Jurisdiction

It is a well-established principle of international law that applicable law provisions do not expand the jurisdiction of international courts and tribunals. Nevertheless, UNCLOS tribunals have not uniformly conformed to this principle. In particular, the tribunals in M/V Saiga (No. 2), Guyana v. Suriname, and M/V Virginia G effectively invoked Article 293(1) to expand their jurisdiction. And although the tribunals in MOX Plant, Chagos, Arctic Sunrise, and Duzgit Integrity have stood by the principle, they all failed to recognize the legal error committed by the other three tribunals. This Comment argues that an express refutation of the erroneous jurisprudence is necessary to preserve the legitimacy of UNCLOS proceedings.

In this chapter I will examine the origins, functions, and consequences of extraterritoriality in Siam, and its important role in the creation of the modern Thai state. More specifically, I will trace the role of extraterritoriality in the creation of a territorially bound polity governed through bureaucratic mechanisms displaying a high degree of legalisation of social relations and integrated into a global capitalist system. In the first part of this chapter, I will examine the establishment, operation, and abolition of extraterritoriality in Siam, having as my main reference-point the 1855 Bowring Treaty and the subsequent legal, institutional, and economic reforms enacted by the Siamese monarchy in its attempt to have extraterritoriality abolished. In the second part, I will discuss the process of creating a territorialised, centralised state and the assumption of control over former vassal states by Bangkok. Here I revisit imperial struggle and co-operation between Britain and Siam regarding the resource-rich Northern Siam (Lanna). I will argue that extraterritoriality treaties in 1874 and 1883 crystallised the alliance between foreign capital and the Siamese ruling classes, an alliance that drove the process of state-building in Siam. The core of my argument is that extraterritorial jurisdiction was a legal technique through which British capitalists, the Foreign Office, the Siamese monarchy, and the nascent bourgeoisie formed a precarious and contradictory, yet operationally effective, alliance that enabled Siam’s transition to capitalism, the emergence of fixed borders, and the subjugation of northern vassal states and concomitant consolidation of state control over these territories, as well as the mastery over and commodification of nature.

Europe is currently experiencing a "refugee crisis", demonstrated by millions of displaced people unseen since World War II. This book examines the interface between the EU's response to irregular flows, in particular the main extraterritorial border and migration controls taken by the Member States, and the rights asylum seekers acquire from EU law.

"Remote control" techniques, such as the imposition of visas, fines on carriers transporting unsatisfactorily documented third-country nationals, and interception at sea are investigated in detail in a bid to assess the impact these measures have on access to asylum in the EU. The book also thoroughly analyses the rights recognised by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights to persons in need of international protection, inclusive of the principle of non-refoulement, the right to leave any country including one's own, the right to asylum, and the right to remedies and effective judicial protection.

The fundamental focus of the book is the relationship between the aforementioned border and migration controls and the rights of asylum seekers and, most importantly, how these rights (should) limit the scope of such measures and the ways in which they are implemented. The ultimate goal is to conclude whether the current series of extraterritorial mechanisms of pre-entry vetting is compatible in EU law with the EU rights of forced migrants.

SUMMARY Arbitration is becoming an increasingly important means of settling investment and commercial disputes in Egypt. The promulgation of Arbitration Law No. 27 of 1994 was a milestone in providing a comprehensive framework for the arbitration process in the country. The Law provides for the rules governing the formation and validity of arbitration agreements, arbitrability of legal disputes, composition of the arbitral tribunal, arbitral proceedings, and enforcement of an arbitral award. Judicial precedents of the Supreme Constitutional Court and the Court of Cassation have played an important role in supplementing the provisions of the Arbitration Law. Although the Arbitration Law is the primary source for regulating the extrajudicial dispute resolution mechanism, the country's unrest over the past three years spurred the introduction of other quicker and more flexible mechanisms for the settlement of investment disputes. Egypt has also acceded to several international conventions governing the arbitral process, the provisions of which have been incorporated into the country's national legal system.

The problems of application of the article 5.3 º/7.2º Brussels I Regulation/Recast have not been gathered by the proposals of the Commission´s Green Paper on the Review of the Brussels I Regulation, despite the number of prejudicial questions that have been presented before the ECJ. These questions reveal the relevance of this issue, particulary considering the increasing ues of the new technologies of the Information Society. The practical difficulties in the interpretation of this rule in the Information society context are not fully solved totally by the jurisprudence of the ECJ (doctrine Bier and Shevill, principally) where the strict territorial criterion " place of origin / place of result " can not be applied in automatically. Beyond the interpretive questions the doctrine established by the ECJ brought up other practical problems that they need to be solved.

Recent concern over criminality and perceived impunity at sea (including inter alia piracy, IUU fishing, environmental crime) has resulted in a popular image of the high seas as a lawless space. Whilst there is clearly a considerable body of law that actually applies to the high seas under UNCLOS 1982 and elsewhere, if we instead focus on the freedom of the seas (mare liberum) and its regulatory consequences as encoded and perpetuated through UNCLOS, especially through the principle of exclusive flag state jurisdiction (EFSJ), the imagery of lawlessness has a great deal more resonance. Nevertheless, in this chapter I show how the EFSJ principle is far more limited, both conceptually and practically, than is often presumed. Indeed, despite the evident disincentives to effective enforcement that it arguably creates, it still leaves a great deal of room for proactive legislative and policy measures from port, coastal and flag states alike.

Allegations of criminal conduct have been made against UN peacekeeping personnel. While only a small number commit criminal offences, these personnel must be held accountable for their actions. Ensuring accountability is difficult due to jurisdictional issues, including in which jurisdiction (host state, sending state, or third state) to prosecute offenders. However, the possibility of the International Criminal Court exercising jurisdiction over peacekeeping personnel (civilian or military) has not really been considered. This article will examine the potential applicability of the substantive law of war crimes and crimes against humanity under the Rome Statute to crimes committed by peacekeeping personnel.

Searching for computer evidence forms an essential part of criminal
investigations. In situations where the data targeted are stored abroad, such a measure can be described as an exercise of power in the territory of another State, in the meaning of the dictum of the Permanent Court in the Lotus case. In the event that it is exercised without the consent of the third State concerned, it amounts to an internationally wrongful act and can also lead to sanctions pursuant to domestic law. Yet, States which would like to be exempted from this strict framework can establish among themselves permissive derogatory regimes of a conventional or customary nature. As regards treaty law, the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime provides for the most significant mechanism, which may be expanded in the near future. In customary international law, only access to “publicly available” data seems to be accepted by the majority of States. Given the extreme caution exercised by States in these issues, it is quite unlikely that other permissive customary rules will emerge soon.

Área do Direito: Processual; Arbitragem Resumo: Pretende-se examinar neste artigo as diferentes instâncias-arbitral e judicial-em que podem ser pleiteadas medidas de urgência que se conectam a uma disputa arbitral existente ou futura. No âmbito de jurisdição dos árbitros, o artigo analisa, entre outras questões, a competência do Tribunal Arbitral para apreciação e concessão das medidas de urgência, os diversos tipos de medidas que podem ser pleiteadas, os requisitos para a concessão, assim como outras temas de cunho procedimental. O artigo também analisa o instituto do árbitro de emergência, sob o enfoque dos regulamentos das principais câmaras internacionais e nacionais que prevêem o mecanismo. Além disso, também é estudada a competência do Poder Judiciário para concessão de tutelas provisórias, de evidência e de urgência, introduzidas pelo novo Código de Processo Civil, em disputas que são originariamente de competência arbitral. Palavras-chave: Arbitragem-Medida de urgência-Tutela Provisória-Poder Judiciário-Tribunal Arbitral-Jurisdição-Competência. Abstract: This article aims to analyze the two different instances-before the arbitral tribunal and before national courts-where provisional measures relating to existing or future arbitration proceedings can be requested. Within the arbitral tribunal's jurisdiction, this article analyses, among other issues, the competence of the arbitral tribunal to grant provisional measures, the several types of measures that can be requested by the parties, the requirements that must be fulfilled, as well as other procedural issues. This article also analyses the figure of the emergency arbitrator in light of the rules of arbitration of the main arbitration centers abroad and in Brazil. It will also discuss the competence of the judiciary to grant provisional measures, grounded on evidence and on urgency, as introduced by the New Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure of 2015, in disputes that are originally within the jurisdiction of an arbitral tribunal.

The paper seeks to examine in depth all the epigraphical (mainly some passages of the Law Code of Gortyn) and narrative (chiefly some passages of the Aristotleʼs „Politics“) sources in order to establish an inventory with respect to the exceptional clemency of the legislation and the jurisdiction of Cretan cities towards individuals of slave status. In the second step, the aim is to bring elements of explanation, by using also archaeological data.
https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/klio.2017.99.issue-1/klio-2017-0003/klio-2017-0003.xml?format=INT

This book chapter brings to light the enduring impact Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s opinions have had on the world of federal subject-matter jurisdiction. Subject-matter jurisdiction, often described as the “power” of a federal court, has attained a haloed status in federal jurisprudence over the years. I view Ginsburg’s jurisprudence in this area as a multi-pronged and multi-year attempt to desanctify subject-matter jurisdiction. She has led the charge to clarify and narrow when a limit is considered “jurisdictional,” has marshaled unanimous opinions undermining its “fundamental” stature, and has explored ways to “cure” its defects, all in the name of bringing pragmatism and sensibility to jurisdictional doctrine. In exploring these efforts, this chapter makes two contributions. The first is a systematic analysis of Ginsburg’s role — both as judge and justice — in pushing changes in jurisdictionality. The second is to offer some evaluative observations — mostly laudatory with a few gentle criticisms — of her efforts. Ultimately, I hope to illuminate this largely overshadowed area and give credit to the jurist whom I see as primarily responsible for its modern development.

In the recent case of Ping An Life Insurance Company of China, Limited and Ping An Insurance (Group) Company of China, Limited v. Kingdom of Belgium ("Ping An et al v. Belgium") the position of the Respondent prevailed in the jurisdictional phase. The relevance of this case lies in the fact that the existence of two successive BITs places the claims of the Ping An Group at the risk of falling into a black hole (i.e., a gap between two successive BITs that may deprive (allegedly) valid claims of a jurisdictional basis). The Claimants, fearing this outcome, have alleged that no remedy would be available if the Tribunal agreed with Belgium's interpretation of the new BIT. This comment specifically focuses on the interpretation of the investor-State dispute settlement clause of said successive BITs under international law and on the potential effects of the inter-temporal rule of international law to the dispute under analysis.

The present article analyses the anti-suit injunction, an equitable tool used by common law courts in order to restrain a party from commencing or continuing a national judgement or an arbitral proceedings abroad, the issuance of which is seen by many foreign courts as an offence
and an attempt to their sovereignty. After having described the development
and the main features of the anti-suit injunction, this article focuses on the possibility and the opportunity for English courts to issue anti-suit injunctions in jurisdictional conflicts within the European boarders and in the international context.
With particular regard to intra-EU conflicts of jurisdiction, this article mainly focuses on the effects of the new Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012, whose Recital 12, according to certain scholars, might be interpreted as recognising again the power of English courts to issue anti-suit injunctions after the Court of Justice of the European Union forbade the use of such orders under Regulation (EC) No 44/2001. This article argues that, in a context of global economy, anti-suit injunctions should be used only in exceptional circumstances, in particular when their issuance is in accordance with the principle of international comity,
which is proposed as the criterion that should usually guide common law judges when considering issuing an anti-suit injunction.
In light of the above, the article eventually tries to make a practical assessment of the situations in which the use of anti-suit injunctions is permitted by the principle of international comity.

THE TRIAL COURT,  JUDGE LON E. FARRIS  FROM THE 31ST VIRGINIA JUDICIAL CIRCUIT (JUDGE FARRIS OR TRIAL COURT), ERRED WHEN JUDGE FARRIS APPEARED WITHOUT AUTHORITY ON MARCH 8, 2022, PRESIDED OVER PRETRIAL MATTERS, AND ENTERED AN ORDER TO DISMISS DANIEL'S COMPLAINT WITH PREJUDICE.

IV. THE TRIAL COURT, JUDGE LON E. FARRIS, ERRED IN RULING THAT THE CIRCUIT COURT LACKED SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION TO HOLD A JURY TRIAL TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE DEFENDANTS HAD ENGAGED IN MISCONDUCT UNDER THE VIRGINIA SUPREME COURT RULES OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT CITED IN THE UNDERLYING CASE ON APPEAL.

Border security has become one of the key means by which the sovereignty and security of powerful nation-states is projected. This paper offers a set of observations of the Australian Commonwealth’s descriptions and instructions for its embrace of border security. Border security is legible here as a geopolitics that transforms the rights and responsibilities of maritime jurisdictions into a space of security that projects national sovereignty through the interdiction of boat arrivals. Its intensification as Operation Sovereign Borders is read as a further variation within national sovereignty, one that elevates the decisionist prerogative into total deterrence. Operation Sovereign Borders pushes the limits of sovereignty’s existence in the state toward a total domination of space, perception and human life in Australia’s maritime jurisdictions, in the name of the nation. This necessitates the development, defence and reinforcement of a regionally engaged materiality that is embodied, extended, enacted, and distributed. The intended effect of this coordinated effort is to secure the nation’s sovereignty as a unity, but the broader effect has been to devalue offshore life to secure onshore interests, in a way that now necessitates indefinite offshore detention.

The following contribution interprets the ICJ decision in the case of Jurisdictional Immunities of the State in a broader picture. Even if in the traditional view immunity is conceived as a ‘procedural’ rule, as the Court upheld in the judgment, however this is not the only way to address this topic. State immunity can be interpreted as a substitute for other more sensitive questions, namely the definition of ‘state’, its prerogatives, and the individuals as right holders under international law. This approach points out a different rationale under state immunity, leading to major practical consequences in terms of the assessment of international jurisdiction

https://www.routledge.com/The-Extraterritoriality-of-Law-History-Theory-Politics/Margolies-Ozsu-Pal-Tzouvala/p/book/9780815378587

Separating territorial jurisdiction from extraterritorial jurisdiction, we assume is analytically easy, even straightforward. Certainly very few judicial or academic treatments of the topic spend any time on this issue. In fact, the separation is only easy when the location of persons or physical objects is the decisive factor. Jurisdictional disputes, however, usually concern complex events involving immaterial concepts such as knowledge, responsibility or control. Searching for the “location” of digital data; corporate control; a conspiracy to commit international financial crimes; or an international antitrust violation, all expose the hopelessness of (extra)territoriality. Such complex concepts do not have a single place, or possibly any place at all. As a result, a fact pattern that is “territorial” according one country’s case-law will be “extraterritorial” according to another country. Criminal laws have expansive tests, where any element of a crime that takes place within a state will support territorial jurisdiction by that state. Human rights law, on the other hand, has restrictive tests that classify cases with any substantial foreign elements as extraterritorial. Shooting a person standing on the other side of an international border can thus be both territorial and extraterritorial, even according to the same country’s laws. The arbitrariness of the territorial/extraterritorial division exposes the weakness of the traditional grounds for jurisdiction in international law, and calls for a reformulation of jurisdictional doctrine from the ground up.

Esta pesquisa pretende investigar se uma releitura dos princípios de direito internacional público presentes na delimitação da jurisdição da Corte Penal Internacional pode viabilizar uma atuação mais eficaz da Corte, baseada na soberania popular, no human rights approach e no diálogo entre a jurisdição penal internacional e a nacional. Nesse panorama, estabeleceu-se o seguinte problema de pesquisa: Como uma abordagem baseada no human rights approach pode tornar a atuação da Corte Penal Internacional mais efetiva para populações que sofrem pela perpetração dos crimes definidos no Estatuto de Roma? Realizou-se o exame da conexão entre as normas de jurisdição decorrentes dos princípios baseados no state approach e as adversidades encontradas pela comunidade internacional para uma atuação eficaz da Corte Penal Internacional, mediante pesquisa bibliográfica e análise jurisprudencial, seguidas pela verificação da viabilidade em se usar o human rights approach para solucionar problemas de ...

Common accounts of the development of territorial jurisdiction follow a "rise and fall" narrative. Territorial jurisdiction began in the mid-17th century, and declined due to technological revolutions in communications and transportation in the mid-20th century. Since then, the narrative claims, jurisdiction doctrine is in crisis: It is no longer legitimated by territoriality, but it cannot find another foundation that is neutral and mutually exclusive. This narrative, this Article claims, is wrong both historically and conceptually. The "rise" of territorial jurisdiction in fact was always partial, and thus the "fall" never happened. Rather, effects jurisdiction, the supposed nemesis of territoriality, has been alive and well since the mid-19th century. In fact, effects jurisdiction (also called passive territoriality), the doctrine of continuing acts, and "strict" territorial jurisdiction use the same methods and are easy to convert into one another, calling into question the entire territorial–extraterritorial divide. There is a general uncertainty in what counts as "territorial" and what counts as "extraterritorial" jurisdiction, and this is the result of the almost complete lack of geographical information in jurisdictional discourse. This phenomenon is demonstrated by the impossibility of the cartographic-mapping of jurisdiction. The lack of a geographical connection means that most jurisdictional conflicts are better described as conflicts between communities and their legal orders, without a territorial connection. Doctrines of jurisdiction in international law should be reformulated to reflect the illusory nature of the territorial–extraterritorial division.

The conservative powers are regulated in article three of Chilean Organic Code of the Courts. Its brief mention has brought questions about the nature of these powers. In this paper I will review the different notions that the chilean doctrine has elaborated about this inquiry, and also, I will present how the courts understand the conservative powers. In base of this information I will elaborate a proposal about the nature of these powers and then draw some general conclusions about the possible consequences that this proposal could have in our legal system.

Esta sociedade pós-moderna na qual estamos ineludivelmente inseridos e que no direito brasileiro fica raízes no modelo constitucional denominado Estado Democrático de Direito, exige de nós, operadores do direito, uma visão do processo, no mínimo, conformada à realidade. Para os operadores do direito e, em especial, do processo, a força da vida é, na linguagem kantiana, um imperativo categórico do qual nos é impossível escapar e não levar em consideração na hora de propormos soluções.

Para adquirir a obra: https://www.livrariadoadvogado.com.br/tutela-jurisdicional-as-formas-de-tutela-da-p44870/

RIBEIRO, Darci Guimarães. Da tutela jurisdicional às formas de tutela. Porto Alegre: Editora Livraria do Advogado, 2010.

Pernicious threats to tribal sovereignty and Indigenous empowerment at local scales of governance have often evaded the scrutiny applied to other formations of the settler state. To illustrate this point, I draw on recent attempts to divide and redistrict county jurisdictions that overlap with the Navajo Nation. I argue that such efforts become a pretext to treat Navajo citizens as an economic liability and to exclude them from upwardly mobile settler polities in historically racialized ways. As a result, rural politics becomes a crucial site for understanding the contemporary struggles of the 573 federally recognized tribal nations in the United States. I conclude that considerations of rurality must be attentive to how histories of dispossession continue to surface in and permeate the present political moment.

This article analyses electronic she’elot u-teshuvot – responsa in Jewish law exchanged via the internet or SMS – and the vast online databases created by these network systems. From the perspective of twenty years of activity, it highlights how the systems and the databases make possible and even promote phenomena that strive to undermine traditional Halakha and its institutions. Three phenomena are examined: satire, trolling, and women as authors of electronic responsa in Jewish law.
While there are historical precedents and contemporary parallels for each phenomenon, the internet is propelling them to new horizons. Despite the increase in satire and trolling, these efforts have been unsuccessful at shifting traditional Jewish legal institutions or changing specific norms. Satire echoes age-old critique of Jewish law that can be traced back to the Haskalah, the Jewish Enlightenment. As such, the satire is not an agent of halakhic change in our times. Trolling also does not impact the halakhic system, though for a different reason: due to filters at different stages of the electronic responsa process, trolling is nothing more than background noise to the smooth operation of electronic responsa systems.
In contrast, it is possible that the entry of women into the responsa field heralds a change in Jewish law. The online medium makes entry into the field of Halakhic decision-making an easier prospect. Indeed, some fifty women have begun to be active in responding to halakhic questions via the internet. The legal answers of these female respondents are then stored in online databases of responsa, which remain widely accessible.
The internet also amplifies the ability of the public to influence the halakhic agenda. It remains to be seen to what extent the public will accept these online female respondents.

The Recast of the Brussels I Regulation (1215/2012/EC) reforms EU law on jurisdiction in civil and commercial matters and includes long-awaited changes designed to prevent the use of the abusive tactic known as the Italian Torpedo to frustrate choice-of-court agreements. The new rules give priority in determining jurisdiction to a court designated by a prima facie valid agreement, even if litigation underway elsewhere was first in time. While this development has been broadly welcomed, it is unclear if the Recast’s solution applies to related actions underway in other states as well as identical actions. Using a recent case from the Irish Supreme Court, in this article, we highlight that this possible omission could create significant problems, and calls into question the comprehensiveness of the Recast’s solution to the problem of the Italian Torpedo.

COMPUTER FORENSICS INTEGRATES THE FIELDS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND LAW TO INVESTIGATE CRIME. FOR DIGITAL EVIDENCE TO BE LEGALLY ADMISSIBLE IN COURT, INVESTIGATORS SHOULD FOLLOW PROPER LEGAL PROCEDURES WHEN RECOVERING AND ANALYZING DATA FROM COMPUTER SYSTEMS. THE LAWS WRITTEN BEFORE THE ERA OF COMPUTER FORENSICS ARE OFTEN OUTDATED AND CANNOT ADEQUATELY ASSESS THE TECHNIQUES USED IN A COMPUTER SYSTEM SEARCH. THE INABILITY OF THE LAW TO KEEP PACE WITH TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS MAY ULTIMATELY LIMIT THE USE OF COMPUTER FORENSICS EVIDENCE IN COURT. THIS PAPER DISCUSSES LEGAL ISSUES IN COMPUTER FORENSICS INVESTIGATIONS PROCESS AND ADMISSIBILITY OF DIGITAL EVIDENCE IN COURT OF LAW.

Գիտագործնական մեծ կարևորություն է ներկայացնում ՀՀ Վճռաբեկ դատարանի նախագահի կողմից քաղաքացիական, վարչական և քրեական գործերով դատարանների միջև ենթակայության ու ընդդատության վերաբերյալ վեճերի լուծման գործող կառուցակարգի, այդ վեճերի լուծման գործառույթի իրավական բնույթի ուսումասիրությունը, առկա հիմախնդիրների ու դրանց հաղթահարման հնարավոր լուծումերի վերհանումը։ Թվարկված հանգամանքները սույն հետազոտության շրջանակում ուսումասիրվել են Մարդու իրավունքների եվրոպական դատարանի, Եվրոպայի խորհրդի նախարարների կոմիտեի, Եվրոպական դատավորների խորհրդատվական խորհրդի իրավական դիրքորոշումերի, միջազգային լավագույն փորձի գնահատման հիման վրա։ Միաժամանակ, հոդվածում գիտագործնական ուսումնասիրության և վերլուծության է ենթարկվել նաև բարձրացված հարցերով ՀՀ Վճռաբեկ դատարանի նախագահի՝ ՀՀ Սահմանադրական դատարան դիմելու մասին 2021 թվականի մայիսի 3-ի որոշումը և այդ դիմումի հիման վրա գործը քննության ընդունելը մերժելու մասին ՀՀ Սահմանադրական դատարանի՝ 2021 թվականի հունիսի 25-ի թիվ ՍԴԱՈ-123 որոշումը։

Umbrella clauses are commonly used in international investment arbitration. They are stipulated in the international investment treaties, especially in the Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs). Since BIT is concluded between sovereign states and it has not a direct relationship with investment contract which concluded between an investor and state where the investment is made. The frequent use of umbrella clauses raises various legal problems. This article aims to discuss different approaches taken towards such clauses, namely restrictive and broad interpretation approaches, while concluding that a more flexible and workable solution may be available in order to deal with problems regarding umbrella clauses.

O Metaverso foi lançado recentemente e é um ambiente virtual onde as pessoas interagem por meio de avatares. Onde há sociedade, há Direito, e onde está Direito, então há conflitos em potência ou concretude. O caráter internacional e virtual do Metaverso gera muitos problemas, e este artigo desenvolverá sobre alguns possíveis problemas que o ambiente virtual tridimensional trará para o Direito das Coisas e para o Direito Processual do Brasil.

IT IS important to underscore, time and again, the importance of procedural laws in adjudication of disputes having regard to the tendency of courts to often disregard them in the purported pursuit of substantive justice. The apex court, in the survey year, has emphasized on the necessity to adhere to rules and principles envisaged in the procedural laws in several cases. In Satyanand v. Shyam Lal Chauhan,  the court even explicitly stated, while dealing with an issue relating to non-compliance with the provisions contained in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC), that even though the procedural laws are meant to advance justice, “[A] procedure contemplated under the code which is mandatory in nature shall not be skipped or ignored by the courts.” 
    The present survey discusses all the important decisions rendered in the survey year in which issues relating to civil procedural laws are dealt with. Though the focus is on decisions concerning interpretation and application of the provisions of CPC, the present survey also covers decisions on the procedural provisions of certain other laws such as the Employee’s Compensation Act, 1923; the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988; SARFAESI Act, 2002; Commercial Courts Act, 2015. An attempt has been made to bring out the essence of each decision and to succinctly state the same with, wherever required, some explanations and insights.

Pese a la importancia y extensión en territorio y vasallos de muchos señoríos gallegos, tanto altomedievales como bajomedievales, la naturaleza de estos experimentó notables cambios a lo largo del tiempo, constituyendo realidades muy distintas jurídicamente y en la práctica. Trastámara es para ambos periodos el más célebre. Sin embargo, esta importancia está imbuida en la confusión intencional generada por sus tenentes altomedievales y los monarcas bajomedievales, y alimentada por una historiografía que ha tendido a extrapolar formas de señorío jurisdiccional bajomedievales al periodo alto y plenomedieval. La tenencia de una amplia franja de este territorio sostenida en el tiempo por el linaje Traba, junto con la intitulación de estos como "comes" o "dominans", condujo a una homologación anacrónica de los títulos comitales altomedievales con los bajomedievales, nutrida por la importancia y poder acumulado por este linaje, gestando la idea de un título y un territorio vinculados-en el fondo, de un señorío-1. Estas ideas alimentadas por la historiografía decimonónica, persisten en buena medida debido al escaso tratamiento y revisión proporcionado por una historiografía gallega que centrada en el estudio nobiliario ha dejado de lado el estudio del entramado administrativo, sus circunscripciones y en definitiva el régimen jurídico de la tierra en este periodo. Aunque algunos autores ya clarificaron la inexistencia de un mayorazgo, o señorío vincular de Trastámara (Portela) esta idea perdura y con ella un importante falso histórico en torno al territorio, su naturaleza jurídica y su admón. (López, 2005). El presente trabajo pretende, a través del análisis de la documentación medieval existente, el marco jurídico y territorial, abordar la construcción de esta "identidad" territorial en paralelo a la historia de la familia Traba, de cara a clarificar la naturaleza y extensión de este territorio, su evolución a través del tiempo y su relación con los dominios señoriales bajomedievales vinculados al título de "conde de Trastámara" del que dotaría primero Sancho IV al infante Felipe y después, Alfonso XI, a Enrique II. Contexto territorial e institucional Las primeras menciones a Trastámara datan del siglo XII. Con anterioridad no disponemos de ninguna mención territorial que permita identificar este territorio con un comitatus, comiso o mandación altomedieval. Tampoco la relación de circunscripciones eclesiásticas existentes, que tienden a guardar relación con la jerarquía administrativo territorial romano-germánica lo hacen (Fernández, 2015). Es más, cuando abordemos el análisis concreto del territorio denominado trastamarense apreciaremos que este comprendía algunas de estas circunscripciones: "Somnaria", "Salagia", Celtigos, "Bigrantinos" o Nemancos (Sáez, 2004: doc. 14; Lucas, 1997: 28) y la del antiguo comitatus del Carnota, que se interponía entre estas y el río Tambre, sin cuyo dominio no habría tenido sentido designar a este territorio Trastámara. Dos documentos de 1199 y 1225 y otro de 966 nos permiten sub-vincular Nemancos a Bregantiños, lo que será especialmente útil para determinar la extensión de Trastámara (González, 2004: doc. 87 y 135; Loscertales, 1976: doc. 6). La administración jurisdiccional-territorial del reino en el siglo XII está en su totalidad bajo control regio. Desde finales del siglo IX asistimos a un desmantelamiento de los antiguos comitatus, reduciéndolos a comisos y entregándolos a la iglesia de Santiago u a un imperante (Barreiro, 1984 y Sáez y Sáez, doc. 155). Esta se llevó a acabo de forma directa mediante el decomiso de bienes, en casos de rebelión, y de otras estrategias, como la instauración de sedes episcopales, restaurando a Lugo su señorío de época germánica y instaurando la sede mindoniense en el seno del comitatus más extenso de Galicia (Castro y Rodríguez, 2019 1 En su trabajo sobre este linaje López Sangil erigía a Urraca Froilaz en condesa de Aranga (López Sangil, 2005: 20)