Skip to main content
Scheduled maintenance on Monday, June 3rd, with potential service disruption. Find out more.
Intended for healthcare professionals
Restricted access
Research article
First published September 2000

Psychometric Characteristics of the Social Reactions Questionnaire: A Measure of Reactions to Sexual Assault Victims

Abstract

Negative social reactions are common responses to disclosures of sexual assault. A study was undertaken to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of a new measure of social reactions to sexual assault victims, the Social Reactions Questionnaire (SRQ). Good reliability and validity were demonstrated for the measure in three samples of sexual assault victims: community volunteers, college students, and victims contacting mental health agencies. The SRQ provides a much needed measure of both the positive forms of social support and several negative social reactions received by sexual assault victims disclosing their assaults to a range of informal social network members and formal support providers.

Get full access to this article

View all access and purchase options for this article.

References

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press
Barrera M., Sandler I., Ramsey T. (1981). Preliminary development of a scale of social support: Studies on college students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 435–447
Bradburn N. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago: Aldine
Campbell R., Ahrens C. E., Sefl T., Wasco S. M., Barnes H. E. (1999). Social reactions to rape victims: Healing and hurtful effects on psychological and physical health outcomes. Manuscript submitted for publication
Dakof G. A., Taylor S. E. (1990). Victims' perceptions of social support: What is helpful from whom? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 80–89
Davis R. C., Brickman E. R., Baker T. (1991). Effects of supportive and unsupportive responses of others to rape victims: Effects on concurrent victim adjustment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 443–451
Derogatis L. R. (1977). SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Baltimore, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research
Donald C. A., Ware J. E. (1984). The measurement of social support. Research in Community and Mental Health, 4, 325–370
Floyd F. J., Widaman K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7, 286–299
Foa E. B. (1995). Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale manual. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems
Golding J. M., Cooper M. L., Wilsnack S. C. (1998), August). Sexual assault history and current social support networks. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA
Golding J. M., Siegel J. M., Sorenson S. B., Burnam M. A., Stein J. A. (1989). Social support sources following sexual assault. Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 92–107
Herbert T. B., Dunkel-Schetter C. (1992). Negative social reactions to victims: An overview of responses, and their determinants. In Montada L., Filipp S., Lerner M. J. (Eds.), Life crises and experiences of loss in adulthood (pp. 497–518). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
House J. S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
Kilpatrick D. G., Edmunds C. N., Seymour A. K. (1992). Rape in America: A report to the nation. Arlington, VA: National Victim Center
Koss M. P., Gidycz C. A. (1985). The sexual experiences survey: Reliability and validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 442–443
Koss M. P., Gidycz C. A., Wisniewski N. (1987). The scope of rape: Incidence and prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of higher education students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 162–170
Koss M. P., Oros C. (1982). The sexual experiences survey: A research instrument investigating sexual aggression and victimization. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 455–457
Rosenberg M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Sales E., Baum M., Shore B. (1984). Victim readjustment following assault. Journal of Social Issues, 40, 17–36
Symonds M. E. (1980). The “second injury” to victims. Evaluation and Change, 36–38
Turner R. J. (1983). Direct, indirect, and moderating effects of social support on psychological distress, and associated conditions. In Kaplan H. B. (Ed.), Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research (pp. 105–155). New York: Academic Press
Ullman S. E. (1996a). Social reactions, coping strategies, and self-blame attributions in adjustment to sexual assault. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 505–526
Ullman S. E. (1996b). Correlates and consequences of adult sexual assault disclosure. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11, 554–571
Ullman S. E. (1996c). Do social reactions to sexual assault victims vary by support provider? Violence and Victims, 11, 143–156
Ullman S. E. (1999). Social support and recovery from sexual assault: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal, 4, 343–358
Ullman S. E., Filipas H. H. (1999a, November). Effects of social reactions from support providers on rape-related PTSD. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Miami, FL
Ullman S. E., Filipas H. H. (1999b). Predictors of PTSD symptom severity and social reactions in sexual assault victims. Manuscript submitted for publication
Ullman S. E., Siegel J. M. (1995). Sexual assault, social reactions, and physical health. Women's Health: Research on Gender, Behavior, and Policy, 1, 289–308

Cite article

Cite article

Cite article

OR

Download to reference manager

If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice

Share options

Share

Share this article

Share with email
EMAIL ARTICLE LINK
Share on social media

Share access to this article

Sharing links are not relevant where the article is open access and not available if you do not have a subscription.

For more information view the Sage Journals article sharing page.

Information, rights and permissions

Information

Published In

Article first published: September 2000
Issue published: September 2000

Rights and permissions

© 2000 Society for the Psychology of Women.
Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Sarah E. Ullman
University of Illinois, Chicago

Notes

Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Sarah E. Ullman, Department of Criminal Justice, University of Illinois, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7140.

Metrics and citations

Metrics

Journals metrics

This article was published in Psychology of Women Quarterly.

VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICS

Article usage*

Total views and downloads: 1976

*Article usage tracking started in December 2016


Altmetric

See the impact this article is making through the number of times it’s been read, and the Altmetric Score.
Learn more about the Altmetric Scores



Articles citing this one

Receive email alerts when this article is cited

Web of Science: 74 view articles Opens in new tab

Crossref: 0

  1. Disclosing Sexual Victimization Online and In-Person: An Examination o...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  2. Social Reactions to Disclosures of Multiple-Perpetrator Sexual Assault...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  3. Sexual Violence Survivors’ Experiences with the Police and Willingness...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  4. Associations Among Online Social Reactions to Disclosure of Sexual Vic...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  5. Social Reactions to Disclosure of Sexual Violence Experienced by Sexua...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  6. Impact of Self-Blame and Social Reactions on Adult Sexual Assault Sequ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  7. Crime Discounting of Violent Victimization: The Role of Crime Type and...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  8. Building an antifragile supply chain: A capability blueprint for resil...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  9. The Factors Affecting Longitudinal Course of Posttraumatic Stress Diso...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  10. Sexual Violence Disclosure in #Notokay: Disclosure Goals, Disclosure-F...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  11. Public stigma toward women victims of intimate partner violence: A sys...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  12. Online Social Reactions to Disclosure of Sexual Victimization via #MeT...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  13. Perceived Stigma and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Women Victims o...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  14. Development and Validation of the Disclosure Expectancy Scale
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  15. Women Receive More Positive Reactions to Childhood Sexual Abuse Disclo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  16. Prognostic and prescriptive predictors of PTSD response to prolonged e...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  17. Institutional predictors of campus sexual misconduct reporting: the ro...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  18. Disclosure of Sexual Assault Among Sexual and Gender Minorities: A Sys...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  19. Disclosure of Sexual Victimization: Effects of Invalidation and Shame ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  20. Posttraumatic growth after perinatal loss: A systematic review
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  21. Learning from experience: psychologists’ inquiry into child sexual abu...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  22. Social Reactions to Disclosure of Sexual Violence in Adulthood and Wom...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  23. How Will I Be Perceived: The Role of Trauma-Related Shame in the Relat...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  24. Social Reactions and Trauma Symptoms Among Gender and Sexual Minority ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  25. Psychosocial Health Factors Among Men Reporting Recent Sexual Assault
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  26. Online Disclosure of Sexual Victimization: A Systematic Review
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  27. Social Support, Social Isolation and Mastery Among Adults Exposed to T...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  28. An Attempt to Conceptualize the Phenomenon of Stigma toward Intimate P...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  29. Social Reactions to Substance-Involved Sexual Assault Disclosure: Does...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  30. Correlates of Social Reactions to Victims’ Disclosures of Sexual Assau...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  31. The Impact of Victim Blaming and Locus of Control on Mental Health Out...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  32. The Role of Social Reactions to Disclosures in the Relationship Betwee...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  33. Help-Seeking and Barriers to Care in Intimate Partner Sexual Violence:...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  34. Comparing Negative Social Reactions to Sexual and Non-sexual Crimes: A...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  35. Non-supportive responses to adolescents who have experienced sexual ab...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  36. Social network responses to victims of potentially traumatic events: A...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  37. Binegativity Exacerbates the Effects of Sexual Victimization Disclosur...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  38. Are Survivors of Sexual Assault Blamed More Than Victims of Other Crim...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  39. Barriers to Formal Help-seeking following Sexual Violence: Review from...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  40. Communicating a History of Sexual Trauma: Partner Responses to Women's...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  41. Exploring Correlates of Social Reactions to Disclosure Among Latina Se...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  42. Self-Disclosure and Post-traumatic Growth in Korean Adults: A Multiple...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  43. Trauma History as a Significant Predictor of Posttraumatic Growth Beyo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  44. Sexual Victimization Among Men: A Qualitative Analysis of the Twitter ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  45. Chipped or Whole? Listening to Survivors’ Experiences With Disclosure ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  46. Reactions to the disclosure of intrafamilial childhood sexual abuse: F...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  47. Why I Didn’t Report: Reasons for Not Reporting Sexual Violence as Stat...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  48. Asking the Hard Questions: Psychologists’ Discomfort With Inquiring Ab...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  49. Mental illness disclosure in organizations: defining and predicting (u...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  50. Social reactions to disclosure of sexual violence in female adults wit...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  51. Latent Profiles of Social Reactions to Sexual Assault Disclosure Among...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  52. Responding to Disclosure of Sexual Assault: The Potential Impact of Vi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  53. A Pilot Evaluation of an Intervention to Improve Social Reactions to S...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  54. Child sexual exploitation, poly-victimisation and resilience
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  55. It Happens in #ChurchToo: Twitter Discourse Regarding Sexual Victimiza...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  56. Differences in Women’s Substance-Related Sexual Assaults: Force, Impai...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  57. Trauma-Informed Systems of Care
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  58. The Borders of Personal and Political: Argumentative Analysis of a (Po...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  59. Disclosing Unwanted Pursuit Victimization: Indirect Effects of Negativ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  60. Characteristics of Disclosing Childhood Victimization and Risk of Revi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  61. The Impact of Campus-Level Factors on Peers’ Perceived Ability to Supp...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  62. Multiple perpetrator sexual assault: correlates of PTSD and depressive...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  63. #MeToo: Disclosure and Response to Sexual Victimization on Twitter
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  64. Talking to Others About Sexual Assault: A Narrative Analysis of Surviv...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  65. Female Intimate Partner Violence Survivors’ Experiences With Disclosur...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  66. Psychometric Properties of the Institutional Betrayal Questionnaire, V...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  67. How Do Victims of Sexual Violence Benefit From Mutual Disclosure? An E...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  68. Social Reactions to Sexual Assault Disclosure: The Role of Posttraumat...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  69. Profile Analysis of Sexual Assault Experiences among Adult Women and T...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  70. Comparisons of Sexual Victimization Experiences among Sexual Minority ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  71. How Female Disclosure Recipients React to Women Survivors: The Impact ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  72. Women’s Experiences of Social Reactions From Informal and Formal Suppo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  73. Trauma-Related Disclosure in Sexual Assault Survivors’ Intimate Relati...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  74. The impact of minority stress and gender identity on PTSD outcomes in ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  75. Social Reactions to IPV Disclosure and PTSD Symptom Severity: Assessin...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  76. To Harm and Heal: Digital Disclosure and S...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  77. The association between social support and posttraumatic stress sympto...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  78. African American Sexual Assault Survivors and Mental Health Help-Seeki...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  79. “Call for Help Immediately”: A Discourse Analysis of Resident Assistan...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  80. It Won’t Happen to Me: An Examination of the Effectiveness of Defensiv...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  81. Identifying Victim Blaming Language in Discussions about Sexual Assaul...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  82. San fermines #la manada case: An exploratory analysis of social suppor...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  83. Beyond the Rape “Victim”–“Survivor” Binary: How Race, Gender, and Iden...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  84. Correlates of African American sexual assault survivors’ medical care ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  85. Can a Conversational Agent Lower Sexual Violence Victims' Burden of Se...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  86. Social Reactions and Women’s Decisions to Report Sexual Assault to Law...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  87. Why Women Are Not Talking About It: Reasons for Nondisclosure of Sexua...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  88. Supporting Survivors: The Roles of Rape Myths and Feminism in Universi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  89. Disclosure Recipients’ Social Reactions to Victims’ Disclosures of Int...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  90. Trauma-Informed Systems of Care
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  91. Eazidi Women's Practices of Empowerment and Capital Formation Followin...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  92. Negative Responses to Disclosure of Sexual Victimization and Victims’ ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  93. Predicting the Effects of Sexual Assault Research Participation: React...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  94. Measuring experience and outcomes in patients reporting sexual violenc...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  95. Bystander Response to Sexual Assault Disclosures in the U.S. Military:...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  96. If You Can’t Say Something Nice: A Latent Profile Analysis of Social R...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  97. Rape Disclosure and Depression Among Community Women: The Mediating Ro...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  98. Social reactions to disclosure of interpersonal violence and psychopat...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  99. The risk of Telling: A Dyadic Perspective on Romantic Partners’ Respon...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  100. Social Reactions to Intimate Partner Violence Disclosure Among Low-Inc...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  101. Stigmatizing Reactions Versus General Negative Reactions to Partner Vi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  102. Reliability and Findings From an Instrument Examining Sexual Assault D...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  103. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Victims of Sexual Assault With Pre-a...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  104. Sharing #MeToo on Twitter: incidents, coping responses, and social rea...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  105. “Everybody’s Really Close-Knit”: Disconnections Between Helping Victim...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  106. The Effects of Exposure to Negative Social Reactions and Participant G...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  107. Supporting students in responding to disclosure of sexual violence: a ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  108. Providing and Receiving Sexual Assault Disclosures: Findings From a Se...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  109. Factors Influencing on Mental Health of Adults Who Have Experienced Be...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  110. Survivors’ Advice to Service Providers: How to Best Serve Survivors of...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  111. Assault-related self-blame and its association with PTSD in sexually a...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  112. Responding to Delayed Disclosure of Sexual Assault in Health Settings:...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  113. Understanding Support Providers’ Views of “Helpful” Responses to Sexua...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  114. “You Blame Me, Therefore I Blame Me”: The Importance of First Disclosu...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  115. A social model of posttraumatic stress disorder: Interpersonal trauma,...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  116. The Determinants of Investigation Behaviors (Justice Practice and Seco...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  117. Stigma Among Survivors of Sexual Violence in Congo: Scale Development ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  118. Longitudinal Effects of Sexual Assault Victims’ Drinking and Self-Blam...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  119. Understanding the Consequences of Sexual Assault: What Does It Mean fo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  120. Rape Myth Acceptance in Sexually Assaulted Adolescents' School Context...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  121. Behind closed doors: university employees as stakeholders in campus se...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  122. Predicting Sexual Assault Revictimization in a Longitudinal Sample of ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  123. Language disorder and retrospectively reported sexual abuse of girls: ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  124. Nettverkets betydning etter seksuelleovergrep
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  125. Teaching procedural justice and communication skills during police–com...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  126. Secondary Victimization of Sexual Minority Men Following Disclosure of...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  127. Sexual Assault Survivors’ Experiences with Mental Health Professionals...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  128. Reacciones sociales ante la revelación de abuso sexual infantil y male...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  129. A Short Measure of Social Reactions to Sexual Assault: The Social Reac...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  130. Social Support, Coping, and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Female Se...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  131. Exploring Correlates of Alcohol-Specific Social Reactions in Alcohol-I...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  132. Sexual Assault Disclosure and Sexual Functioning: The Role of Trauma S...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  133. Understanding Social Factors in the Context of Trauma: Implications fo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  134. Sexual Assault in Bisexual and Heterosexual Women Survivors
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  135. “You Just Gotta Watch What You Say in Those Situations”: A Normative A...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  136. Longitudinal Relationships of Social Reactions, PTSD, and Revictimizat...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  137. The Validation of the Korean Version of the Psychological Well-Being-P...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  138. Sexual Assault Disclosure Recipients’ Experiences: Emotional Distress ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  139. Measuring procedural justice and legitimacy at the local level: the po...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  140. Measuring Social Reactions to Female Survivors of Alcohol-Involved Sex...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  141. Psychological Consequences Associated With Positive and Negative Respo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  142. Factors associated with mental health symptoms in women living with HI...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  143. Unsupported or Turned Against...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  144. Intimate Partner Violence and Drinking among Victims of Adult Sexual A...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  145. Informal Social Reactions to College Women’s Disclosure of Intimate Pa...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  146. The Role of Sexual Orientation in the Victimization and Recovery of Se...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  147. Links Between the Police Response and Women’s Psychological Outcomes F...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  148. Longitudinal Predictors of Women’s Experiences of Social Reactions Fol...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  149. Women’s Exposure to Psychological Abuse: Does That Experience Predict ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  150. CHARACTERISTICS AND LIFE EXPERIENCES ASSOCIATED WITH RECEIVING A RAPE ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  151. Does Encouragement by Others Increase Rape Reporting? Findings From a ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  152. Social Reactions to Sexual Assault Disclosure and Problem Drinking...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  153. SOCIAL REACTIONS TO SEXUAL ASSAULT DISCLOSURE, COPING, PERCEIVED CONTR...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  154. Correlates of Perceived Helpfulness of Mental Health Professionals Fol...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  155. A Socio‐interpersonal Perspective on PTSD: The Case for Environments a...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  156. Social Reactions to Disclosure of Sexual Victimization and Adjustment ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  157. Psychological growth in humanitarian aid personnel: reintegrating with...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  158. College Women’s Experiences With Rape Disclosure: A National Study
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  159. Negative Social Reactions to Assault Disclosure as a Mediator between ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  160. Women Experiencing Psychological Abuse: Are They a Homogenous Group?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  161. Impact of emotional approach coping and hope on PTSD and depression sy...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  162. Factors Predicting Relationship Satisfaction, Investment, and Commitme...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  163. To Whom Do College Women Confide Following Sexual Assault? A Prospecti...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  164. The Ties That Bind: Understanding the Impact of Sexual Assault Disclos...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  165. College Students’ Social Reactions to the Victim in a Hypothetical Sex...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  166. Surviving the Storm...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  167. Prospective Changes in Attributions of Self-Blame and Social Reactions...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  168. Emotionally Engaging: Responding to and Researching Survivors of Sexua...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  169. How Do Social Interactions with a Significant Other Affect PTSD Sympto...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  170. A Socioecological Model of Rape Survivors' Decisions to Aid in Case Pr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  171. Longitudinal Research With Sexual Assault Survivors: A Methodological ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  172. Longitudinal Tracking Methods in a Study of Adult Women Sexual Assault...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  173. Do Differing Types of Victimization and Coping Strategies Influence th...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  174. The Culture of Disclosure: Effects of Perceived Reactions to Disclosur...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  175. An Ecological Model of the Impact of Sexual Assault On Women's Mental ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  176. Healing or Hurtful: Sexual Assault Survivors' Interpretations of Socia...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  177. Correlates of Serious Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in Female Adult S...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  178. Social support and risk of sexual assault revictimization
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  179. Exploring the Relationships of Women's Sexual Assault Disclosure, Soci...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  180. Social Influences on Judgments of Rape Victims: The Role of the Negati...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  181. What is an empowerment approach to working with sexual assault survivo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  182. Beyond the Campus: Unacknowledged Rape Among Low-Income Women
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  183. Psychosocial correlates of PTSD symptom severity in sexual assault sur...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  184. What factors predict women's disclosure of sexual assault to mental he...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  185. Age and Educational Differences in African American Women's Sexual Ass...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  186. Structural Models of the Relations of Assault Severity, Social Support...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  187. Deciding Whom to Tell: Expectations and Outcomes of Rape Survivors' Fi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  188. Comparing Gang and Individual Rapes in a Community Sample of Urban Wom...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  189. Relationship to Perpetrator, Disclosure, Social Reactions, and PTSD Sy...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  190. Impact du moment du dévoilement d’une agression sexuelle perpétrée par...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  191. Correlates of Comorbid PTSD and Polysubstance Use in Sexual Assault Vi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  192. Rape Acknowledgment and Postassault Experiences: How Acknowledgment St...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  193. Positive and negative adjustment and social support of sexual assault ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  194. Being Silenced: The Impact of Negative Social Reactions on the Disclos...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  195. The Role of Victim-Offender Relationship in Women’s Sexual Assault Exp...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  196. Exploring the links between posttraumatic stress disorder and social s...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  197. Coping with the Experience of Rape
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  198. Correlates of comorbid PTSD and drinking problems among sexual assault...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  199. Correlates of Women's Sexual Assault Disclosure to Informal and Formal...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  200. Gender differences in social reactions to abuse disclosures, post-abus...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  201. Soutien social et santé mentale : concept, mesures, recherches récente...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  202. Social Reactions to Child Sexual Abuse Disclosures: A Critical Review
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  203. Sexual assault history, PTSD, and mental health service seeking in a n...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  204. Correlates of Formal and Informal Support Seeking in Sexual Assault Vi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  205. Predictors of PTSD symptom severity and social reactions in sexual ass...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar

Figures and tables

Figures & Media

Tables

View Options

Get access

Access options

If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:

SPW members can access this journal content using society membership credentials.

SPW members can access this journal content using society membership credentials.


Alternatively, view purchase options below:

Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.

Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.

View options

PDF/ePub

View PDF/ePub