Using high-top data sets from 17-year reanalysis and high-resolution hindcasts, the mechanism of vortex preconditioning is examined

The second empirical orthogonal function of the zonal-mean zonal wind in the winter middle atmosphere characterizes preconditioning

Gravity waves quickly reach and decelerate the top of the eastward jet, helping planetary waves converge in the polar upper stratosphere

We simulate the Late Cenozoic evolution of the West African Monsoon and the isotopic composition of rainwater

Using a high-resolution model setup and realistic vegetation cover increases the intensity of the West African Monsoon in the Mid-Holocene due to the pronounced meridional temperature gradient

The relationship between precipitation and the simulated isotopes is non-stationary in time, which complicates proxy climate reconstructions

Colder, drier air over Antarctic sea ice is associated with increased inversion strength and stability of the atmospheric boundary layer

The prevalence of mixed-phase clouds at high southerly latitudes is greatest over sea ice

For temperatures greater than −10°C, clouds coupled to the surface are more likely to contain ice

The WRF-PGW simulations perfectly capture the low-level circulation change and warming/drying signals from CMIP6 for the EMBS in winter

The WRF-PGW simulations show heat-low formation over the EMBS in summer, in line with the CMIP6 GCM ensemble

The new insights appear in future summer precipitation increases over the Greater Caucasus and nearby regions

Assimilation of all-sky infrared radiance improves analysis and forecast of bow echo dynamics

Microphysics schemes affect assimilating all-sky radiance through latent cooling and hydrometeor fall velocity assumption

Improving consistency in effective radius between forward operator and microphysics scheme also affects assimilation results of all-sky radiances depending on schemes

The combined impact of monsoons, droughts, and floods in Central Asia

Extreme precipitation occurs in Borneo during both El Niño and La Niña winters

Extreme precipitation is associated with distinct anomalous vertical circulation over tropical Pacific during El Niño and La Niña winters

Seasonal sea surface temperature change in the eastern equatorial Pacific has a crucial role in extreme precipitation in Borneo

The evolution of predominant mixing scenarios during the shallow cumulus life cycle is investigated

While homogeneous mixing is prevalent, inhomogeneous mixing gradually increases as the cloud ages

Inhomogeneous mixing is more favored for higher aerosol concentrations and in drier boundary layers

The hygroscopic behavior of atmospheric HULIS and ammonium sulfate generally conformed to the ZSR relationship

Measurement uncertainties slightly reduced the deviations from the ZSR relationship

Deviations from the ZSR relationship could potentially be explained by the non-ideal properties of the solutions

Continuous ground surface temperature data for China were estimated by filling the gaps arising from the inconsistent measurement systems

The overall mean annual ground surface temperature increased by 0.20 ± 0.02°C dec⁻¹ across China during 1956–2022

Ground surface temperature warming was amplified by about 0.24°C dec⁻¹ (or 70.6%) in winter since 1970 due to increased snow depth