about nuclear risk, argues Weik von Mossner, the films not only illustrate Ulrich Beck’s claim that the determination of risk is a form of ethics; they also demonstrate that emotional processes such as fear are vital components of ethical decision making in the face of unpredictable material agencies and the environmental risks they pose.

What are the implications of how we talk about human extinction?

A new philosophical field has emerged. “Existential risk” studies any real or hypothetical human extinction event in the future. This movement examines catastrophes ranging from runaway global warming to nuclear warfare to malevolent artificial intelligence, deploying a curious mix of utilitarian ethics, statistical risk analysis, and, controversially, a transhuman advocacy that would aim to supersede almost all extinction scenarios. The proponents of existential risk thinking, led by Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom, have seen their work gain immense popularity. They have attracted endorsement from Bill Gates and Elon Musk, millions of dollars, and millions of views.

'Calamity Theory' is the first book to examine the rise of this thinking. In a time of pandemics, global heating, and the proliferation of new super-technologies that put the whole planet at risk, we must all become existentially conscious. But Schuster and Woods’s three critiques of existential risk address the field’s failures to acknowledge how some communities and lifeways are more at risk than others. They ask what such omissions imply about the role of human extinction in political and scientific worldviews, while suggesting alternatives grounded in critical theory and ecological thought.

https://manifold.umn.edu/projects/calamity-theory

Yeni Tip Koronavirüs'ün (Covid-19) ilk görülmesi Kasım-Aralık
2019 olmasına rağmen, Türkiye’de salgının ilk defa görülmesi 11
Mart 2020 gününe denk gelmektedir. Covid-19 aynı gün Dünya
Sağlık Örgütü tarafından Pandemi olarak ilan edilmiş ve küresel
ölçekte bir salgınla karşı karşıya kalındığı gerçeğini tescillemiştir.
Bu vaka literatürde yeni kavramların ortaya çıkmasına yol
açmış, çok yönlü değerlendirmeyi hak edecek şekilde toplumları
ve ülkeleri etkilemiştir. Tabii ki, birçok makaleye ve araştırmaya
konu olmuş ve olmaya devam edecektir. Bu süreçte bireylerin
kavram hazinelerine çokça duyduğumuz virüs, yayılma, epidemi,
pandemi, sosyal mesafe, yeni normal, filyasyon, karantina vb. yeni
kavramlar eklenmiştir. Bu kavramlar artık çokça aşina olduğumuz
ve gündelik hayatta su, ekmek, bu, şu vb sıradan kavramlar haline
gelmiştir.
Dünya genelinde yaşananlar, bu olgunun sağlık sosyolojisi
açısından küresel ölçekte değerlendirmeyi zorunluluğunu
göstermektedir. Bu metinde pandemi olgusunun bireyler ve
toplumlar üzerine olan etkileri şu sosyolojik kavramlar eşliğinde
açıklanmaya çalışılmıştr: Küreselleşme, rutin, rol gerilimi, bozuk
işlev, toplumsal dayanışma, sağlık diplomasisi, sağlık turizmi,
sağlık güvenliği/sağlık istihbaratı, bioterorizm. Pandemi sürecinde bir kere dah a gördük ki ulus devletlerin
birçoğu küreselleşme ajanlarına karşı yeterli tepkiyi verememiştir.
Küreselleştirici argümanlar hemen her zaman gelişmekte olan
ulus devletlerin bir adım önünde olmuş, ulusaşırı şirketlerin
taleplerine cevap veren ülkeler konumunda kalmışlardır. Güçlü
ulus devlet, sağlık politikalarını yürütme anlamında hem kendi
sağlık güvenliğini sağlayan hem de sağlık diplomasisini etkin bir
şekilde kullanan devlettir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sağlık sosyolojisi, Covid-19, Risk toplumu,
Türkiye, Sağlık diplomasisi.

Insecurity affects social imaginaries by tending to delimit their internal complexity and by valorising an exclusivist mode of being and relating organised in terms of the friend-enemy distinction. As the friend-enemy distinction installs itself more thoroughly into the discourse and practices of everyday life, and becomes the hegemonic categorisation through which proper and improper forms of identity, power and violence are enacted, thought and evaluated, the scope for difference and for the creative resolution of conflict is ever narrowed. This condition - a typical product of insecurity – soon feeds upon its own effects, tending to more deeply entrench its prescribed modes of identity, power and violence as the sole, proper reality principle. In turn, this raises the issue of how opposition to such an exclusivist imaginary might take political form.

Cloud Computing (CC) as an emerging domain of technological paradigm is on the horizon following the availability of high capacity network, less expensive computers and scalable storage devices, hardware virtualization, and service oriented architectural frameworks. Based on distributed processing, parallel computing and grid computing, CC has become very popular as a source of shared resources and services on internet. It has added more strength to what has been conceptualized recently by Beck and many others as Risk Society (RS) in the modern post-industrial society. The main objectives of the present paper are primarily to focus on the issues and problems of CC and, by doing so, to relate it to RS.

This study examines the rhetorical features of psychiatric nosological controversy.  The locus of inquiry is the recent controversial revision of the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, now in its fifth edition (DSM-5).  The dissertation seeks to answer the following research question: When the field of psychiatry assembles to revise itself, how do previous rhetorical arrangements organize into new vectors, evolve, and cluster together into what becomes a new network consensus (or quasi-consensus)? 
This dissertation contributes to debates in the social study of science and the rhetoric of inquiry about the development and evolution of scientific fields.  It contends that as psychiatric knowledge advances, discursive forms embodying old institutional logics and theoretical paradigms leave residues that retain their suasive character.  These sedimented rhetorical residues play a significant role in many of the developments and impasses in the controversies surrounding DSM-5.  Our contemporary concepts of psychosis are the result of the projection of tensions between discrete and continuous terminologies, ontological and functional interpretations of health and sickness, and psychodynamic and neurobiological descriptions of the mind into the temporal dimension.  This study argues that the inability of psychiatry to resolve a set of internal dilemmas combined with its temporizing can be understood in contemporary terms as a politics of the supplement.
Several major DSM-5 debates are analyzed, with special focus on the controversy over psychosis risk.  Chapter 1 introduces the direct and indirect contexts of DSM-5.  Chapter 2 works out a theoretical toolkit and a model of polytechtonic rhetoric capable of appreciating the historical dynamics of interfield and public controversy.  Chapter 3 examines the rhetorical history of 'psychosis,' which requires a larger rhetorical history of psychiatric nosology.  This includes an account of the humoral model of pathology, which remains present in contemporary medical rhetoric.  Chapter 4 examines the rhetorical history of risk and the evolution of research on early interventions for psychosis to contextualize the contemporary controversy over psychosis risk syndrome.  Chapter 5 concludes the study by discussing the implications of these different lines of inquiry for an understanding of the rhetoric of psychiatry in our contemporary late modern epoch.  It argues for a reading of DSM-5 in terms of the 'politics of the supplement,' a field of contestation concerning the risks and benefits of the new technologies of the self with which we (re-)define our human nature.

Word count (excluding front matter, footnotes, and references): 109,251.

This study seeks to investigate the work titled "Do The Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?" a cult science fiction work written by Philip K. Dick in 1968, in terms of Ulrich Beck's "Risk Society" theory. Although the overall aim is to analyse the work based on the relevant theory, another aim of the study is to interpret and evaluate the elements that have the characteristics of "Dystopia", the events and concepts in this context. In the study, the events and phenomena caused by the global disasters that occurred in the Postmodern era during the post third Terminus World War were discussed within the scope of Risk Society theory along with examination of the damages caused by the risks that emerged after the mentioned war in the natural environment, fears, uneasiness and future concerns reflected in the social sphere. The dystopian characteristics of the work and whether the author's imagination and fiction is an expected fiction in the future were examined. The findings were interpreted sociologically, and the elements reflected in the science-fiction genre were evaluated in terms of dystopian fiction and literature. This study includes comparative analyzes of the findings in terms of dystopian fiction and Ulrich Beck's Risk Society theory.

OPSEC (Operations Security) model was developed during the Vietnam War era as a part of military strategies to protect critical information, analyzing vulnerabilities and threats, assessing risks and applying proper countermeasures. 5 steps OPSEC model have been functional for US Army's operational security and used by other NATO members as well. When threats have spread widely in 21 st Century OPSEC began to be used and applied in a more general context of security world. Today even in cyber security this model serves practically for protection of critical data and information. In this paper we are going to proceed in two levels: on the one hand we will explain the OPSEC principles , steps and conceptual aspects through the main sources of this field; on the other hand we will discuss applications of the model in real world (military, politics, industry, etc.) via some explanatory examples and its potential usages for securing modern life and societies. Our approach will be based on an interdisciplinary view with references to sociology, security studies and management.

The apolitical terrorism performed by fashion supermodels in Bret Easton Ellis’s novel Glamorama (1998) negotiates the epistemological and physical insecurities of a globalized world, and explores the hidden links between the systemic violence of a hyperreal empire of consumer culture and spectacular acts of symbolic, terrorist violence. As embodiments of the “society of spectacle,” the models’ bodies represent the locus where systemic and symbolic violence converge and where the belief system of politics is replaced by the market technologies of biopolitics. Constantly shifting between different levels of fictionality, Glamorama portrays the terrorist as a self that has become its own mediatized, violent Other in the self-destructive, total space of capitalism. Linking this logic to the writings of Jürgen Habermas, Slavoj Žižek, Jacques Derrida, Jean Baudrillard, and Guy Debord, I argue that Glamorama paradoxically locates the terror of the Other deep in our own cultural scripts of a global risk society.

2019 yılının sonundan bugüne Covid-19 salgını küresel düzeyde toplumsal hayatı derinden etkilemiştir. Salgının ilk zamanlarında pek çok ülkede sokağa çıkma yasaklarına gidilmiş ve toplumsal kapanmalar yaşanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, koronavirüs pandemesinde ortaya çıkan toplumsal durumun bazı boyutları ‘risk toplumu’ çerçevesinde ele alınmaktadır. Makalenin temel ekseni bireysel, kurumsal ve kolektif toplumsal temsiller düzeylerindeki hem kapanma hem açılma biçimlerinin diyalektik biçimidir. Bireysel, kurumsal ve kolektif temsiller bazında kapanma boyutlarına dikkat çekilmiş ve bu kapanmaların aynı zamanda yeni bir biçimde sosyal açılmayı da içinde barındırdığına vurgu yapılmıştır. Evlere kapanma süreci eşzamanlı olarak bireylerin yeni sosyalleşmelerinin de önünü açmıştır. Teknoloji insanın dışa dönük açılmasının önemli araçlarından biri olmuştur. Belirsizlik ve riskli ikliminde ortaya çıkan endişeli ruh hallerine karşı endişe dayanışmaları inşa edilmiştir. Gelinen aşamada risk toplumu daha fazla derinlik kazanmış ve yaygın bir hale bürünmüştür. Risk duyarlılığı korkuyu arttırmış, korku ise mesafeli de olsa geçici kolektifler meydana getirmiştir. Keza geçmişi hatırlama gibi birtakım eşzamanlı kolektif hareketler ortaya çıkmıştır.
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Since the end of 2019, the Covid-19 pandemic has profoundly affected public life on a global level. In the early days of the pandemic, curfews were imposed in many countries and people were forced to close their homes. In this study, some dimensions of the social situation arising in the coronavirus pandemic are analysed within the framework of the ‘risk society’. The main axis of the article is the closures and openings at the individual level, at the level of social institutions and at the level of collective social representations in the process of social closure. Introversion at all levels has brought with it different forms of outward social opening. The process of closing houses has simultaneously paved the way for new socialization of individuals. In this dialectical relationship, technology has been one of the important tools of human extroversion. In the fight against the anxious situation that arises in an environment of uncertainty and risk, people have built solidarity with anxiety. As a result, the risk society has become even more profound and widespread. Risk sensitivity has increased fear, and fear has created temporary collectives, albeit at a distance. A number of simultaneous collective behaviors have emerged, such as remembering the past.

Anahtar Kelimeler:
Risk society, Individualized Society, Covid-19 Pandemic, Collective Action

In this study, the question of whether or not the occurrence of the Fukushima nuclear disaster is ascribable to the accumulation of manufactured risk factors was addressed. In order to construct a plausible argument, this study considers the potential applications of Beck’s ‘risk society’ thesis and green criminology theory as a theoretical foundation. This study paid explicit attention to three key issues surrounding the nuclear accident; namely, whether or not the scale of the tsunami that hit the facility was predictable from a scientific standpoint, whether or not Tokyo Electric Power Company was actively and intentionally engaged in the cover-up or the manipulation of the information regarding the extent of the damage in the facility and whether or not the relevant external regulatory bodies had appropriately monitored the company’s operations. Based on the evidence presented in the post-accident investigation reports and other relevant scholarly articles, it was determined that the fundamental cause of the accident is attributable to the plant operator’s reckless accumulation of manufactured risk factors. Contrary to the conclusion presented in TEPCO’s interim report, the evidence suggests that its imprudent corporate governance and exiguous risk mitigation planning were indeed the root causes of the accident, along with a number of vestiges of gross misconduct, negligence, organisational corruption and the systematic cover-up operations undertaken with its regulatory agencies. Based on the findings presented in the post-accident investigation reports, this study also considered the necessity of introducing a new criminological theory entitled ‘nuclear risk criminology’. Identical to an environmental justice-based approach, nuclear risk criminology can be utilised in defining a manufactured risk produced by the nuclear power industry as a new form of environmental harm and establishing a causal connection between nuclear operators’ conduct and nuclear hazards based on scientific risk calculation methods.

This thesis examines settler-Canadian post-apocalyptic science fiction (SF) by English-language and Francophone Québécois authors published between 1948 and 1989, in order to investigate how historical settler imaginations of disaster are articulated. This study is in service of several ends: first, to disrupt and interrogate the Canadian literary canon through the study of SF as a legitimate genre with important insights; second, to take a good, hard look at the development of what theorists have called a neoconservative and regressive genre in settler Canada and Québec; and third, to look to the past for strategies to live in an imagined future where worldwide disaster (“apocalypse”) has already transpired. I argue that the visions of the post-apocalyptic future that were prevalent in SF produced in Canada during the latter half of the twentieth century correspond to a singular narrative in SF that is based on and around tropes established by earlier SF and literary writing published in the US. In the course of my research, I found that while most of the forty-four texts in this genre adhere to a specifically Canadian settler-colonial and ultimately instrumentalist worldview, there are several texts that demonstrate divergent attitudes and sociopolitical alternatives to dominant cultural imaginings of the methods of survival in the post-apocalypse. I focus my study on these few texts that I argue depart in significant ways from a dominant post-apocalyptic narrative, subverting the genre and taking it to new places. While doing so, I reference and make note of other texts and use them to illustrate my arguments, comparing and contrasting them with the main texts and tropes under discussion. In chapter order, the main theoretical lenses I employed are: 1. Canadian SF theory and environmental criticism, 2. ecofeminism and feminist posthumanism, 3. post-colonial and decolonial thought specifically focusing on Quebec and Indigenous issues, and 4. affect and queer theory. This dissertation contributes to excavating and highlighting the colonial survival mindset that colours the stories we tell ourselves, and shines a light on the philosophies underpinning our actions as we move forward into the Anthropocene. It is a project that seeks to build imaginative capacity for writers, critics, theorists, and readers of SF. I argue that these scripts both cleave to and depart from reality, and that dominant settler assumptions based on individualism and garrison mentality as a way to survive crises ignore the crucial role of care and healthy community in encouraging human flourishing in its diverse forms. My research shows that, in the post-apocalypse, which more often than not is marked by ongoing crises, people who are able to move beyond disaster survival narratives are the ones that in the end are able to create a life for themselves and others worth living—in non-hierarchical community, in relations of care, and in an acknowledgement of their posthuman entanglement with the non-human world and their environment. My findings from this study are that the imaginary of the post-apocalypse necessarily must incorporate community, connection, and post-anthropocentrism as key facets in order to truly move beyond the fear-driven regressive, exclusionary, and violent impulses of survival. Unsubscribing from the single version of the post-apocalyptic narrative that anticipates the garrison mentality as a necessary corollary of worldwide devastation can allow for a critical appraisal of the present in order to consciously move beyond survival and into the future.

O presente artigo possui como objetivo refletir acerca do
principio da precaução e sua aplicação jurisprudencial
mais recente, com destaque especial aos entendimentos do
Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Superior Tribunal de
Justiça, sendo que este último, inclusive, editou a Súmula
618, segundo a qual, “a inversão do ônus da prova aplica-se às ações de degradação ambiental”. Para tanto,
analisaremos, de forma critica e breve, os marcos da
sociedade de risco, conceito desenvolvido por Ulrich
Beck. Após, apresentaremos o principio da precaução, com
suas interpretações doutrinarias e jurisprudenciais,
incluindo aqui a questão processual da inversão do ônus
probatório em demandas coletivas ambientais, fenômeno
jurídico muitas vezes associado ao principio em tela.
Nessa linha, analisaremos alguns julgados relevantes, com
destaque para os precedentes utilizados pelo Superior
Tribunal de Justiça para fundamentar a Súmula n. 618.

La historia de Canarias refleja un pasado donde la inclusión en el proyecto de la modernidad provocó una articulación espacial que recrea espacios en una tensión entre lo local y lo global, o, en otras palabras, entre las biopolíticas y geopolíticas que generan el espacio. Como validación de esa instancia en la modernidad, Canarias ha pasado por distintas etapas socioeconómicas, culminando con la industria del turismo, que concibe el espacio no de manera autónoma, sino siguiendo nuevas nomenclaturas que enganchan con un imaginario colonial y exótico, al tiempo que altamente regulado. Palabras clave: turismo, biopolítica, Islas Canarias, riesgo.

We are living in the era of new modernity which is reflexive in nature and essentially gives birth to a risk society.  Human civilization has almost reached to the epitome of evolution, industries are growing rapidly and as a result, the human society is being threatened by new kind of risks. With the advancement of science and technology new dangers are being exposed. Until recent times, mankind was endangered by external risks like natural hazards but in the present era of industrialization, the nature of risk has undergone a tremendous change. Risks in the new society are created by the sources of wealth. Specifically, industrialization and its side-effects are manufacturing a wide range of hazardous, even deadly consequences for societies and as a result of globalization, such risks are affecting the world as well. This paper aims to explain how industrialization and globalization is contributing in emerging global risks like climate change and transmission of infectious diseases. Moreover, the interconnected links between these global phenomena will be discussed through the lens of Ulrich Beck and his concept of risk society. This is a qualitative research as the resource materials are all from secondary sources, like books, newspapers and journals.

While risk research normally understands risk as an entity that can be calculated using statistics and probabilities – and which therefore also can become the object of insurance technology – it is the production of new, non-calculable risks and therefore also risks that cannot be insured against, which is at the centre of Ulrich Beck's risk society theory. The article examines Beck's conceptualization of risk and discusses how he has clarified and further refined the concept since publishing Risk Society in 1986. The article shows, first, how Beck understands risk as an entity that is neither danger nor risk in the traditional sense but rather something in between, which he refers to as 'man-made disasters' and 'new risks'. The discussion then addresses Beck's position in relation to the ontological status of risk, which is an intermediate position between realism and constructivism. The non-calculability and non-insurability of the new risks are also examined. The article discusses what it means that the new risks are not visible and the significance of non-knowledge for how we understand them. Finally, the new conditions of existence for politics, states and individuals are outlined in the aftermath of Beck's risk society theory. The article concludes with a discussion of the analytical potential of the theory.

Książka stanowi pierwsze na rynku polskim tak gruntowne i kompleksowe opracowanie myśli Jeana Baudrillarda. Zapełnia ona istotną lukę w polskiej humanistyce pokazując także, że autor Symulakrów i symulacji okazał się bardzo inspirujący dla różnych dziedzin współczesnej humanistyki. Zaletą i wartością pracy nie jest jednak wyłącznie jej nowatorski charakter. (...) W pracy szczegółowo zostały omówione podstawowe idee filozofii i socjologii Baudrillarda, z ideą simulacrum, hiperrzeczywistości, społeczeństwa konsumpcyjnego i mas na czele. Autorka trafnie koncentruje się na tych wątkach twórczości Baudrillarda, które są niewątpliwie najbardziej owocne i cenne naukowo, celnie uznając, iż należy zignorować te prace i motywy pojawiające się w myśli filozofa kultury, które nie tylko są słabo czytelne, ale także – co za tym idzie- mało inspirujące. (...) Wykazała przy tym bardzo dobrą kompetencję filozoficzną, socjologiczną oraz politologiczną, bezbłędnie identyfikując ważne dla Baudrillarda punkty odniesienia, jak np. ruch kontrkultury lat sześćdziesiątych i jego intelektualne tło. Uczyniła to w sposób wyczerpujący, omawiając owe punkty odniesienia dokładnie i ze zrozumieniem. Dzięki temu czytelnik nie tylko uzyskuje informacje na temat twórczości bohatera omawianej pozycji, ale także może przypomnieć sobie główne zjawiska i postaci pejzażu intelektualnego drugiej połowy XX wieku, takie jak: postmodernizm, strukturalizm, poststrukturalizm, czy także osoby: McLuhan, Debord, Derrida, Foucault, Habermas, Bauman, Beck i inni.

Membincangkan tentang salah satu kesan dari globalisasi sepertimana yang diutarakan Ulrich Beck tentang masyarakat berisiko dan melihat kesan-kesan terhadap bumi terutamanya masyarakat dunia yang mengalami pemanasan global  dan perubahan iklim akibat dari perbuatan manusia sendiri.

Özet: Ulrich Beck, ilk olarak 1986 yılında yayınlanan Risk Toplumu adlı kitabı ile, Batı Almanya'da 1970'lerden beri sanayi toplumunun ve siyasalın içsel dinamiklerinin modernite bağlamında önemli bir dönüşüm içerisinde olduğunu savunmaktadır. Ancak kitabın temel savları her ne kadar Almanya örneğinden hareket etse de yapısı itibariyle genellenebilir bir içeriğe dayanmaktadır. Beck'in öngördüğü bu dönüşüm süreci, temellerini sanayi toplumuyla yaratılan moderniteden almakta; ancak onu tamamen reddetmeden belirli kesintilerle sürekliliğine işaret etmektedir. Bu anlamda kitabın ana teması olan " risk toplumu " , klasik sanayi toplumunun yeniden biçimlenişi ile ortaya çıkan ve modernliğin sürekliliği dâhilinde yeni bir toplumsal biçimi ifade etmektedir. Beck'e göre, modernleşme, 19. yy'da tarım toplumunu tasfiye edip sanayi toplumunun yapısal temellerini atmıştı. Bugün de modernleşme, refleksif (reflexive) bir süreç bağlamında, sanayi toplumunun öncüllerini ve işlevsel ilkelerini baltalayarak kendi kendini hedef alıyor ve nihayetinde kendisini konu ve sorun haline getiriyor.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Ulrich Beck, risk toplumu, alt-siyaset, yeni toplumsal hareketler.

Live Keynote by Johannes Preiser-Kapeller (Austrian Academy of Sciences) for the 4GAMECHANGERS-Festival of the Austrian TV stations Puls24 and ORF, 28 June 2022

Video: https://www.puls24.at/video/4gamechangers/4gamechangers-festival-creative-destruction-die-kosten-der-innovation/v-cl0aknqznp15

Follow up-Interview:  https://www.puls24.at/video/4gamechangers/4gamechangers-festival-johannes-preiser-kapeller-im-interview/v-cl0aknqz6dkp?

As social life and social institutions have become experienced and managed via novels forms of digital technologies, and as both public and personal spaces as well as human bodies have become increasingly monitored by digital surveillance devices and sensors, a new field of risk inquiry has opened up in response to what might be termed ‘digital risk society’.  The intersections between risk and digital technologies operate in several ways. First, the phenomena and individuals that are identified as ‘risks’ or ‘risky’ are increasingly configured and reproduced via digital media, devices and software. These technologies act not as only as mediators of risk but frequently are the source of new concepts of risk. Second, various uses of digital technologies are often presented as posing risks to users. These two aspects of digital risk society may be glossed as ‘digitising risk’ and ‘the risks of digital technology use’ respectively. In a third major dimension, members of some social groups are positioned in the literature on the ‘digital divide’ as at risk of disadvantage in relation to communication, education, information or better employment opportunities because they lack access to or interest or skills in using online technologies. This aspect of digital risk society may be characterised as ‘digital social inequality risks’.

The three dimensions of digital risk society require new sources of theorising risk that are able to understand and elucidate the ways in which digitisation and risk intersect to create risk representations, mentalities and practices. This chapter addresses each one of these major dimensions in turn. Before doing so, however, it is important to introduce some of these perspectives that may be productively employed to theorise digital risk society. This involves moving away from the perspectives that traditionally have dominated risk sociology and embracing the ideas of writers in such fields as digital sociology, internet studies, new media and communication and surveillance studies.

Finalist, 2022 Ecocriticism Book Prize awarded by the Association for the Study of Literature and the Environment.

How do literature and other cultural forms shape how we imagine the planet, for better or worse? This book argues that assumptions about what nature is are at stake in conflicts over how it is inhabited or used. Working between postcolonial theory, environmental humanities, and world literature studies, I show how both environmental discourse and world literature tend to confuse parts and wholes. Drawing on insights from political ecology, geography, anthropology, history, and law, the book considers what it means to read for the planet: to read from near to there, across experiential divides, and at more than one scale. A supple understanding of cultural imagination and narrative logics, I argue, can foster more robust accounts of global inequality and energize movements for justice and livable futures.

The Disposition of Nature has been shortlisted for the 2020 Book Prize awarded by the Association for the Study of the Arts of the Present (ASAP).
https://twitter.com/ASAP_artsNOW/status/1315763489571561474/photo/1

Η μελέτη σκοπιμότητας για την οργάνωση Κέντρου Επικοινωνιακής Διαχείρισης Κρίσεων εκπονήθηκε από το Εργαστήριο Κοινωνικών Ερευνών στα ΜΜΕ του Τμήματος Επικοινωνίας & ΜΜΕ του ΕΚΠΑ κατά το α’ εξάμηνο του 2019 για να απαντήσει στην ανάγκη ενιαίας και συντονισμένης επικοινωνιακής διαχείρισης κρίσεων από την Ειδική Γραμματεία Επικοινωνιακής Διαχείρισης Κρίσεων του υπουργείου Ψηφιακής Πολιτικής, Τηλεπικοινωνιών και Ενημέρωσης. Το ΚΕΔΚ εστιάζει στην επικοινωνιακή διαχείριση φυσικών καταστροφών (σεισμών, πλημμυρών, θαλάσσιων ατυχημάτων, περιβαλλοντικών ζητημάτων, πυρκαγιών κ.ά.).
Σκοπός του εν λόγω εγχειρήματος ήταν να προταθεί η οργάνωση ενός συντονιστικού κέντρου, επιφορτισμένου με τη συλλογή, διαχείριση και διάδοση πληροφοριών σχετικών με την εξέλιξη και τη διαχείριση μιας φυσικής καταστροφής. Συγκεντρώνοντας πληροφορίες από όλους τους φορείς που εμπλέκονται στη διαχείριση της κρίσης, το ΚΕΔΚ θα τις προωθεί συντεταγμένα στα ΜΜΕ και τους πολίτες με τη μέγιστη δυνατή ταχύτητα και εγκυρότητα, αποφεύγοντας υποκειμενικές και επισφαλείς πληροφορίες που δύνανται να προκαλέσουν σύγχυση και παρακρίσεις.
Στη μελέτη παρατίθενται σχετικά μοντέλα οργάνωσης από Βέλγιο, ΕΕ, Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο, Ισπανία, Ιταλία, Νέα Ζηλανδία και Πορτογαλία. Το προτεινόμενο μοντέλο οργάνωσης βασίστηκε στην αντιμετώπιση της επικοινωνιακής προσέγγισης σε τρία στάδια, την προετοιμασία, την απόκριση και την ανασυγκρότηση. Το ΚΕΔΚ προτείνεται να βρίσκεται σε συνεχή επαγρύπνηση λειτουργώντας επί εικοσιτετραώρου βάσεως με ειδικά εκπαιδευμένο προσωπικό και σχετικές υποδομές και να ανταποκρίνεται σε κάθε είδος φυσικής καταστροφής παρέχοντας άμεση και έγκυρη επικοινωνιακή ενημέρωση. Επιπλέον, προτείνονται οι απαραίτητες ενέργειες για δικτύωση και συνεχή επικοινωνία με συναρμόδιους φορείς σε εθνικό και ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδο προκειμένου η αντιμετώπιση των κρίσεων να γίνεται περισσότερο στοχευμένα και άμεσα, με αποδοτικότερα αποτελέσματα, σε σύγκριση με τις μεμονωμένες και αποσπασματικές δράσεις.