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First published online January 1, 2008

Mapping Expressive Differences Around the World: The Relationship Between Emotional Display Rules and Individualism Versus Collectivism

David Matsumoto, Seung Hee Yoo, and Johnny FontaineView all authors and affiliations
Volume 39, Issue 1
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022107311854

Abstract

Despite the importance of the concept of cultural display rules in explaining cultural differences in emotional expression and despite the fact that it has been more than 30 years since this concept was coined, there is yet to be a study that surveys display rules across a wide range of cultures. This article reports such a study. More than 5,000 respondents in 32 countries completed the Display Rule Assessment Inventory. The authors examined five hypotheses concerning the relationship between display rules and individualism-collectivism (IC). The findings indicated the existence of several universal effects, including greater expression toward in-groups versus out-groups, and an overall regulation effect. Individualistic and collectivistic cultures differed on overall expressivity endorsement and in norms concerning specific emotions in in-group and out-group situations.

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1.
1. There were significant age differences across the countries, F(30, 5204) = 32.63, p < .001. To examine whether country differences on age affected any of the results, we correlated mean age with the overall expressivity means, as well as all the culture data. Of the 15 correlations computed, none was statistically significant. Thus, we concluded that age differences did not confound any of the findings reported below.
2.
2. Since the original data collection for this study, minor changes in wording of the instrument were made, which are reflected in the online version of the instrument.
3.
3. By doing so, however, we certainly do not suggest that examination of each specific expressive mode is unwarranted. Indeed, they provide interesting information concerning the exact expression mechanics that may be at work when emotional expressions are regulated. Examination of all specific modes, however, would be cumbersome and beyond the scope of this article.
4.
4. Although we use the data transformations provided by the homogeneity analysis via alternating least squares (HOMALS) in this article, we acknowledge that there are multiple ways of analyzing the Display Rule Assessment Inventory (DRAI) data. These would include using each of the nominal categories separately, as suggested by Matsumoto, Yoo, Hirayama, and Petrova (2005), as well as other theoretically meaningful and/or empirically derived methods. Furthermore, findings may be limited to the particular nature of the data transformations, and the findings presented here should be interpreted with this caveat. More information concerning the HOMALS procedure used here can be found at www.davidmatsumoto.info.
5.
5. In all correlational analyses we computed both Pearson and Spearman correlations. They produced the same results; for parsimony, we present Pearson correlations.

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Published In

Volume 39, Issue 1
Pages: 55 - 74
Article first published online: January 1, 2008
Issue published: January 2008

Keywords

  1. display rules
  2. emotion
  3. expression
  4. individualism—collectivism
  5. cultural norms

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Authors

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David Matsumoto
San Francisco State University, [email protected]
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Seung Hee Yoo
Yale University
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Johnny Fontaine
Ghent University, Belgium
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