Ecotourism

Wykład poświęcony jest przedstawieniu walorów turystycznych parków narodowych w Rwandzie (Volcanoes National Park, Akagera National Park, Nyungwe National Park, Gishwati National Park). Walory te omówione zostaną na tle współczesnego ruchu turystycznego w Rwandzie oraz unikatowych komponentów środowiska przyrodniczego, stanowiących przyrodniczy potencjał turystyczny w tym państwie.

The aim of this study is to examine sustainability of rural tourism and world heritage tourism in mountainous areas. An empirical case study was conducted in Kannogawa Ward of Totsukawa Village, located along the Kumano-Kodo Kohechi Pilgrimage Route designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2004. Since then, Kohechi has got some tourists. However, there were almost no accommodation facilities in Kannogawa Ward. Meanwhile, "Children rural mountain fishing village exchange project" which was one of measures to promote rural tourism was introduced by national government, for the fifth year grade pupils at elementary schools. More than 10 farmers in Kannogawa began accepting children from 2008. However, due to the aging of the farmers, the project sorting of promotion measures in national government, and a disaster caused by typhoon in 2011, only 2 farm inns and a cottage are currently maintained. Due to the promotional activities to foreign people conducted by Tanabe City Kumano Tourism Bureau, number of visitors who walk Kohechi has increased, although visits by children and families aimed at rural experiences have almost disappeared. Factors of continuing the management of 2 farm inns are that there are multiple members of the family who run the business, they are relatively healthy, and there are other sources of income, moreover, their passion and pleasure to interact with tourists are high. The results show that, although socioeconomic situation is severe in the study area, the promotion of rural tourism made existence of accommodation facilities that can respond to increase the number of World Heritage tourists, regional visualization, residents' understanding of tourists, local food materials, local and domestic fans at home and abroad possible. Rural tourism is a key not only for sustaining the pilgrimage route designated as World Heritage but for sustaining the rural communities located along the route in remote rural areas.

Human societies have a long history of incorporating elements of the past into the present; never more has this been the case than today. For centuries, if not millennia, creative artists and writers, architects and fashion designers, publicists and advertisers have borrowed freely from the tangible and intangible heritage of other times and places. There is plentiful evidence of how fundamentally human achievement has depended upon the transmission of knowledge across cultures....In the context of increasingly rapid and global diffusion of tradition-specific images, ideas, and material culture, it is now often a default assumption that ancient objects and images are elements of a shared legacy of humanity.  In this spirit, a growing contingent of scholars and activists aggressively defend the free flow of ideas, images, and knowledge—within and between societies, ancient and modern—on grounds that this is essential to innovation and creativity. Proponents of the Open Access and A2K movements speak of the importance of sharing the world’s vast knowledge, while scholars such as Laurence Lessig, James Boyle, and Kembow McLeod (among others) point to the stifling effects of restrictions on open exchange. Frequently the advocates of open access draw attention to benefits that flow to the source communities and cultures (or their descendants), as well as to the recipients who draw inspiration from the cultural heritage of others. Even if economic benefits don’t flow equitably, so the argument goes, the open exchange of tradition-specific objects, practices, ideas, and knowledge may play an ambassadorial role, fostering cross-cultural understanding and respect....

Ecotourism is seen as a mechanism by which environmental conservation can be promoted and attained. Nevertheless, nature conservation NGOs do not really understand that ecotourism has unforeseen consequences. Anthropologists can be good mediators between the conservation NGOs and the communities that are the targets of their ecotourism projects. This paper describes a case study in which the authors were indirectly consultants for The Nature Conservancy in Guatemala and the manner in which they served as a social conscience for the NGO. The authors also served as assistants in developing a collaborative network for tourism projects that have had direct benefits both in the short run and in the long run for the communities participating in those projects. The conclusion drawn from the case study is that applied anthropologists can play a significant role in mitigating the negative economic effects of conservation projects that are designed mainly to help wildlife rather than people. ...

Ecotourism is an important tool for biodiversity conservation in protected areas. However, high visitation rates and intensive public use can affect the wildlife. The present study aimed to evaluate vertebrate foraging in areas under different levels of human influence in the Tijuca National Park, a protected area within the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We used baits to attract vertebrates in areas with and without visitor facilities, at distances of 5, 35, and 100 meters from the road. We have analyzed the removal of bait by vertebrates in such treatments and identify higher consumption associated to greater human presence. The presence of visitors and visitor facilities (e.g., parking lots, barbecue pits, picnic tables, and playgrounds) significantly increases bait consumption. Park managers should consider the negative impacts of tourism on wildlife searching for ways to minimize them. RESUMO O ecoturismo é uma importante ferramenta para a conservação da biodivers...

This article describes emerging structures of power and informal workers’ everyday resistance in the context of a European Union ecotourism project in the post-industrial Romanian mining town of Bălan. In 2011 and 2012, a public-private partnership began demolishing Bălan’s mine buildings, a project that exemplifies neoliberal capitalist urban renewal. The project also featured a new hybrid of urban reconstruction and urban mining: the extraction and resale of metal from anthropogenic supplies in wasted post-industrial buildings. Unemployed industrial workers, whom I call “informal urban miners,” collected and sold metal alongside formal workers. Of primary importance to informal urban miners was attuning their skill and mode of communication to the demolition company’s workers and heavy machinery. Although at first glance it looked like informal urban mining facilitated their integration into Bălan’s neoliberal economy, I argue that this work offered unexpected opportunities for transgressing project organizers’ authority. Urban anthropologists often overlook such practices when, as in the case of informal urban mining, the differences between resistance and market activity are subtle and contingently negotiated. Informal urban miners’ skill and communicative practices were complexly embedded in emerging structures of power in the post-industrial city: simultaneously a necessity of the working environment, a way of sustaining a livelihood, and a way to transgress the very order that produces and reproduces such wasted urban environments.

Ecotourism has been recognized as the backbone of economies of many developing countries with unspoilt nature which attracts tourists whose main motivations are natural beauties and local cultures. It provides economic and social benefits to host communities by expanding the community's economic base. Western Black Sea Region in Turkey is fortunate with its rich ecotourism resources and high potential for the development of ecotourism. This paper aims to explore the ecotourism landscape of Western Black Sea Region and to determine existing ecotourism activities. It also focuses on the impact of ecotourism activities in terms of the development of regional economy.

Biodiversity Conservation can play the vital role in improving the living standard of the local people. Conflict which have now become synonymous with the protected area can be minimized, if park contribute to the living standard of the local people. Ecotourism is one of the option, where the people travel to relatively undisturbed area having unique appeal. Ecotourism have been used in various parts of the world to ease the relation of park and people. Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve (DHR) is in search of such tool to ease relation between park authority and local people. Thus, evaluation was made to determine the potentiality of DHR as ecotourism destination. Uniqueness in landscape, willingness of the local people to participate in ecotourism related activities and floral, faunal and cultural diversity all enhance the possibility of development of ecotourism at DHR. For this to be accomplished, curriculum design and training to build the capacity of local people are the primary requirement along with improvement of physical facilities. Upon addressing this issues, DHR will emerge as a suitable destination for eco-tourists for five month between May to October. This will ultimately contribute to conservation of biodiversity in the region.

The article discusses the efforts to undertake economic reconstruction in Bosnia following the end of the war. It argues that, despite certain successes such as the rehabilitation of
infrastructure and the privatization of the banking sector, overall progress has been below expectations. The study, accordingly, attempts to analyse the reasons behind the reconstruction
failure by grouping Bosnia’s problems into four different challenges for analytical purposes: the post-Dayton institutional deficiency; overcoming political fragmentation; creating appropriate conditions for economic revival; and graduating from dependency on foreign economic aid. In this respect, it is concluded that the intersection between the economic and political dimensions of post-conflict reconstruction has generated a paradox: while huge amounts of economic assistance have intended to facilitate political reconciliation, the nature of the administrative (political) structure that was established in the post-war period has in turn hindered economic
recovery and the creation of a unified economic space. Moreover, political fragmentation and slow progress in economic reconstruction have been in a mutually constitutive relationship in which the existence of the one has contributed to the sustenance of the other.

Libro publicado en 1978 que relata los pormenores y la situación del esfuerzo inicial para establecer el sistema nacional de áreas protegidas del Perú. Describe los avances realizados para 14 importantes áreas protegidas, entre ellos Manu, Huascarán, Machu Picchu, Titicaca y Cerros de Amotape.
Book published in 1978 that relates the details and the situation of the initial effort to establish the national system of protected areas of Peru. It describes the progress made for 14 important protected areas, including Manu, Huascarán, Machu Picchu, Titicaca and Cerros de Amotape.

There is little doubt that marine turtles are a flagship species for wildlife tourism.  In some cases, this has turned out to be liability for sea turtle conservation, but in other cases, where for example turtle-based ecotourism has been developed, it has made a positive contribution to turtle conservation.  Examples of both cases are given.  Particular attention is given to the development of turtle-based ecotourism at Mon Repos Beach near Bundaberg, Australia.  This development is set in its historical context and its contribution to conservation is discussed.  Headstart projects for sea turtles in Sri Lanka are a tourist attraction.  While they are promoted as having positive conservation consequences and a survey indicates that visitors are on the whole convinced of this, their effects on turtle conservation is uncertain.  The farming of sea turtles provides a basis for tourism and can contribute to turtle conservation in ways outlined.  It is argued that insufficient attention has been given to legends, culture and history associated with sea turtles in the promotion of turtle-based tourism.  This is supported by Australian evidence.  Insufficient use has been made of the connections of indigenous Australians with sea turtles in turtle-based tourism.  Beneficial scope exist for developing connections between man and turtles further than at present in promoting turtle-based tourism.  This could add further to the role of turtle-based tourism in promoting turtle conservation.

In Australia, geotourism is defined as tourism which focuses on an area's geology and landscape as the basis for providing visitor engagement, learning and enjoyment. Geotourism has great potential as a new nature-based tourism product. Where-ever tourism contributes a direct environmental benefit to a visited location, its clients gain empathy for the holistic heritage of the area, and this reward creates enhanced customer loyalty to the operator. The Australian Government’s 1994 National Ecotourism Strategy considered that ecotourists may include a mix of independent travelers, people who travel in organised groups of a scientific, educational or recreational nature, and individuals or families who are interested in an ecotourism experience as part of a varied holiday. Having regard to demographic and lifestyle considerations, it had been considered that geotourism, if positioned as an alternative, knowledge-adding product could attract a different demographic i.e. affluent ov...

This study was conducted to assess three stakeholders’ level of involvement in coral reef conservation activities in Perhentian Island. The stakeholders participated in this study encompassed of the Besut District Department of Marine Parks (Terengganu), local entrepreneurs and tourists. A total of 200 respondents were selected to answer the survey questionnaire. The chi-square test results found a difference in the level of involvement among stakeholders with the Besut District Department of Marine Parks (Terengganu) and local entrepreneurs has the highest level of involvement, while there was low involvement with the tourists. The majority (40%) of the Besut District Department of Marine Parks (Terengganu) staff were involved in the coral reef conservation at the rate of one to three times a year. Similarly, for the entrepreneurs, the majority (44%) of them also involved in the coral reef conservation at a rate one to three times a year while the majority of tourists (72%) never i...

This paper discusses about preservation of maritime archeological resources by integrating the use of wrecksite as a dive tourism object with coral reefs conservation so it can improve the community's economy. The method used in this paper is literature study in the form of an examination of library materials such as books, articles, research reports, and other notes. Main data are archeological research reports in Sungai Padang Village conducted by South Sumatra Archaeological Office in 2017 and 2019. While supporting data are publications about the use of maritime cultural heritage as a tourist attraction and its management. Wreck dive is a special interest tourism that only has less interest as other dive tourism, so it must be synergized with other dive tourism objects, such as coral reefs. The attraction of diving tourism products needs to be packaged by activities based on coral reef conservation activities and site conservation so that diving tourism attractions on wreck sites can be more preserve and sustainable. Abstrak. Tulisan ini membahas tentang pelestarian sumberdaya arkeologi maritim dengan cara mengintegrasikan pemanfaatan situs kapal tenggelam sebagai obyek wisata selam dengan konservasi terumbu karang sehingga dapat meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini berupa studi kepustakaan yang beru-pa penalaahan terhadap bahan pustaka berupa buku, artikel, laporan penelitian dan catatan lainnya. Data utama berupa laporan penelitian arkeologi di Desa Sungai Padang yang dil-akukan oleh Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Selatan tahun 2017 dan 2019. Sedangkan data pen-dukung berupa publikasi tentang pemanfaatan warisan budaya maritim sebagai objek wisata dan pengelolaannya. Wreckdive merupakan wisata minat khusus yang hanya memiliki pem-inat tidak sebanyak wisata selam lainnya sehingga harus disinergikan dengan obyek wisata selam lainnya antara lain terumbu karang. Daya tarik produk wisata selam perlu dikemas dalam bentuk kegiatan yang berbasis pada aktivitas konservasi terumbu karang dan peles-tarian situs sehingga atraksi wisata selam di situs kapal tenggelam dapat lebih terjaga dan berkelanjutan. Kata kunci: Batak pelestarian situs, ekowisata, pariwisata berkelanjutan I. PENDAHULUAN Tingginya minat para kolektor barang antik terhadap tinggalan arkeologi yang be-rasal dari kapal tenggelam menyebabkan tinggalan tersebut memiliki nilai ekonomis yang sangat tinggi. Hal ini dikarenakan adanya anggapan bahwa situs kapal tenggelam menyimpan "harta karun", bahkan terkadang juga diperparah oleh pem-beritaan yang berlebih dari media massa se-hingga menyebabkan sekelompok orang cenderung ingin memilikinya karena dapat Naskah diterima 12/02/2020; Revisi diterima 14/03/2020; Disetujui 24/03/2020

Globalization and innovative improvements are developing success as far back as the 1990s have made more prominent interest for relaxation travel. With the expanding interest of worldwide traveler landing, there will be more difficulties to face, as an example, the answer for support tourism improvement, capable courses for the present and what's to come. Tourism is an industry; however, it is a frame and specialist of advancement and change and should be perceived. To ready to make a brilliant tourism encounter, tourism industry must research and find better approaches to maintain tourism and permit the government to pass on enactment to deal with the long haul effects of tourism advancement. Article visualizations:

"Earlier provisional title was "Archaeology, Tourism, Museum...."

"This chapter is divided into two distinct sections that are positioned in a point-counterpoint structure of dialogue. These two position statements invoke the etymological meanings of the word essay, to attempt, put to the test, trial, to act out, to explore, travel, and travail. The first is an historical analysis written in the third person by an anthropologist whose expertise includes the ethnography of archaeology and the anthropology of tourism. The second is a counterpoint commentary written in the first person by an anthropologist whose specializations include Pre-Columbian and historical archaeology. Both of us have significant research experience in same area of the Maya world in Yucatán, México. From these two differing vantage points, we chart our perspectives on the relationship between archaeology and tourism in terms of the problems of exploration, protection, and exploitation.
In the first section, Castañeda takes an historical approach to the emergence of archaeology in the institutional context of the modern museum. He essays an analytical and theoretical manifesto about the deep, intimate interconnections between tourism and archaeology as revealed through an understanding of the museum. In his historical analysis of the role of archaeological representation in the museum, he identifies the sociological creation of universal heritage. He theorizes a notion of the universal citizen-heir as the implied benefactor of this universal heritage. In the second section, Mathews elaborates a commentary on this historical analysis of archaeology, tourism, heritage and the museum. Specifically, she counter-argues and assesses Castañeda theoretical and analytical claims through the use of archaeology and tourism at sites that are not postcard worthy. Together these two “attempts” grapple with the historical and contemporary interconnections between archaeology and tourism. Together we put to the test our typical assumptions about the ethics of archaeologists, tourists, and tourism promoters in the contemporary contexts in which we are now beginning to ask how and why archaeology and tourism are interwoven phenomena in today’s world.""

Ecotourism is a brilliant opportunity for women to grow both professionally and personally, while remaining to be a part of the local community where they live and work. Ecotourism can empower women in many ways. Its multidisciplinary concept can engage women with different skills, interests and passions. Working for ecotourism can be an important added value to everyday life.

Ecotourism is based on local resources, heritage, uniqueness of a place. That is why it allows women to find the sustainable livelihood that brings not only the economic benefits but also the joie de vivre and satisfaction. Ecotourism also links women with the place they live, which benefits the whole community and all its generations.

ABSTRACT
Tourism is an important sector in many countries. For the Seychelles,
it is the lifeblood of the economy. This article critically examines the
Seychelles tourism sector. Using mainly secondary data available in
the published material, it finds that most hotels and resorts are
owned by foreign transnational hotel chains with a propensity to
import personnel, technologies, food and drink. The
consequences have been stunted by the growth of local
businesses and precarious employment. The article suggests the
adoption of the concept of luxury Community-based Tourism
(CBT) which could be used as a mechanism to localize the
ownership of hotels and to address inequality and promote social
justice. Luxury CBT would involve a novel community-based
boutique tourism (CBBT) industry that takes into account the
Seychelles’ islandness.

ABSRACT Gunung Reng area is one of interesting places in the state of Kelantan, Malaysia. It is located in Batu Melintang sub-district, along the East-West Expressway in Jeli district in the northwestern corner of Kelantan. Though the local people designated Gunung Reng as a " gunung " (the Malay word for " mount "), it is not a mount in the true definition but it is actually a mogote hill towering above the flat alluvial topography. This study is to discuss the public perception on promoting sustainable ecotourism at this area. This study was carried out by distributing 30 questionnaires to different respondents which consist of local government staff, local communities and visitors (foreign and domestic) to see their perception on the attitude, awareness, and the way to conserve this ecotourism site.