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Following the rapid rise of distributed additive manufacturing with 3-D printing has come the technical development of filament extruders and recyclebots, which can turn both virgin polymer pellets and post-consumer shredded plastic into 3-D filament. Similar to the solutions proposed for other forms of ethical manufacturing, it is possible to consider a form of ethical 3-D printer filament distribution being developed. There is a market opportunity for producing this ethical 3-D printer filament, which is addressed in this paper by developing an “ethical product standard” for 3-D filament based upon a combination of existing fair-trade standards and technical and life cycle analysis of recycled filament production and 3-D printing manufacturing. These standards apply to businesses that can enable the economic development of waste pickers and include i) minimum pricing, ii) fair trade premium, iii) labor standards, iv) environmental and technical standards, v) health and safety standards, and vi) social standards including those that cover discrimination, harassment, freedom of association, collective bargaining and discipline.
Management des Technologies Organisationnelles
3D Printing Trends and Discussing Societal, Environmental and Ethical Implications2017 •
In this paper, we present a study on a growing technological sector – additive manufacturing. Additive manufacturing, also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, presents a novel manufacturing process that builds layers to create a three-dimensional solid object from a digital model. 3D printing stands to completely transform manufacturing industry as well as to disrupt related major industries. The topic has been surrounded with lot of hype when predicting future application scope, so in this paper we open discussion on the trends and present societal, environmental and ethical implications pertaining to this technology sector.
The growth of desktop 3-D printers is driving an interest in recycled 3-D printer filament to reduce costs of distributed production. Life cycle analysis studies were performed on the recycling of high density polyethylene into filament suitable for additive layer manufacturing with 3-D printers. The conventional centralized recycling system for high population density and low population density rural locations was compared to the proposed in home, distributed recycling system. This system would involve shredding and then producing filament with an open-source plastic extruder from post-consumer plastics and then printing the extruded filament into usable, value-added parts and products with 3-D printers such as the open-source self replicating rapid prototyper, or RepRap. The embodied energy and carbon dioxide emissions were calculated for high density polyethylene recycling using SimaPro 7.2 and the database EcoInvent v2.0. The results showed that distributed recycling uses less embodied energy than the best-case scenario used for centralized recycling. For centralized recycling in a low-density population case study involving substantial embodied energy use for transportation and collection these savings for distributed recycling were found to extend to over 80%. If the distributed process is applied to the U.S. high density polyethylene currently recycled, more than 100 million MJ of energy could be conserved per annum along with the concomitant significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. It is concluded that with the open-source 3-D printing network expanding rapidly the potential for widespread adoption of in-home recycling of post-consumer plastic represents a novel path to a future of distributed manufacturing appropriate for both the developed and developing world with lower environmental impacts than the current system.
Edizioni POLI.design
Investigation of the Impact of Sustainability on 3D Printing Technologies2019 •
Additive manufacturing has spread widely over the past decade, especially with the availability of home 3D printers. In the future, many items may be manufactured at home, which raises two ethical issues. First, there are questions of safety. Our current safety regulations depend on centralized manufacturing assumptions; they will be difficult to enforce on this new model of manufacturing. I argue that consumers are not capable of fully assessing all relevant risks and thus continue to require protection; any regulation will likely apply to plans, however, not physical objects. Second, there are intellectual property issues. In combination with a 3D scanner, it is now possible to scan items and print copies; many items are not protected from this by current intellectual property laws. I argue that these laws are ethically sufficient. Patent exists to protect what is innovative; the rest is properly not protected. Intellectual property rests on the notion of creativity, but what counts as creative changes with the rise of new technologies.
Resources, Conservation and Recycling
Towards sustainable additive manufacturing: The need for awareness of particle and vapor releases during polymer recycling, making filament, and fused filament fabrication 3-D printing2022 •
2017 •
As part of an undergraduate research project, a study was undertaken to determine the feasibility of extruding recyclable plastic into usable filament to create a sustainable technology for 3-D printing. An extrusion process was developed using Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) pellets to establish a baseline that would be used when investigating recyclable plastics. Modifications were done to allow for higher temperature extrusion to accommodate the higher melting temperature of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastics. Drying the plastic prior to extrusion was proven to be a necessary step in the extrusion process. The viscosity of the PET plastic was determined to be an important characteristic that affects the possibility of creating filament. From this study, a conclusion can be made that there are multiple key factors that will determine the feasibility of extruding recyclable plastics into filament.
2016 •
Additive manufacturing has spread widely over the past decade, especially with the availability of home 3D printers. In the future, many items may be manufactured at home, which raises two ethical issues. First, there are questions of safety. Our current safety regulations depend on centralized manufacturing assumptions; they will be difficult to enforce on this new model of manufacturing. Using current US law as an example, I argue that consumers are not capable of fully assessing all relevant risks and thus continue to require protection; any regulation will likely apply to plans, however, not physical objects. Second, there are intellectual property issues. In combination with a 3D scanner, it is now possible to scan items and print copies; many items are not protected from this by current intellectual property laws. I argue that these laws are ethically sufficient. Patent exists to protect what is innovative; the rest is properly not protected. Intellectual property rests on the notion of creativity, but what counts as creative changes with the rise of new technologies.
2015 •
Environmental impacts of six 3D printers using various materials were compared to determine if material choice drove sustainability, or if other factors such as machine type, machine size, or machine utilization dominate. Cradle-to-grave life-cycle assessments were performed, comparing a commercial-scale FDM machine printing in ABS plastic, a desktop FDM machine printing in ABS, a desktop FDM machine printing in PET and PLA plastics, a polyjet machine printing in its proprietary polymer, an SLA machine printing in its polymer, and an inkjet machine hacked to print in salt and dextrose. All scenarios were scored using ReCiPe Endpoint H methodology to combine multiple impact categories, comparing environmental impacts per part made for several scenarios per machine. Results showed that most printers’ ecological impacts were dominated by electricity use, not materials, and the changes in electricity use due to different plastics was not significant compared to variation from one machine to another. Variation in machine idle time determined impacts per part most strongly. However, material impacts were quite important for the inkjet printer hacked to print in salt: In its optimal scenario, it had up to 1/38th the impact score per part as the worst-performing machine in the same scenario. If salt parts were infused with epoxy to make them more physically robust, then much of this advantage disappeared, and material impacts actually dominated or equaled electricity use. Future studies should also measure DMLS and SLS processes / materials.
Research Square (Research Square)
Converting Plastic Nuisance into a Valuable Resource: Reuse of Residual Plastic Bottles for Manufacturing (3D) Home Printers Under Economic and Improved Environmental Considerations2022 •
In order to assist researchers explore the full potential of distributed recycling of post-consumer polymer waste, this article describes a recyclebot, which is a waste plastic extruder capable of making commercial quality 3-D printing filament. The device design takes advantage of both the open source hardware methodology and the paradigm developed by the open source self-replicating rapid prototyper (RepRap) 3-D printer community. Specifically, this paper describes the design, fabrication and operation of a RepRapable Recyclebot, which refers to the Recyclebot's ability to provide the filament needed to largely replicate the parts for the Recyclebot on any type of RepRap 3-D printer. The device costs less than $700 in mate rials and can be fabricated in about 24 h. Filament is produced at 0.4 kg/h using 0.24 kWh/kg with a diameter ±4.6%. Thus, filament can be manufactured from commercial pellets for <22% of commercial filament costs. In addition, it can fabricate recycled waste plastic into filament for 2.5 cents/kg, which is <1000X commercial filament costs. The system can fabricate filament from polymers with extrusion temperatures <250 °C and is thus capable of manufacturing custom filament over a wide range of thermopolymers and composites for material science studies of new materials and recyclability studies, as well as research on novel applications of fused filament based 3-D printing.
2013 •
MULTISECTORAL ACTION TO COMBAT REGIONAL AND SOCIAL INEQUITIES IN HEALTH
Combination of “Bose” Grinded Corn, Brown Rice, and Lontar Natural Sugar as an Alternative Food Companion for Patients with Degenerative DiseaseJurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi (JUPE)
Analisis Determinan Balita Pendek Dan Sangat Pendek DI Indonesia 2015-2018 Dengan Regresi Data PanelHAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)
Oxydation (des lipides ?) dans les matières grasses et les aliments : mécanismes et évaluation2019 •
Forensic Science International
The problem of aging human remains and living individuals: A review2009 •
2014 •
Revista Brasileira de …
Comportamento ingestivo de ovinos no período diurno em pastagem de azevém anual em diferentes estádios fenológicos2007 •
La institución o la vida. Un análisis filosófico
El umbral y la palabra. En torno a la comprensión agambeniana de la Shoá2024 •
Applied Surface Science
Self-assembled monolayers of a novel diacetylene on gold2005 •
Journal of Medical Cases
Successful Management of a Rare Complication After Percutaneous Native Renal Biopsy2015 •
2016 •
Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto
Soroprevalência de hepatite B em profissionais manicures e/ou pedicures dos salões de beleza do município de Montes Claros – MG2017 •
European Scientific Journal, ESJ
Corporate Working Capital Strategies in Europe: A Cross-Industry and Cross-Country Analysis2013 •
Undo Oyobi Doryoku Dentatsu Kiko Shinpojiumu koen ronbunshu
1113 A discussion of lub feeding to the mesh recess region of a helical gear pair2013 •
Revija za socijalnu politiku
Parents in Exile: Challenges of Parenting among Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Bulgaria