Rough Cilicia

The ancient Roman-era city of Antiochia ad Cragum in Turkey (Gazipasa, Antalya) included a colonnaded street and a shopping area in antiquity. Preliminary assessment indicates that many of the columns from the Colonnaded Street survived, but none are in their original upright position. Both the as-found architectural design of the colonnaded street and the structural connections of them are peculiar. The columns are mostly granite yet there are a few marble columns. The column bases and capitals are mostly lost or are not yet found. The connections between the column, column base, and the stylobate are inconsistent. Through a robust collaboration among the engineering and archeology disciplines, this paper presents the initial stage of the site analysis (archeological, architectural, and structural) as well as the design for the re-erection of two columns on column bases sculpted from new marble from a nearby quarry. A literature review on common column re-erection designs is presented and fiber rod-epoxy solutions are compared to titanium rod-cement mortar solutions in terms of structural behavior and long-term resilience based on the available literature.

A case is made in recent books by Lascelles and Crowe that Homer’s Trojan War setting was not at Schleimann’s Hisarlik site of King Priam’s Ilium, but at Pergamon. We review their case, the places frequented by Homer as possible clues, and the Iliad’s revision as compiled and promoted by Athens and followed by Alexander the Great and the Romans. We then focus on numismatic evidence in the alternative regions of Northwest Anatolia (NWA) and Central West Anatolia (CWA). NWA includes the regions known as Troas, North Mysia, Hellespontic Thrace with nearby islands, and Bithynia. CWA regions include South Mysia with nearby islands, Aeolis, Ionia, Lydia, and Phrygia, as well as Cilician expatriate lands. We find that NWA coins are rich in early Iliadic mythology, indicating that Ilium was a Trojan War setting. However, we also find indications that the war was more extensive than commonly envisioned. It was led in CWA by King Telephus, who spearheaded an East versus West world war whose campaigns ended at Ilium.

Arkeolojik yayınlarda 19. yüzyıldan başlayarak Olba çeşitli kitap ve makalelerde yer almakla birlikte kentteki mezarlarla, onların tipoloji ve tarihlemesi ile ilgili önceden yapılmış bağımsız bir çalışma yoktur. Buna karşılık, Olba’daki mezarların gösterdiği çeşitlilik ve geniş alanlara yayılım bu konuyu ayrıntılı olarak çalışmaya değer hale getirmektedir.

Olba’da 2001 yılından beri yapılan yüzey araştırmaları sayesinde mezarlar hakkında birçok arkeolojik veri ortaya çıkar. Yapılan çalışma bu verilerin değerlendirmesi niteliğindedir. Kentteki mezar tiplerinin, bunların konumlarının, kronolojilerinin belirlenmesinin bilimsel açıdan yararlı olacağı, bölgedeki diğer merkezlerde saptanan örneklerin değerlendirilmesinde fayda sağlayacağı açıktır. Bu nedenle Olba mezarları konusu bu tezde ele alınır.

Tezin başlangıcında Olba’nın coğrafi ve siyasal durumu incelenir çünkü bu konu mezarların yorumlanmasında önemli bir veridir. Daha sonra Olba mezarları yayılım alanlarının belirlenmesi, gösterdikleri tipoloji bakımından detaylı bir şekilde incelenir.

Olba arazi incelemeleri mezarlık alanlarının belli nekropolis sınırları içinde kısıtlı olmadığını, özellikle jeolojik yapı ile belirlendiğini gösterir. Bu nedenle, mezarlar kentin yerleşim alanının hemen her yerine dağılmış durumdadır. Çalışmamızda bu yayılımdan söz edilirken belirli nekropolis alanları yerine mezarların yoğunluklu olarak saptandığı kesimler açıklanır. Böylece, “Kuzey Kesim”, “Doğu Tepesi”, “Tırnak Tepesi”, “Akropolis Güney Yamacı”, “Batı Kesim” mezarlık alanları ortaya çıkar.

Olba mezarlarının tipolojisi tez kapsamında belirlenir. Buna göre “lahitler” (bağımsız, sabit kaya, hyposorion tipleri), “arcosolium”, “khamosorion”, “kaya mezarları” (tapınak cepheli, çok odalı kompleks planlı, tek odalı basit tipler), “anıtsal mezarlar” (tonozlu ve tapınak planlı tipler) başlıkları altında toplanır.  Ayrıca Hıristiyan mezarlarının değerlendirilmesi de bağımsız bir başlık altında yapılmaktadır.

Çalışmanın konusu Olba mezarları olduğu halde, kentte saptanan mezarların birçoğunun kült alanları ile bağlantılı, yakın konuda bulunmaları bunların ölü kültü ile ilgili olduklarını düşündürmektedir. Bu nedenle mezarlarla bağlantılı kült alanlarını tez kapsamında incelememenin çalışmayı eksik kılacağı düşünülmüştür. Özellikle eskiçağda ölüm ve kült anlayışı açıklanarak Olba örnekleriyle benzerlikler kurulmaya çalışılmıştır. Aynı kapsamda Olba’da saptanan başlıca iki ölü kültü alanının tanımı yapılmıştır.

Hazırlanan seçilmiş katalogda, Olba’daki bütün mezarlar yer almamaktadır. Kentte çok sayıda mezarın olması, çoğu mezarın ikonografik ve biçimsel yönden birbirine benzemesi; tip, tarihleme ve yapısal özellik bakımından konuya katkı sağlayacak örneklerin seçilmesine nedendir. Olba’da konunun incelenmesi ve örneklenmesi bakımından özellik taşıyan, tarihleme ölçütleri sağlayan veya tek örnek olarak temsil edilen (örneğin, Korinth ve Ion tapınak cepheli kaya mezarları) mezarlar kataloga alınır. Öte yandan yine nitelikleri bakımından tezin asıl metni içinde ayrıntılı tanımlama gerektiren iki örnek (hyposorion’lu lahit, tapınak planlı anıt mezar, tonozlu mezarlar ve çok odalı kompleks planlı mezar) katalog kapsamı dışındadır.

Yunanca ve Latince sözcüklerin kullanımları konusunda bütünlük ve belli bir kurala uygunluk sağlamak amacıyla Klasik Filolog Okt. Murat Özyıldırım’ın Olba Dergisi sayı I’de yayınlanan “Arkeoloji’de Klasik Yunanca ve Latince Sözcüklerin Kullanım Yanlışları” makalesindeki ilkeler izlenmiştir. Buna göre khamosorion, hyposorion gibi terimler, Yunanca yazımların transkripsiyonları ile italik yazılmış, Türkçe ekler ayrılmıştır.

Yunanca – Latince sözcüklerin Türkçe’de anlamlarını tam olarak karşılayan sözcükler bulunuyorsa, bu kullanımlar tercih edilmektedir. Bu nedenle metin içinde örneğin; Latince “aquaeductus, -i (m.)” sözcüğü yerine “su kemeri”, yine Latince “territorium,-i (n.)” yerine “bölge” yazılmaktadır.

Alanya, Hatay region extending to a wide range of ages of the oldest dating back to the Ottoman period, this book is accessible to any information about the process, easily understood and used by all walks reader was written in a language.With a wide range of content and index the reader can easily reach any information provided, plenty of illustrations used in geography and archeology of the region until the reader brought his foot.Cilicia, the first time all available resources, based on the latest discoveries and the latest documentation Antiquity to the Turkish occupation, covering approximately 60,000 View Year we are witnessing a history written in this book, one that has the distinction of being the first.Cukurova is not only the date of publication of a similar-looking, no region of our country so extensive as written.The authors of the book Professor. Dr. Ahmet Unal and Asst. Prof. Dr. K. Serdar Girginer Cilicia has close ties with the history and archeology. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Unal, an ancient historian, specialist in ancient Anatolian languages, and his interest in the region as well Hittitologist his doctoral thesis at the University of Munich in 1972 and at the same university in 1992 and launched the Ceyhan began excavations of the near the Sirkeli Höyük continued participation as a philologist. Asst. Prof. Dr. K. Serdar Girginer within the University by establishing a regional Archaeology section bending problems, since 2002 in the land of Cappadocia and Cilicia, a comprehensive and systematic research studies are quite realizes the importance of starting the region.

The ancient settlement Özköy, in the Rough Cilician region known in the Hellenistic period as the Olba territory is located in a privileged part of administration. Özköy is located 12 km north of Lamos river. These hills attive attention for their particular position dominating the valley in which agricultural activity can be easily done.
In a recent study of this agricultural settlement in the hilly areas many buildings were found on the field. These structures within the farm houses include churches, houses, cisterns, rock cut lever and weights presses, and olive oil production building, a temple tomb, barrel-vaulted aedikula tomb and sarcophagi.
Most of the identified structures appear to serve to a common purpose. This common purpose is the storage and the protection of the agricultural products that the settlement owned. For this purpose settlement was populated from the Hellenistic period. In particular, farms having polygonal masonry, towers, and located near the equipment for agricultural production support this view. From this point of view Özköy is simple farm and settlement of in this period.
In Roman period the settlement continued this character and new structures of this period were added. Farm House, sarcophagi, temple tomb, barrel vaulted aedikula tombs and many houses belong in this period. In this perspective Özköy has become amore complex farm in the Roman period.
Özköy developed in the Late Antiquity. During this period, olive oil production building, churches and many houses were added to the settlement. Özköy was affected from the economic recovery and diversification of agricultural products in the Late Antiquity. For this reason Özköy has become a village of for small or medium size in this period.

In Rough Cilicia, monumental public architecture was built in the initial phase of the social and political formation of Asia Minor into the Roman Empire during the Imperial Period. As bathing complexes are the most abundant and diverse types of architecture in this region, it would be beneficial to analyze the role of the baths along with their importance in this new Greco-Roman society. This study will focus on two baths at the site of Antiochia ad Cragum, seating this effort in multi-level signaling theory to understand local scale patterning and revised world systems theory to understand regional scale patterning. By studying the monumental bath architecture as an example of the operation of the state, this research will highlight how the cities signaled their support to Rome and the rest of the empire. This attempt was likely utilized by cities in order to recruit citizens to the region and garner support from Rome. Overall, the relationship between the core of Rome and the periphery province of Rough Cilicia was a complicated one in which both sides had to balance social and political powers. A study of the bathing complex within Antiochia ad Cragum will help determine the overall role of bathing complexes in Rough Cilicia, which, in turn, will ultimately add to the knowledge of the complex relationship between the core, that of Rome, and the periphery, that of southwestern Turkey.

Özet
Olba’nın en gösterişli eserlerinden biri olan tapınak cepheli kaya mezarı ne yazık ki bu çalışmayı yayına hazırladığımız sırada defineciler tarafından haince dinamitle patlatılıp tahrip edilmiştir. Daha önceki çalışma ve yayınlarda söz konusu esere değinilmekte, özellikle de tarihlemesi konusunda farklı görüşler bulunmaktadır. Çalışmamızın amacı, konuyu yeniden değerlendirerek, konu ile ilgili görüş ve önerilerimizi arkeolojik veriler ışığında sunmaktır. Bu bağlamda kaya mezarının cephesindeki Korinth düzenindeki sütun ve anta başlıkları tarihlemeye önemli katkı sağlamaktadır. Yine cephe düzenlemesinde yer alan ve girişin iki yanında görülen birer “cippus” kabartması da mezarın tarihlemesi için kullanılabilecek verilerdir. Öte yandan, mezar odasındaki naiskoslu niş, mezar ritüelline ilişkin bazı öneriler sunmamızı sağlamaktadır. Olba’da Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi ile birlikte başlayan yeni süreç, refahın ve nüfusun artması ve kentin birçok  anıtsal yapı ile donatılmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Bu durumun en önemli göstergelerinden biri de bölgede Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’nin yaygın anıtsal mezar oluşturma geleneği bağlamında değerlendirilebilecek Olba Tapınak Cepheli Kaya Mezarı’dır.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Olba, Kilikia, Ölü Kültü, Kaya Mezarı, Cippus

Abstract
Regrettably, as this study went to press, one of the most important monuments of Olba, the rock-cut tomb overlooking the Eastern Valley had been irreversibly damaged by means of explosives in a heinous attack. The tomb was the subject of many previous studies and various views have been expressed regarding its dating. The aim of this study is, by reevaluating the situation, to present our views and suggestions about the subject based on archaeological evidence. In this context, columns in Corinthian order and anta capital that are found on the façade of the rock-cut tomb are of particular importance in dating. In addition, the two ‘cippus’ (altar) reliefs constituting a part of the design of the façade, which appear on both sides of the entrance, offer valuable data. On the other hand, the naiscos niche in the tomb chamber enables us to make some suggestions about the tomb rituals. The new era that began in Olba with the Roman Imperial Era saw the increase in welfare and population, and the construction of several monuments. One of the notable indicators of this situation is the Olba rock-cut tomb, which can be considered to be a product of the monumental tomb building tradition of the Roman Imperial Era.
Keywords: Olba, Cilicia, Death Cult, Rock-Cut Tomb, Cippus.

Öz: Olba'da mezarlık alanlarında yapılan kazılar sonu-cunda Doğu Dağlık Cilicia'da daha önce görülmeyen farklı tipte mezarlar ortaya çıkartılmış, bölgenin mezar ti-polojisi zenginleştirilmiştir. Aynı zamanda bu alanlarda küçük buluntu bakımından çok sayıda değerlendirilmesi gereken ritüel nesnesi tespit edilmiş, kesin tarih vermesi bakımından sikkeler ve seramikler önemli arkeolojik ve-riler haline gelmiştir. Nişli Alan I'de (Urne Mezar) yapı-lan kazılarda mezar oyuğu ve ritüel alanında çeşitli mut-fak kapları ele geçmiş olup, genellikle bu kaplar Doğu Si-gillata A (DSA) olarak kayıt altına alınmıştır. Bu mezarda bulunan söz konusu kaplar sikkeler ve diğer arkeolojik buluntular sayesinde daha dar bir tarih aralığına yer-leştirilmiştir. Seramikler genel olarak MÖ I. yüzyılın ba-şına tarihlendirilmiş, mezar alanı içinde ölü yemeğinin yendiği ve belirli aralıklarla mezar başında yemek eşli-ğinde anma ritüelleri yapıldığı anlaşılmıştır. Abstract: Several types of tombs, some previously unknown in Eastern Rough Cilicia have been recorded after the excavations carried out in the necropoli at Olba. The recent discoveries not only enriched the tomb-typology of the region but also provided many small finds and ritual objects. Especially, the coins and pottery found in the burial grounds of Olba are important as they provide data for dating. During the excavations of the Urn-Tomb unearthed at the section called Niched Area I, within the burial pit and ritual section various types of kitchenware were discovered, generally belonging to the Eastern Sigillata A (ESA) group. A precise date can be given for these sherds by means of coins and other archaeological objects found in the same context. The pottery belongs to the AD early first century and reveals that the ritual meals were eaten and commemorative ceremonies were held within the burial area. Anahtar Kelimeler: Olba • Doğu Dağlık Cilicia • Ölü Yemeği • Doğu Sigillata A • Isis • Kremasyon

The 1st Workshop of the Series "Strolling through Cilicia -
New Research on Roman and Late Antique Cilicia" is entitled "Living in Roman and Late Antique Rough Cilicia" and will take place on January 20th.

Speakers: Tim Howe, Asena Kızılarslanoğlu and Günder Varinlioğlu.

Organized by: Jon C. Cubas Díaz, Serra Durugönul and Philipp Pilhofer.

Rome had been confronted with piracy for centuries prior to the Late Republic, yet it was the ‘Cilician’ pirates from the coasts of south-west Anatolia who were perceived as being responsible for problems including the ransoming of magistrates, plundering Roman allies, and forming an alliance with Mithridates. This dissertation provides an investigation of Greco-Roman literary accounts and epigraphy to ascertain the multifaceted portrayal of these pirate communities.

Elaiussa Sebaste (present-day Ayaş-Mersin, Turkey), in ancient Rough Cilicia, was one of the most important trade-ports of the eastern Mediterranean active from the late Hellenistic age to the early Byzantine period. The investigations carried out in 2012 & 2013 have the scope through a multidisciplinary approach to the port system to define and deepen the knowledge of the processes of development and evolution of the port basins, and furthermore to complete the lack of knowledge on the sea area facing the site and to deepen the historical knowledge of the coastal morphology and topography, of the ports and anchorages of the city and of the shipwrecks in the coastal area in front of the site.

The ancient city of Diocaesarea (Uzuncaburç) which is within the borders of the Eastern Rough Cilicia (Olba Region), draws attention with its Hellenistic, Roman and Late Antiquity ruins. Among these ruins, the theater is one of the few preserved examples in the city. The Monument can be dated precisely thanks to the inscription of scaenae. During the excavations conducted in 2017, several architectural blocks belonging to the scaenae of the theater, previously unknown, were unearthed. They present a rich picture with the architectural ornaments they carry, as well as gaining new data in the architecture of the especially Cilicia region and Asia Minor. In this study, the ionic cymation on a frieze piece obtained during excavations in the theater will be evaluated. Thanks to the "bead-and-reel" on the ionic cymation tongues, it appears as a unique ornament that has not been published before in Cilicia, Asia Minor and Syria. In this respect, it is understood that it differs from the ionic cymations used in buildings in other cities and a new style is used, and this is probably done by local workshops.

Die Ergebnisse des fünften Teils der „Forschungen“ verdeutlichen die bis in die Kaiserzeit andauernde personenrechtliche Ordnung der Außenbeziehungen Roms,  womit quasi vom Ende der in den "Forschungen" in den Blick genommenen Zeitraums zugleich auch die (im bisherigen wissenschaftlichen Diskurs grundsätzlich neue) These der personenrechtlichen Systematik der römischen Außenbeziehungen als juristische und historische Konstante argumentativ erhärtet wird.  Das Ius Italicum war eine Schöpfung der Zeit nach den Bürgerkriegen. Es wurde in der Hauptsache an provinziale Gemeinwesen mit römischem Bürgerrecht (vornehmlich an Kolonien) verliehen. Das Ius Italicum konnte aber auch an peregrine Gemeinwesen verliehen werden, da das Privileg der Steuerbefreiung des Grundbesitzes in Italien seit der Zeit des Augustus prinzipiell nicht an eine bestimmte Kategorie des Grundbesitzes gebunden war. Gehörte ein Grundbesitzer in den Provinzen einer mit dem Ius Italicum ausgestatteten Personengruppe an, hatte er das Privileg, dass bei der Besteuerung seines Grundbesitzes eine für Italien entwickelte Regel angewandt wurde. Sie sah für die unterschiedlichen Arten des Grundbesitzes (ager Romanus, ager Gabinus, ager peregrinus und ager hosticus, vgl. Varro l.l. 5,33 ) die Steuerfreiheit vor. Das Ius Italicum wirkte also, entgegen der heute allgemein akzeptierten Deutung Friedrich Carl Savignys,  steuerrechtlich über den personenrechtlichen Status des Grundbesitzers und nicht über die rechtliche Qualität des Grundbesitzes. Eine vom Status der besitzenden Person lösgelöste Grundbesteuerung kannte die römische Steuerpraxis nicht. Im Kontext der im dritten und vierten Teil der „Forschungen“ gewonnenen Ergebnisse über die republikzeitlichen Varianten der personenrechtlichen Inkorporation der fremden Außenwelt in die Rechts- und hierarchisch gestaffelte Sozialordnung Roms ergibt sich mit den Ergebnissen des fünften Teils der „Forschungen“ ein Anhaltspunkt für einen bemerkenswerten historischen Wandel.  Das Ius Italicum war gegenüber der Praxis der Republik eine neue Form der Integration der Außenwelt in das Zentrum des römischen Herrschaftsgebietes. Erstens wurde das „Zentrum“ des Imperium Romanum neu definiert, indem nun nicht mehr die Stadt Rom, sondern ganz Italien zum Bezugspunkt der rechtlichen und sozialen Integration wurde, wobei Italien nun administrativ und fiskalisch eine Einheit bildete und so bei der Grundstücksbesteuerung zum Modell eines Ius Italicum werden konnte. Zweitens wurde im Unterschied zur republikanischen Praxis nun mit dem Vorgang der Integration qua Ius Italicum ein konkretes Privileg definiert, das allen politisch organisierten provinzialen Personengruppen zugeordnet werden konnte und mit einer materiellen Privilegierung bei der Grundstücksbesteuerung verbunden war. Die personenrechtliche Ordnung der Provinzen erfuhr eine neue Definition ihrer hierarchischen Staffelung, indem für die einzelnen Stände (römische Bürger, Latiner und peregrini) jeweils eine neue Spitze definiert wurde, wobei die mit dem Ius Italicum ausgezeichneten Personen innerhalb ihres „Standes“ jeweils eine herausgehobene Position einnahmen.

In this article ten stone objects were presented that were documented in 2013 in the Museum of Tarsus. Five of them bear a Greek inscription. This study concerns both the iconography and the epigraphy of these steles. The intention is to create a corpus of the steles in Cilician museums. Provenance of the objects is mostly unknown, with the exceptions of three steles from Antioch-on-the-Orontes and Seleucia Pieria in Hatay which have been either donated to the Museum of Tarsus or brought by local sellers from the area of Hatay. No stele is known from any excavations in or around Tarsus; all the finds in the museum come from non-archaeological contexts: they were brought to the museum and purchased from local salesmen. Also the excavations in other parts of Cilicia do not provide any help about the use of steles in Greek and Roman Cilicia. In this article the steles of Tarsian origin stored elsewhere (for instance at the collections of the Archaeological Museums of Istanbul) are excluded. Most of the steles are marble with the exception of no. 1 that is of limestone. Only four of them belong to the Hellenistic period (nos. 1-4); the rest date from the 2nd and 3rd cent. A.D. Only two of them are votive steles (nos. 1 and 9) and an ossuary fragment (no. 10); the rest are grave steles. So far only no. 3 is known in epigraphic publications; the rest is unpublished.

The paper is aimed at illustrating some preliminary results yielded by the ongoing research at the coastal site of Elaiussa Sebaste (present-day Ayaş-Mersin, Turkey) in ancient Rough Cilicia, with its two prominent harbours. The ancient city shows a lively continuity from the late Hellenistic through the early Byzantine periods.

The Italian Archaeological Mission at Elaiussa Sebaste has been operating on the site since 1995, and research whas been undertaken underwater and on land at the site since 2012. The groundbreaking approach to the coastal and maritime topography focusses on understanding the influences and the impulses of different natures which affected the settlement, transformation, development and decline of the site.

Elaiussa Sebaste, the prominent city of Roman Rough Cilicia, played an important role in the whole region “connecting East with the West” thanks to its geographic location. Later the city was an episcopal seat in the early Byzantine period, becoming an important amphora production centre along the pilgrim route to Jerusalem through Tarsus and other martyrial sites. The oldest nucleus of Elaiussa Sebaste was built on a broad rocky promontory - this is what ancient authors called “the Island of Elaiussa”, but geological investigations revealed it was connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus overlooking the city's two ports in historical times. The northern harbour was the wider one, protected by the promontory from the dominant winds but still exposed to the prevailing marine currents of the area; the southern one was smaller and exposed to the prevailing winds. Both harbours are now almost totally silted, and partly covered by modern facilities.

The natural maritime and port vocation of the city is well attested as early as the Late Hellenistic period, and it found full definition during the Augustan age, flourishing after Vespasian's definitive annexation of Cilicia to the Empire down to the mid-VII century AD, when the gradual abandonment of the city started.

The necessarily interdisciplinary approach to such a complexity ranges from the analysis of ancient written sources and archaeological evidence, together with the evaluation of geomorphology, paleohydrography, meteo-maritime elements, cartography and portolan-charts, and lastly,  also the localization and the study of underwater deposits, shipwrecks and related cargoes. The final purpose fo the project is the reconstruction of the pattern of organization, extension and complexity of sea routes and trades that Elaiussa Sebaste and the whole region were involved in the Late Hellenistic through the Early Byzantine periods.

The research is aimed at a thorough comprehension of the environmental, functional, topographic, technological and connective complexity which is implied in any coastal or harbour site. With the final results of this study it will be possible to outline the natural, historical, social, cultural, logistic, commercial or military transformations that affected the coastal and maritime topography of the site through the centuries.

Urban Architecture in Rural Settlements in Rough Cilicia: Işıkkale and Karakabaklı
Our surveys in the eastern part of Rough Cilicia led to the identification of numerous rural settlements. The survey area is bounded by the Kalykadnos (Göksu) and Lamos (Limonlu) rivers and lies between Erdemli and Silifke, districts of Mersin province in Turkey. The surveys of the rural settlements from the Hellenistic through Byzantine periods aimed at identifying similarities and differences among these settlements and the evolution of a settlement pattern through time. Numerous rural settlements identified in this rugged territory display a typological variety encompassing simple to complex farmsteads, and small, medium or large villages located near cities with workshops located inside the villages for processing produce. This suggests that agricultural production had an important part to play in the region’s ancient economy and that there existed a variety of implementations for production, thus shaping the settlement patterns of the region. The ancient settlement at Işıkkale can provide information on the layout of  such villages in the region and their development through the ages. Another example is the Karakabaklı near Işıkkale which will shed important light on the development of rural settlements. It is worth noting that both settlements are located close to the ancient city of Korasion and connected to it via an ancient road. Furthermore, many other settlements were identified along this road revealing the relation between ancient cities on the coastline and their chora. Karakabaklı stands out with its well-preserved remains: a villa rustica with tower, work and storage buildings, production equipment, cisterns, two monumental structures/tetrapylon, two churches, ancient road, houses and a cemetery. A great majority of these buildings were added over time, pointing to the long life of the settlement. Presence of monumental structures is worth noting for they contain traces of urban architecture in a rural settlement making this rural settlements unique as a different example of monumental structures. Importantly, apart from Karakabaklı and Işıkkale, there are other rural settlements with similar patterns and this would make it necessary to re-evaluate the concept of rural settlements in this period.

Korykos in Rough Cilicia, the roots of which date back to the Hellenistic period underwent a dramatic urban change in the Roman Imperial period, when the cities of Cilicia were provided with public buildings such as colonnaded streets, monumental gateways, temples and baths. During the second half of second and the early third centuries A.D., Korykos was furnished with a monumental gateway (‘North Gate’) marking the entrée of a sumptuous colonnaded street, the topographical and architectural characteristics of which are described in the following article.

The as yet unpublished kouros in Mersin is the easternmost marble kouros in the Mediterranean; he extends the previously known area of distribution of Archaic Greek sculpture far eastwards and widens the range of variation by the unusual position of his arms.
In the light of this important new find we consider the development of Cilicia in the Iron
Age: Hellenisation begins there in the mid 7th century BC according to the testimony of
the ceramics, and this tallies with the historical records of Greek colonial settlements. To
answer the question of the ethnicity of the Cilician towns, it is necessary to refer to ceramic
finds and to such other evidence as allows one to make inferences about customs. In this
respect, the dedication of a kouros plays an important role since, except for this case, the
custom of dedicating statues cannot proven in Cilicia at this time. Features like male nudity
and the complex character of kouros dedication as established by H. Kyrieleis suggest that he
may be considered an indication of the permanent presence of Greeks or of an indigenous
population that was distinctly Greek-influenced.

This paper was born from the discovery and excavation of a Late Roman wine press at the site of Antiochia ad Cragum. While many studies exist in the field of ancient viticulture, much fewer are published that discuss Rough Cilician wine production. The paper, therefore, first seeks to document and summarise a range of existing scholarship on viticulture in Rough Cilicia, assembling this in one critical apparatus for future research; this also provides a useful framework against which to assess the recent discovery at Antiochia ad Cragum. Following this, a report and investigation of the recently discovered press is included to illustrate the importance and potential detailed analyses on individual press sites provide. Notably, this installation possesses the first excavated vinicultural vat in Rough Cilicia and a ‘built’ architectural form that differs from the multitude of known rock-cut wine and olive installations in this region.

KILIKIA’DA GEZİNTİ -
KILIKIA’DA ROMA VE GEÇ ANTİK DÖNEME AİT YENİ ARAŞTIRMALAR

Bu proje Kilikia’nın Roma ve Geç Antik Dönemleri’ne odaklanan bir çalıştay serisidir ve 2021-22 yılının Güz ve Bahar Dönemleri’nde gerçekleştirilecektir.

Bu projenin ana hedefi, lisans mezunlarından profesörlere kadar Kuzey Amerika, Avrupa ve Türkiye’den meslektaşları dijital ortamda bir araya getirmek ve her bir çalıştayda belirlenen bir konuyu ele almaktır.

Bu projenin amacı, meslektaşlar arasında bilimsel alışverişi geliştirmek ve araştırmacıların güncel araştırma projelerinden faydalanmalarını hatta daha fazla iş birliğine yönelmelerini sağlamaktır. 

Her çalıştay belirlenen ana konu çerçevesinde toplam 2.5 saat süren üç veya dört sunumu kapsayacaktır. Bir yayın çalışması yapılmayacaktır.


Organizasyon Komitesi: Jon C. Cubas Díaz, Serra Durugönül, Philipp Pilhofer.

İletişim:
jon.cubas.diaz@gmail.com
sdurugonul@gmail.com
philipp.pilhofer@kilikien.de

A Heraclius Hoard in Anemurium Necropolis Church
Abstract
In the ancient city of Anemurium, located in the western part of the Rough Cilicia Region, there are important Roman and early Byzantine structures that have been well preserved. One of the best preserved buildings in the city is the Necropolis Church, in which the hoard that is the subject of this study was found. Th e building, which extends from east to west, is located in the northern part of the city and was named the Necropolis Church owing to the fact that it is located in the Necropolis area. During the excavations conducted in the church in 2019, 41 bronze coins dating to the early Byzantine period were found collectively. All of the coins were found to be the coins of Heraclius and had been minted between AD 610-618. Th e coins, most of which had been minted in the Constantinople mint, consisted of only the type fi rst and type second coins out of the six diff erent types. Another feature of the coins was that all except eight had been overstruck on the coins of previous emperors, with the majority being on Focas coins. It can be said that the coins found in the Heraclius hoard are numismatic data that is a good example of the refl ection of both the power struggle between Focas and Heraclius and the effects of Sassanian attacks on the Rough Cilicia Region on the coins. Th e coins of the Heraclius hoard are extremely signifi cant in regards to the fact that they were among the few coin hoards obtained from inside the church and that when evaluated with the rest of the remains and fi ndings found within the structure they off er important information on the destruction phase of the church.
Key Words: Rough Cilicia, Anemurium, Heraclius, Early Byzantine Church, Coin.

Öz
Doğu Dağlık Kilikia bölgesinin yükseltileri üzerinde yer alan Olba’da
Prof. Dr. Emel Erten başkanlığında 2001 – 2009 yılları arasında başlatılan
yüzey araştırmaları sonrasında 2010 yılından beri de arkeolojik kazılar
devam ettirilmektedir. Kazılarda ele geçen metal malzemenin çoğunluğunu
çiviler oluşturmaktadır. Az sayıda olsa da farklı tiplerde ok uçlarının da
bulunması, bunların bu çalışma kapsamında ele alınmasının nedenidir.
Olba akropolisinin askeri – stratejik konumu nedeniyle Olba’ya egemen
olan siyasi güçleri tespit etmek, kentin Hellenistik Dönem öncesi tarihiyle
ilgili verilere ulaşmak; yerleşim tarihini ok uçları ile desteklemek ve askeri
hareketlilik hakkında önerilerde bulunmak bu çalışmada amaçlanmaktadır
Abstract
The archaeological surveys of Olba in Eastern Rough Cilicia conducted
between the years 2001 and 2009 have continued as archaeological excavations
since 2010 under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Emel Erten. Most of
the metal finds recovered during the excavations are nails. This article is
about the arrowhead finds, which are of several types, although they are few in number. The aims of this study are to identify the forces that held
political power in Olba as a result of its militarily and strategically important
location, to investigate the history of the city in the pre-Hellenistic era, to
verify the history of settlement at Olba based on the

Özet
Olba’da 2001 yılından itibaren yapılan arkeolojik yüzey ve kazı çalışmaları kentin mevcut yerleşim dokusu hakkında çeşitli sonuçlara ulaşmamızı sağlar. Mezarlık alanlarının sistemli bir şekilde tek bir makalede detaylı incelenmesi ve mezarlık alanlarının tespit edilip isimlendirilmesi kentin yerleşim modeline önemli veriler sunacaktır. Olba’daki mezarlık alanlarının kentin gelişim yaşadığı tarihsel süreçler ile birlikte genişlediği ve farklı alanlara taşındığı tespit edilir. Topografik ve ekonomik şartlar nedeniyle mezarlık alanlarının bazı istisnalar hariç kayalık arazilerde konuşlandırıldığı görülmektedir. Bunun yanında, Roma geleneğine uygun olan ve antik çağda mezarlık alanları için uygulanan genel prensiplerin bazılarının Olba’da da uygulandığı görülmektedir.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Olba, Kilikia, Dağlık Kilikia, Mezarlık Alanları, Mezarlar, Nekropolis,

Burial Grounds in Olba
Abstract
The archaeological surveys and excavations being carried out in Olba started in 2001 produced results regarding the layout of the ancient settlement. A detailed comprehensive analysis and the designation of the burial grounds would provide significant data about Olba. The archaeological finds reveal a certain expansion and displacement of the burial grounds  following the historical phases of the settlement. It is observed that the majority of the burial sites were located in rough terrain (except for a few instances) due to the economic and topographical conditions. In addition to this, it was found out that the Roman traditions for the burial grounds, i.e. some of the widely known principles of the time were applied in Olba.
Keywords: Olba, Cilicia, Rough Cilicia, Burial Grounds, Burials, Tombs, Necropolis

In Antiquity Cilicia was the southeastern coastal region of Anatolia. It existed as a political entity from Hittite times into the and Byzantine Empire. It corresponds to the modern region of Çukurova in Turkey. Cilicia extended along the Mediterranean coast east from Pamphylia, to the Nur Mountains, which separated it from Syria. It consists of two main parts: Cilicia Trachea and Cilicia Pedias. The area had been known as Kizzuwatna in the earlier Hittite era (2nd millennium B.C.). During the Iron Age the region was divided into two parts, Uru Adaniya (flat Cilicia), a well-watered plain, and "rough" Cilicia (Tarza), in the mountainous west. The Cilicians appear as Hilikku in Assyrian inscriptions, and in the early part of the first millennium B.C. were one of the four chief powers of Western Asia. Homer mentions the plain as the "Aleian plain" in which Bellerophon wandered, but he transferred the Cilicians far to the west and north and made them allies of Troy. The Cilician cities unknown to Homer already bore their pre-Greek names: Tarzu (Tarsus), Ingira (Anchiale), Danuna-Adana, which retains its ancient name, Pahri (perhaps Mopsuestia), Kundu (Kyinda, then Anazarbus) and Karatepe.
In the 13th century B.C. a major population shift occurred as the Sea Peoples overran Cilicia. The Hurrians that resided there deserted the area and moved northeast towards the Taurus Mountains, where they settled in the area of Cappadocia. In the 8th century B.C., the region was unified under the rule of the dynasty of Mukšuš, whom the Greeks rendered Mopsos and credited as the founder of Mopsuestia, though the capital was Adana. Mopsuestia's multicultural character is reflected in the bilingual inscriptions of the ninth and eighth centuries, written both in Indo-European hieroglyphic Luwian and West Semitic Phoenician. In the ninth century B.C. it became part of Assyria and remained so until the late seventh century B.C.
In this paper in Italian language all the researches concerning the Iron Age ceramic finds from Cilicia were collected and re-interpreted.