English language and literature

John Skelton is a central literary figure and the leading poet during the first thirty years of Tudor rule. Nevertheless, he remains challenging and even contradictory for modern audiences.

This book aims to provide an authoritative guide to this complex poet and his works, setting him in his historical, religious, and social contexts. Beginning with an exploration of his life and career, it goes on to cover all the major aspects of his poetry, from the literary traditions in which he wrote and the form of his compositions to the manuscript contexts and later reception. Contributors: Tom Betteridge, Julia Boffey, John Burrow, David Carlson, Helen Cooper, Elisabeth Dutton, A.S.G. Edwards, Jane Griffiths, Nadine Kuipers, Carol Meale, John Scattergood, Sebastian Sobecki, Greg Waite

The purpose of my thesis has been to establish the reasons for adapting Shakespeare for children in the modern age and to see if adaptations are influenced by the time they are written. From my analysis of forty- two adaptations for children of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, covering a period of almost two hundred years, three distinct trends have emerged. The first is the evolution of Shakespeare, in terms of his reputation and literary prestige. The second is the growth in the variety of adaptations of Shakespeare for children. The third is the tendency of treatments to reflect the eras in which they were produced. This project represents an under-discussed field of Shakespeare studies. Comparing a wide variety of texts in the context of the time they were written has been neglected, as has the comparison of texts in different eras. This project covers seven time periods (with a chapter devoted to each): 1800 to 1840 (The Beginning); 1850 to 1910 (The Golden Age), 1919 to 1939 (Between the Wars); 1940 to 1959 (Post War Recovery); 1960 to 1979 (Performance Adaptations); 1980 to 1989 (Shakespeare in Schools) and 1990 to 1999 (End of a Millennium). I argue three points: The first is that the prestige of Shakespeare has been systematically and consistently reinforced in each generation echoing his development from England’s greatest writer to an international icon. The second is that adaptations of MND have been influenced for the past 200 years by education in one way or another, either for pedagogic use or as metatheatrical device, ensuring an increasing variety of adaptations. The third is that MND has been rewritten to suit a specific era and audience.

La première pièce de Joanna Laurens, The Three Birds, (2000) propose une révision dramatique du mythe grec de Philomèle qui s’inscrit en contrepoint de la fable telle qu’elle est relatée dans les Métamorphoses d’Ovide. Le rapport à la langue et à la figure du barbare, paradigme de l’Autre, engage une réflexion sur la question des minorités, la voix de l’étranger et l’idée d’une réversibilité des postures. Barbarismes, irrégularités syntaxiques, « babélisation » font ici violence au langage ainsi qu’aux différentes langues parlées dans la pièce qui s’altèrent et se barbarisent à l’image des personnages, incarnant ainsi dans la chair du verbe la mutilation de la langue qui fait la matière cruelle du mythe. Au cœur de la pièce, elle-même réécriture d’une autre pièce – celle, perdue, du Térée de Sophocle – on retrouve en effet l’écriture d’une autre scène – celle, tabou, du viol et de l’amputation de la langue de Philomèle – qui, à défaut de pouvoir se dire, vient s’écrire sur la tapisserie que brode la jeune fille à l’attention de sa sœur pour révéler le crime étouffé par les mensonges en cascades de Térée en même temps qu’elle se reflète dans la trituration du langage. Cet article s’intéressera donc aux enjeux de la réécriture en tant que mise en place d’une alternative fondamentale à partir d’une perspective neuve – celle du barbare amoureux, ou plutôt de la barbarie de l’amour impossible – qui se reflète dans le motif intradiégétique de l’activité de tissage en tant qu’écriture de « l’Autre » (réécriture par l’Autre, la femme, de l’autre scène ou de l’autre pièce, qui ne peut être dite). Avec la duplicité intrinsèque du langage et l’exploration de son potentiel de transformation, nous verrons dès lors comment l’altérité se donne plutôt à voir comme altération, voire aliénation, jusqu’au creux de la langue où elle prend naissance pour la faire délirer (Deleuze). Le langage de la pièce reflète ainsi la façon dont l’humain vient faire trace dans la langue du barbare et montre comment, par-delà l’humanisation du Thrace, la barbarie vient à son tour réinvestir l’humain et marquer de son empreinte l’acte et le langage d’amour devenus viols. En déroulant à l’extrême le fil ténu qui sépare humanité et barbarie, les expérimentations poétiques de Laurens, où le langage et « l’autre » du langage se rencontrent dans leurs contradictions-mêmes, permettent ainsi de renouveler le sens du mythe grec autant que le langage dramatique sur la scène théâtrale à l’aube du vingt-et-unième siècle.

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Joanna Laurens’ first play The Three Birds (2000) is a retelling of the Greek myth of Philomela in which language undergoes a poetic treatment unprecedented on the contemporary British stage. Mirroring and enacting the characters’ evolution from innocence to barbarism, language is distorted and altered to an extreme through a creative process involving word coinage (i.e. barbarisms), syntactic irregularities, and ‘babelisation,’ thus bringing out and performing the violence of the myth. Departing from Ovid’s poem which is itself a reworking of the original fable, as well as from the feminist takes on the story during the second half of the twentieth century, Laurens’ dramatic writing offers a new approach to the language and figure of the Barbarian, a traditional paradigm of the Other. She addresses such issues as the oppression of minorities, the voice of the stranger, and the reversibility of ethical positions by providing a reflection on the intrinsic duplicity of language itself and by exploring its potential for ‘metamorphosis’ and manipulation, thus presenting otherness as alienation. At the core of the play, which is a rewriting of another (lost) tragedy – that of Sophocles’ Tereus –, are Tereus’ lies, which are a rewriting of another (taboo) story – that of Philomela’s rape and amputated tongue. Although it can’t be verbally expressed by the young woman, this traumatic episode is nonetheless revealed through a tapestry she weaves for her sister Procné to denounce the crime of the lying husband, the needlework compensating her lost voice. This article thus looks at the issues at stake in Laurens’ rewriting, which can be read as the Other of the Greek myth and its famous feminist interpretations. Not only does her play propose an alternative which stems from an unusual, profoundly humane perspective – the suffering of a man whose love is thwarted – but this reversal is also mirrored in the intradiegetic motif of the tapestry as a writing of the Other (the scene behind the scenes, unheard of) by the Other (the abused, silenced woman). I propose to study how the Other comes to be inscribed at the core of language where it takes shape, rendering it delirious (Deleuze), as humanity can be traced in the Barbarian and barbarism can in turn affect humanity beyond the figure of the Thracian. As the act and language of love are turned into linguistic abuse and physical rape, Laurens’ formal experimentations, where language and the Other of language meet at the crossroad of their own contradictions, allow for a renewal in the meaning of the Greek myth as well as in the dramatic language on the British stage at the start of the twenty-first century.

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now open for LEA 11 (2022).
CfP: Conflict and contrast in language and literature

LEA also accepts contributions that are not related to the topic proposed in the CfP: for more information, please visit our website:
https://oajournals.fupress.net/index.php/bsfm-lea

As one of the foci of descriptive translation studies，translational norms are further divided into lexical，syntactic and textual operational norms． One of the significant means to study operational norms in this paper is corpus－based technique． The comparable corpora in use are the two translations of Sunzibingfa，the world－known Chinese military classic ( Lin Wusun’s translation and Roger T． Ames’s translation) ． By means of corpus tools，this paper is focused on the analysis of the differences in lexical operational norms，including standardized type /token ratio，length of words，frequency of words，lexical density，etc． Finally，it is discovered that there are striking differences.

Arsaythamby Veloo School of Education and Modern Languages, Universiti Utara Malaysia Malaysia ABSTRACT This study attempts to investigate whether MUET results can be used as a predictor of accounting and science stream students’ overall academic performance of matriculation program. This prediction will prove further whether MUET result is valid to be used as a measurement for placement in public universities. Data were analysed at three stages using SPSS version 22.0. Firstly, MUET test scores were explained descriptively for the minimum and maximum scores. Then, to identify the relationship, overall MUET scores and its individual components’ scores were correlated with students’ _Cumulative Grade_ Point_ Average (CGPA). Then, multiple regression analysis was carried out to investigate whether MUET overall scores and its components can be used to predict students’ academic achievements. The results of_ multiple_ regression analysis show that, overall MUET score and reading compone...

Victorian Literature. The second part of the second volume offers a selection of the writing of authors starting with Tennyson and Browning and finishing with the light verse of Lear and Carroll. English Literature – An Anthology for Students. Volume 2 - From the Romanticism to the Twentieth Century. Poznań: Dom Wydawniczy Rebis, 2011, pp. 536.

These poems, composed in Somali and in English, provide a poetic reflection of the recently emerged debate on the theme of Caddaan Studies which means "White Studies". The criticism and counter-criticism contained in the debate dug so deep into life nerve of Somali Studies that over a thousand people participated. The poems, under the title "Inaugurating Caddaan Studies" were composed with a critical observation of the debate.

This article reads the problem of trespass within William Shakespeare's King Lear.  I draw upon eighteenth-century jurist William Blackstone's notion of trespass, sixteenth-century jurist Jean Bodin's notion of sovereignty, in order to understand the question of property rights that emerges in Lear's abdication of his sovereignty.

The current use of podcasts, as a new channel to input knowledge, has effectively been promoting listening comprehension which consequently has increased the acquisition of target language. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effects of video-podcasts integration on listening comprehension. The twelve-week quantitative study employed a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test design. Samples included in both the control and experimental groups were 120 English major male undergraduates from a University in Saudi Arabia. The Findings of ANCOVA analysis showed that the video-podcast group significantly outperformed the control group on the post-test. The findings imply that video-podcasts are useful resource for enhancing EFL learners’ listening comprehension. Article visualizations:

EFL teaching from an intercultural perspective implies integrating practice of the FL, a more reflexive approach to FL cultures as well as new ways of looking at Spanish cultures.  Thus, literature has become a door to new opportunities, a mirror to discover others and to reflect upon ourselves.
This paper seeks to show ways to contribute for greater world openness via the intercultural approach by exploring three EFL teaching through literature inclusive practices in diverse contexts and groups, namely: Maradona Public Secondary School students with Autistic Spectrum Disorder working with stories, Pescar Foundation English programme for youngsters in vulnerable socioeconomic situation using songs  in the city of Río Grande and  Prison of Ezeiza English Workshop for young adults deprived of liberty by means of poems.

In the education policy of countries, FL education has never played such an important role as it has recently done. Most of the countries decreased FL learning age to the early years of education with a wide array of reasons ranging from the increasing interactions among nations to finding a prosperous occupation. Whatever the reason, every stakeholder expects the results of FL education to be satisfying. However, though some countries achieve better results, some others still fail to succeed as in Turkey. In Turkey, even at tertiary education most of the students are not so good at English which is also officially registered by some tests. Therefore, the current study aimed to scrutinize primary and secondary level English education in Turkey, to compare it to the countries that are among the most successful in learning FLs and in this respect to make suggestions for the improvement of FL education in Turkey. This qualitative study hinged on document analysis of relevant research and texts. As a result, it was found that on paper there are not so many differences among countries. However, having a centralized curriculum in all levels of education, problems in teacher education and training, and incompatibility of FL assessment practices to international tests and to the aims of language teaching are the issues that come into prominence in Turkish FL education and they require immediate action.

Feminist literary criticism is a literary criticism knowledgeable by feminist theory, or, more broadly, by the politics of feminism. It uses feminist principles and ideology to critique the language of literature. This school of thought seeks to analyze and describe the ways in which literature portrays the narratives of male domination by exploring the economic, social, political, and psychological forces embedded within literature. Feminism emerged as an important force in the western world in 1960s when women realized the attitude of their male colleagues who swore about equality, was actually the strategy used by them to keep women subservient, then a revolution by women to fight against them, and against racism and sexism was felt. This awakening spread over and as a result feminist criticism emerged on as an off –shoot of women’s Liberation Movement. Beginning with the interrogation of male-centric literature that portrayed women in a demeaning and oppressed model, theorist su...

Resumo: Desde 1886, ano da primeira publicação do original em inglês, o conto The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, do escritor escocês Robert Louis Stevenson já foi publicado em língua portuguesa mais de 70 vezes (sem contar reimpressões, atualizações e reedições, apenas novos textos). A Livraria Minerva de Portugal publicou em 1933 a obra já com o título de O médico e o monstro. No Brasil, a primeira publicação de que temos notícia até este momento da pesquisa é da Livraria do Globo, em sua Revista Mensal de Literatura, de 1938. Além disso, o texto inspirou a realização de diversos filmes para cinema e televisão, peças de teatro e musicais. Em mais de 120 anos de existência, o conto escrito por Stevenson passou por muitas adaptações, com publicações na forma de livro, revista, fotonovela e quadrinhos. Este estudo procura fazer um levantamento das traduções e adaptações da obra publicadas em língua portuguesa que sejam representativas de alguns assim chamados "fenômenos" editoriais, procurando refletir sobre as justificativas e desdobramentos de cada um deles. Palavras-chave: Tradução. Stevenson. O médico e o monstro. Adaptação. Abstract: Since 1886, the year of first publication of the original in English, the short story The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, by the Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson has been published in the Portuguese language more than 70 times (not considering reprints, updates and reproductions, only new volumes). In 1933

English language learning is considered as a language that must be learned as it is needed in everyday life in local and global context. In response to students need to learn English, it is obvious that modern technology, i.e. modern environment is ‘ the ’ environment suitable for students’ prosperity nowadays. However, the longer and more complex things are to learn, the more the need to emphasise the importance of evolution in teaching English. This is because our society may be characterised by its diversity, complexity and interconnectedness. The educational systems must embrace this fact and adjust the 21 st century societal needs by using all teaching tools. Young Adults (YA) nowadays are keen on speaking and understanding English, which is spontaneously connected with reading and writing, such as texting, using social media, but when it comes to book/novel reading, there is a believe that they do not prefer real, hard copy books. Of course, they substitute books with technolo...

A multi-channel wireless EEG (electroencephalogram) acquisition and recording system is developed in this work. The system includes an EEG sensing and transmission unit and a digital processing circuit. The former is composed of pre-amplifiers, filters, and gain amplifiers. The kernel of the later digital processing circuit is a micro-controller unit (MCU, TI-MSP430), which is utilized to convert the EEG signals into digital signals and fulfill the digital filtering. By means of Bluetooth communication module, the digitized signals are sent to the back-end such as PC or PDA. Thus, the patient's EEG signal can be observed and stored without any long cables such that the analogue distortion caused by long distance transmission can be reduced significantly. Furthermore, an integrated classification method, consisting of non-linear energy operator (NLEO), autoregressive (AR) model, and bisecting k-means algorithm, is also proposed to perform EEG off-line clustering at the back-end. ...

The present study investigates the effects of foregrounding on the process of defamiliarization of students of literature and engineering, and on the way they develop refamiliarization, that is, the reconstructive process they undergo in order to return to familiar ground. It describes which refamiliarizing strategies these readers make use of and the role of feeling in this process. Data analysis is both quantitative and qualitative. The introspective method of the pause protocol is used in the qualitative part. Here, participants respond to the reading of a short story. The purpose is to investigate how they react to its content and which of its segments trigger comments. Results demonstrate that appreciating the formal elements of a text might be an effective strategy, as readers do not try to decode the text any longer and start reflecting on it, thus building an interpretation. They also develop a new perspective on the world around them and on themselves.

In the modern era, human beings have excelled in all areas of life and have been proving their excellence over all other living beings. They have used their quest for learning to the best of utilization by creating a life full of comfort and luxuries. Man has even ventured into the arenas which were earlier considered to be associated with cosmic powers. This pace of development has brought its share of challenges and complexities as well. With a spurt in pollution, to health hazard to psychological challenges, life has become too complex. Amongst these challenges, the one challenge that is posing a great threat to the survival of fellow beings and is causing nuisances and disturbances in society are behavioral challenges. Human behavior has undergone such a drastic change that it has emerged as a major area for psychologists to research upon. With time, human behavior has become irrational, lacks vision, and self afflicting etc. Society is witnessing the coexistence of emotions of love-hatred, optimism-passivism, anxiety-depression, and responsibility-recklessness etc. In the broader sense, there is presence of aggression, passiveness, and assertiveness amongst individuals at large. This complexity is not only being explored by medical world at large but is also depicted in the world of literature by authors of eminence. Many contemporary authors have witnessed the waves of changes in the society and have been inspired to incorporate those in their writings. One such author is Chetan Bhagat who has remarkably showcased these diverse behaviors in the portrayal of his characters in his work. In this paper, researcher is identifying the existence of various characters with the kind of behavior they are exhibiting along with the possible causes and remedies if any for it. Researcher has restricted work to one novel "Half Girlfriend."

This work analyzes discursive representations within Tocantinian teachers’ enunciations regarding themselves and the exercise of their teaching role, as well as English teaching-learning and its insertion in school. Considering our incursion through French Discourse Analysis we employ conceptions of forgetting, subjecting, ideological and discursive formations, according to Michel Pêcheux. In addition, we use analytical-methodological procedures by Eni Orlandi. Our investigation indicates that prestige and social status, often assigned to English language (EL),
offer significant space to the ideas of struggle and suffering, whereas the sense of accomplishment, self-fulfillment and financial gains tend to be silenced. Teachers find the reasons for EL teaching through a presumed intellectual superiority, a linguistic utilitarianism and the economic system, while averting this same teaching from a propaedeutic function. Furthermore, a “unifying” discourse, which
is a component of Brazilian imaginary, projects teachers as constant sufferers and strugglers. There is also a strong tendency, by teachers, towards reproducing learners’ discourse about EL as a beautiful and difficult language. This image contrasts with an undervalued and underestimated position that teachers believe is assigned to EL in the school curriculum.

The character of this interesting monograph is best captured (or should we say “alluded to”?) by its somewhat catchy subtitle: this is not yet another history of the emergence and character of Canadian English (CanE); there are plenty, high- quality and useful ones, both in article and in book length, for example Avis (1973), Chambers (1975), Bailey (1982), Boberg (2010), and many more. Instead, it showcases the story of the growth of awareness of the variety, its discovery, codi- fication, and acceptance, by pioneers of Canadian linguistics. It is said to offer an “intellectual history [...] [of ] the ‘founders’ of Canadian English” (p. xiii), focus- ing mostly upon the twentieth century. The book is more than that, in fact. It not only adds historiography to history but is based upon thorough, comprehensive and original archival research, and has a distinctive focus on the development of the lexicography of CanE, thus also contributing more generally to the history, methodology and impact of dictionary making in general.

1. Introduction 2. The Future of English in Asia Andy Kirkpatrick 3. The World's Other Languages How Native-Speaker Linguistic Traditions Can Make a Difference to Minority Languages Nicholas Ostler 4. 'We Must Make a People': Cultural Translation in World Englishes David Huddart 5. The Most Misunderstood Title in the World? Recontextualizing Roy Harris' inaugural lecture 'The worst English in the world?' Adrian Pable 6. Beyond 'Variety' and 'Community': A Conceptual Challenge for the Study of English in Asia Andrew Sewell 7. Constructing Categories in a Multilingual Hong Kong School Kara Fleming 8. Participating in English in Social Media: The Case of Chinese Users of the Photo-sharing Site Flickr Carmen Lee 9. English Futures: the Function of Literature Bill Ashcroft 10. The Medium is the Massage: Writing, Reading and the Work of Singaporean Literature in the Age of Social Media Eddie Tay 11. Literature Minus the Local: Assessing the Viability of a Taught Postgraduate Program in Literary Studies in Contemporary Hong Kong Stuart Christie 12. 'In Need of a Foreign Trademark': English Literature in Mainland China Graham Matthews 13. In Dialogue: Contesting the Politics of Globalization in Hong Kong Literature in English Michael Tsang 14. Trilingual Education in Inner Mongolia-Signposts for the future of English in Asia? Bob Adamson and Yi Yayuan 15. Reppraising Anglophone Literature for Japanese Students in a Globalized Society: Developing a Resilient Life Akiyoshi Suzuki 16. Reconfiguring English Literary Studies in the Japanese Academy Myles Chilton 17. English Literature Education in Hong Kong, Mainland China, and Japan: Student reception, utility, and its place in a moral education Michael O'Sullivan 18. Tieng Anh: Learning English: From Inertia to Hegemony and Deliverance Susan D'Aloia

The present study is an attempt to investigate the effect of a type of motivational strategy designed to boost EFL learners' motivation on their reading comprehension ability. To achieve this goal, 69 EFL learners studying English in two intact classes were divided into two groups. The control group received the traditional method of pre-reading, reading, and post-reading activities while the experimental group was asked to write compositions about the factors that motivate people to learn English and read them in the class before starting their usual classroom activities. This intervention was supposed to enhance their motivation leading to better performance on reading comprehension. Then, two paired-samples t-test were run to compare the scores of both groups on the preand post-tests. The results of the tests showed a significant increase in the mean scores of the experimental group whereas for the control group mean scores did not change dramatically. The results of these st...

Speeches of Swami Vivekananda and Subhash Chandra Bose: A Comparative Study deciphers the speeches of Swami Vivekananda and Subhash Chandra Bose to trace out the thought patterns, revealed through the language, and thus to find out the points of similarities and dissimilarities for the final evaluation without harming the reputation of the two. 

(Speeches of Swami Vivekananda and Subhash Chandra Bose: A Comparative Study. Bareilly: Prakash Book Depot, 2006. Pp. 118. Rs. 200/-. ISBN: 81-7977-149-0)

This research reports evaluation of tertiary learners’ spoken English fluency. The evaluation was done after explicit teaching of idioms to tertiary learners. The present study was conducted over a period of time and it was consisted of experiment. Ten speakers’ speech fluency was evaluated in the present study. The participants of the study were undergraduate students. This study proposed a criterion for the evaluation of spoken English and the same criterion was used for the evaluation of learners’ spoken fluency. This paper has explored the correlation between the explicit teaching of idioms and spoken fluency of the learner. The study analysed qualitative and quantitative data. It also discussed and presented the results.

Since, the incident of 9/11, the identity of the Muslims across the globe have gone through serious misrepresentations by the western media. This paper provides the insights that how the Muslims have been treated as suspected ones by the westerns. The loyalties of the Muslims were suspected and doubted in America in response to the incident of 9/11. Muslims were victimized on account of their negatively perceived identity. In-Home Boy the Muslim immigrants consistently attempt to re-write and negotiate their identity in response to their misrepresentations of identity. For thematic analysis, theoretical insights have been taken from Almond’s The New Orientalists: Postmodern Representations of Islam from Foucault to Baudrillard. The textual analysis of the novel reveals that the Muslims in the western world were already suspected due to the orientalist mind-set of the American society but the incident of 9/11 aggravated this situation in practical social settings. Naqvi speaks for th...

Attached are a Table of Contents and a downloadable link for The VOICE of the CHILD in American Literature, written by MARY JANE HURST and published by the University of Kentucky Press in 1990.  The first book-length study of the child figure in American fiction, The Voice of the Child was a finalist for the Children’s Literature Association’s annual book award.

This article considers Jalal Al-Ahmad and Elizabeth Braddon as writers whose fictions voiced attitudes towards poverty and motherhood. Two women, to get rid of poverty, have to get rid of their children in order to remarry. These two women consider remarriage as their only way to happiness and each one deems her child as an obstacle and gives up her motherly affection for her child. The study of this common subject in two different cultures is justifiable from the theory of comparative literature. Thus, aim of this paper is to examine these two English and Persian works from the theory of confluence so as to show the differences and similarities. The method of this paper is based on comparative literature ofَ American School which regards confluence as point of investigation and does not deem direct influence of one author on another as a point of departure. That the two authors have used one similar subject is a condition for their study and comparison in this school.

We need to start by focusing on what J.R.R. Tolkien himself meant with his wonderful neologism, eucatastrophe, found in his essay, On Fairy-Stories: And there is the oldest and deepest desire, the Great Escape: the Escape from Death (...) But the "consolation" of fairy-tales has another aspect than the imaginative satisfaction of ancient desires. Far more important is the Consolation of the Happy Ending. Almost I would venture to assert that all complete fairy-stories must have it. At least I would say that Tragedy is the true form of Drama, its highest function; but the opposite is true of Fairy-story. Since we do not appear to possess a word that expresses this opposite-I will call it Eucatastrophe. The eucatastrophic tale is the true form of fairy-tale, and its highest function. The consolation of fairy-stories, the joy of the happy ending: or more correctly of the good catastrophe, the sudden joyous "turn" (for there is no true end to any fairy-tale): this joy, which is one of the things which fairy-stories can produce supremely well, is not essentially "escapist," nor "fugitive." In its fairy-tale-or otherworld-setting, it is a sudden and miraculous grace: never to be counted on to recur. It does not deny the existence of dyscatastrophe, of sorrow and failure: the possibility of these is necessary to the joy of deliverance; it denies (in the face of much evidence, if you will) universal final defeat and in so far is evangelium, giving a fleeting glimpse of Joy, Joy beyond the walls of the world, poignant as grief. (FS 97-99 1 , emphasis added) But in the "eucatastrophe" we see in a brief vision that the answer may be greater-it may be a far-off gleam or echo of evangelium in the real world. The use of this word gives a hint of my epilogue. It is a serious and dangerous matter. It is presumptuous of me to touch upon such a theme; but if by grace what I say has in any respect any validity, it is, of course, only one facet of a truth incalculably rich: finite only because the capacity of Man for whom this was done is finite. I would venture to say that approaching the Christian Story from this direction, it has long been my feeling (a joyous feeling) that God redeemed the corrupt making-creatures, men, in a way fitting to this aspect, as to others, of their strange nature. The Gospels contain a fairy-story, or a story of a larger kind which embraces all the essence of fairy-stories. They contain many marvels-peculiarly artistic, beautiful, and moving: "mythical" in their perfect, self-contained significance; and among the marvels is the greatest and most complete conceivable eucatastrophe. But this story has entered History and the primary world; the desire and aspiration of sub-creation has been raised to the fulfilment of Creation. The Birth of Christ is the eucatastrophe of Man's history. The Resurrection is the eucatastrophe of the story of the Incarnation. This story begins and ends in joy. It has pre-eminently the "inner consistency of reality." There is no tale ever told that men would rather find was true, and none so many sceptical men have accepted as true on its own merits. For the Art of it has the 1 The numbering of On Fairy-Stories is by paragraphs.