Low Central Nervous System Serotonergic Activity Is Traitlike and Correlates with Impulsive Behavior
A Nonhuman Primate Model Investigating Genetic and Environmental Influences on Neurotransmission
J. D. HIGLEY,
M. LINNOILA,
Corresponding Author
J. D. HIGLEY
Laboratory of Clinical Studies, Primate Unit, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research (DICBR), National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Poolesville, Maryland 20837, USA
Address correspondence and reprint requests to J. Dee Higley, Research Psychologist, NIH Animal Center, Building 112, P.O Box 529, Poolesville, MD 20837-0529, USA. Tel: (301) 496-9550; fax (301)496-0630; e-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorM. LINNOILA
Laboratory of Clinical Studies, Office of the Director, DICBR, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Search for more papers by this author
J. D. HIGLEY,
M. LINNOILA,
Corresponding Author
J. D. HIGLEY
Laboratory of Clinical Studies, Primate Unit, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research (DICBR), National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Poolesville, Maryland 20837, USA
Address correspondence and reprint requests to J. Dee Higley, Research Psychologist, NIH Animal Center, Building 112, P.O Box 529, Poolesville, MD 20837-0529, USA. Tel: (301) 496-9550; fax (301)496-0630; e-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorM. LINNOILA
Laboratory of Clinical Studies, Office of the Director, DICBR, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
ABSTRACT: We have used nonhuman primates to examine developmental and behavioral correlates of CNS serotonergic activity, as measured by concentrations of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These studies show that interindividual differences in CNS serotonin turnover rate exhibit traitlike qualities and are stable across time and settings, with interindividual differences in CSF 5-HIAA concentrations showing positive correlations across repeated sampling. Primates with low CNS serotonergic activity exhibit behaviors indicative of impaired impulse control, unrestrained aggression, social isolation, and low social dominance. Maternal and paternal genetic influences play major roles in producing low CNS serotonin functioning, beginning early in life. These genetic influences on serotonin functioning are further influenced by early rearing experiences, particularly parental deprivation.
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