Heritage Tourism

This paper examines alternatives to top-down approaches to heritage management and development. One of the key issues facing communities around the globe today is the Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD)--the determination of heritage values by “experts” and government officials on behalf of the people. It is all too common to find local people alienated by such practices and searching for ways in which they can take ownership of their own heritage. Community-based research that shares power and is participatory is one avenue that is quickly developing in many regions around the globe. In Africa, a number of villages and other small communities have taken the initiative to preserve and develop their heritage, free of outside control. Important lessons may be drawn from these experiences, particularly the use of discourse-based research that captures how the people define and live out their heritages through everyday practice.

Tourism is often identified as able to provide opportunities for indigenous populations. In northern Sweden, correspondingly tourism has been proposed to create employment opportunities and help preserve Sámi indigenous culture. Although there are numerous studies on the topic, they are lacking in a time dimension and comprehensiveness. Often they are based on limited case studies and narratives of those members of the indigenous population who have engaged in new activities successfully. Therefore, this work aims to investigate on a national scale how widespread are tourism occupations among reindeer herders and what are some of the characteristics of those engaged in them. This paper uses detailed census and population register data containing personal and professional information on reindeer herders in Sweden and their families spanning 50 years. The findings suggest that involvement in tourism is more common among reindeer herders than farmers. Moreover, involvement in tourism is highly gendered with women being more likely to be engaged in it. Findings also show that the type of tourism professions people are engaged in is more a result of the available geographical resource than an inherent inclination among reindeer herders to work with specific ields such as nature-based attractions.

"""Artykuł odnosi się do etycznych dylematów, które pojawiają się w obrębie turystyki
kulturowej. W tekście krytycznej analizie poddano niewłaściwe zachowania uczestników
turystyki kulturowej (których z tej racji nie należy nazywać turystami kulturowymi), które
wpisują się w nurt turystyki etnicznej, eventowej kultury popularnej, dziedzictwa
kulturowego, religijnej, tanatoturystyki oraz turystyki slumsowej i seksualnej. Przedstawiono
także najczęstsze błędy popełniane przez organizatorów turystyki kulturowej.

Article refers to the ethical dilemmas which appear in cultural tourism. In the text the
inappropriate behaviors of cultural tourism participants (because of such behaviors they can
not be called cultural tourists) have been subjected to the critical analyses. The analyses
concern ethnic tourism, popular culture event tourism, cultural heritage tourism, religious
tourism, thanatotourism, slum tourism and sexual tourism. The authors have also described
the errors made by cultural tourism organizers in the field of cultural tourism ethics."""

In the past forty years the relationship between culture, economy and society has changed beyond recognition. Culture has grown beyond its original socialisation role to become the oil of the new economy and a vital reservoir of symbolic resources that feeds tourism production and consumption. Heritage has emerged as a force for urban and rural renewal and preservation, become a global industry in its own right.
More recently the growth of the creative economy has been marked by the increasing intangibilisation of culture and heritage, as they have become vital markers of symbolic value. In the field of tourism, this change has been marked by the continued growth of cultural tourism, and the recent fragmentation of cultural tourism into a number of sub-fields, including film tourism, gastronomic tourism, festival tourism, etc. (Richards, 2001; Hjalager and Richards, 2002).
The growing importance of creativity and intangible heritage in tourism has also been marked by the development of a specific sub-field of ‘creative tourism’ (Richards and Raymond, 2000). Creative tourism arguably represents a departure from traditional models of cultural and heritage tourism, moving away from tangible heritage as the key asset towards creative and symbolic capital.
This paper examines the development of creative tourism in recent years, tracing its trajectory from a sub-field of cultural tourism towards an emerging field and philosophy of tourism.

Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world.  Yet leisure travel is not just economically important.  This pastime plays a vital role in defining who we are by helping to place us in space and time.  In so doing, it has aesthetic, medical, political, cultural, and social implications.  It was not always so.  Tourism as we know it is a surprisingly modern thing, both a product of modernity and a force helping to shape it.  A History of Modern Tourism is the first book to track the origins and evolution of this pursuit from earliest times to the present.  From a new understanding of aesthetics to scientific change, from the invention of steam power to the creation of aircraft, from an elite form of education to family car trips to see national “shrines,” this book offers a sweeping and engaging overview of a fascinating story not yet widely known.

". . . a very readable account of how tourism has developed since The Grand Tour of the 18th century. It looks at movers and shakers in the tourism sector - from Thomas Cook and George Pullman to Billy Butlin, Freddie Laker and even Adolf Hitler - and at how the industry has shaped globalisation and the modern world." (Adam Nebbs, South China Morning Post, 1 Nov. 2015)

This book is now available in hardcover, paperback, and electronic formats.  http://www.amazon.com/History-Modern-Tourism-Eric-Zuelow/dp/0230369642/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1433518027&sr=8-4&keywords=Zuelow.

Readers may also be interested in the supplementary website which contains bibliographies, lists of websites, teaching materials, and more: http://ericzuelow.com/ModernTourism/About.html

Publisher website: http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/a-history-of-modern-tourism-eric-zuelow/?isb=9780230369641

Cultural heritage as a tourism product has motivated many local and
international tourists to spend time at a tourism destination. Cultural heritage encompasses of tangible and intangible heritage. However, the development of cultural heritage as a tourism product has mainly concentrated on tangible heritage. Despite the fact that, craft as an element in traditional craftsmanship is seen as intangible cultural heritage which has become as a tourism product in a certain tourism destination. However, a lack of attention has been given to the skill and
knowledge of these craftsmen who has produced the crafts. This study has been conducted to explore the traditional craftsmanship and therefore; Malay traditional craftsmanship in Melaka has been selected as the case study. The selection is based on the idea that Malays are synonym with traditional craftsmanship and Melaka is one of the popular cultural heritage tourism destinations in Malaysia. Hence, three
objectives were developed namely to identify the Malay traditional craftsmen‘s background in Melaka, to explore the barriers faced by the Malay traditional craftsmen in Melaka for the purpose of sustaining the local tradition and to evaluate the potential of Malay traditional craftsmanship as a tourism product in Melaka. A qualitative approach has been undertaken in this study. 12 respondents were selected
using purposive sampling. Data collections were based on semi-structured interview, observation and photographic documentation. The data was then analysed using framework technique and scoring system. The results from analysis have revealed that these respondents are among the few craftsmen who have good business performance in craft industry. Even though they are well established in craft industry, yet their main challenges are in search for apprentices and a competition in
business. All respondents have the potential to be converted as tourism product in Melaka. Among them, the replica of Malay traditional house-maker, rattan-weaver, kompang-maker and capal-maker have high potential as a tourism product based on three aspects which have been evaluated namely tourism attraction, destination facilities, transportation and accessibility. In conclusions, the findings from this study will be beneficial for tourism industry not only in Malaysia but also in other
countries as well to look forward on traditional craftsmanship as a new product in tourism. Besides, it can safeguard the skill and knowledge in craftsmanship and will encourage the young generation to learn and appreciate this legacy.

Many qiaoxiang in southern Fujian and Guangdong appear derelict, but from documenting the material heritage and interviewing people about its social significance, another image surfaces. The homeland of Overseas Chinese was not only found to be significant to the diaspora, but serve as an enduring reminder of a grassroots-based modernity in rural China. The qiaoxiang effectively became a transnational legacy of migration from southern China that has undergone the following stages of transformation: exodus-led emergence of a remittance landscape, sudden abandonment, and sometimes revival. Today, it has become a “repository” or “living museum” where tourists and scholars alike can visit and ponder about how humans adapted to post-rural life.

Review of heritage places in the old Victorian gold town of Walhalla
The heritage review has included the following, as included in this attachment:
 Preparation of an illustrated database including all identified individual places and areas (1984, 1999 reports), most of which are include in the heritage overlay;
 Brief site check if these places remain as identified on the ground, revealing a number that have been removed or altered;
 Brief review of the data used to assess these places in 1984 (the extra places listed in the 1999 report had no documentation) with reference to online primary sources and recent publications on Walhalla where available;
 Revision of the Statement of Significance of each contributory or significant place (Heritage Victoria format);
 Brief review of related heritage documents referred to elsewhere in this report, including the latest heritage review undertaken by Context P/L where it relates to Walhalla;
 Site visit for potential heritage places for future assessment; and
 Recommendations for the heritage management of each identified place or area.

Quality of life (QOL) has become a central issue of concern in peoples’ lives and the research on this topic has largely increased in the past decades. However, some studies on QOL only adopted objective indicators and QOL research is still very scarce in some fields of study such as tourism. Additionally, in tourism, the majority of the studies on QOL focus on assessing the QOL of residents of destinations and neglect segmentation based on QOL as a tool for market segmentation.
The aim of this study is to overcome some previously referred to limitations and, specifically: (i) to measure visitors’ perceptions of tourism impact on their QOL by adopting subjective indicators; and (ii) to segment visitors based on perceptions of tourism impact on their QOL.
Study results reveal that tourism is likely to have a more positive impact on the psychological and social domains of QOL and that QOL is a good basis for segmenting the tourism market. Visitors perceiving more positive tourism impacts in their QOL differ from others on several features such as motivations to travel, travel group, interaction with local residents and satisfaction with the trip.

In this study, caravanserais from Denizli to Dogubayazıt which were taken to the tentative heritage list of UNESCO in 2000, will be extensively reviewed and recommendations will be made for the planning of touristic routes as the part of tourism development strategy in Central and Eastern Anatolia.  The caravanserais were inherited by Anatolia Seljukis from Karakhanids and Ghaznavids and they offered comfort to travellers with the core structures of the society. Today, beside accommodation, event management or gastronomy activities, there will be alternative approaches for them to become the part of cultural tourism and touristic fashion roads.  Nine of forty caravanserais on this route will be examined according to UNESCO list and rest of buildings will be eventually searched after this study and a reasonable planning. These caravanserais can be counted as follows: Akhan, Ertokus Han, Saadettin Han, Obruk Han, Agzikarahan, Sultan Han, Oresin Han, Mamahatun Caravenseria and Hacibekir Han (Unesco, 2000).

Cities have become creative spaces of total consumption, which constantly refuel the theoretical and practical bases of our consumer society. It is a further stage of the “fantasy city” (Hannigan): McDonaldization (Ritzer) and Disneyization (Bryman) have been largely metabolized and so-called “non-lieux” (Augé) have often become the most significant spaces and have helped to build new glocal identities. In such a context, theming – and particularly historical theming – has become a powerful and effective tool, since it gives a robust structure to the multiple and dynamic processes of mingling that characterize our liquid society (Bauman, 2000). Theming merges past and present, culture and leisure, originals and copies, as well as tourism and shopping, and gives an effective framework to this mingling, which is, at the same time, material and immaterial, visual and emotional, sensorial and experiential.
The relationship with the past is particularly interesting. The central archaeological area of Rome has become a sort of theme park, owing to the huge flows of tourists that it receives and the process of Disneyization that it has undergone, though – unlike many other Italian heritage towns, such as Venice and Florence – Rome still preserves a significant local identity and an urban life that goes far beyond tourism. The theming is present in its urban context owing partly to tourism and partly to the usual culturalization of consumption (hotels with Roman names, restaurants with Roman menus, resin souvenirs of the Colosseum, T-shirts with gladiators and legionaries etc.). We can single out the theming even in some of its most iconic places. The area of the Colosseum and forums, together with Via dei Fori Imperiali, which crosses and unites them, appears as an invisible and diffused theme park: a specialized district for leisure and cultural consumption where archaeological heritage acts as an attraction. It is not a leisure space themed to archaeology, but an archaeological space used as a theme park. Legionaries and gladiators for pictures and re-enactors act as living attractions.
Other spaces contribute to this process. Cinecittà, the dream machine of a boundless park, has helped to build the image of Rome and to theme the city. Its studios host film sets, which are at the same time a themed environment, an unusual archaeological site and a place where the myth of Rome is continually reshaped. Though distant from the main archaeological area, these studios are tied to it by an invisible thread, since they play an important role in the definition of its image. Outside the city, but inside its territory, there is also a small themed district formed by a Roman-themed outlet, “Castel Romano,” and an amusement park, “Cinecittà World”, themed to the studios that nurtured the golden age of Italian cinema.
Similarly, north of Rome, near Civitavecchia, where giant cruise ships bring huge tourist flows, a group of businessmen is trying to create “Roma Vetus”, a pharaonic theme park with reconstructions of many Roman monuments. In line with the current trends of experiential and sensory tourism, visitors would be allowed to relax in Roman baths, mint coins and grind grain. Groups of re-enactors would give life to the park, but visitors themselves would be enabled to rent costumes of gladiators, centurions and senators. We are clearly in the world of entertainment, far away from the open-air archaeological museums with their reconstructions and living-history activities. Its creators maintain that “Roma Vetus” will be used at the same time as theme park and a set for films and TV series. This park is probably destined to remain the dream of a minor group of daring speculators, but it clearly represents the dynamics at work in our liquid world.

The theme of the interaction between tourism and cultural heritage has been widely investigated in recent decades, and is currently central not only for its economic reverberations but also for the consequences that tourism development could have on conservation.
The interaction between tourism and cultural heritage appears as fruitful as it is inevitable. But what are the consequences of this relationship on conservation and how managing benefits and risks coming from it?   
  These questions will be explored below, taking as final case study the city of Naples, host of the last European Tourism Forum and place of constant experimentation in terms of creativity applied to “heritage tourism”.

Human societies have a long history of incorporating elements of the past into the present; never more has this been the case than today. For centuries, if not millennia, creative artists and writers, architects and fashion designers, publicists and advertisers have borrowed freely from the tangible and intangible heritage of other times and places. There is plentiful evidence of how fundamentally human achievement has depended upon the transmission of knowledge across cultures....In the context of increasingly rapid and global diffusion of tradition-specific images, ideas, and material culture, it is now often a default assumption that ancient objects and images are elements of a shared legacy of humanity.  In this spirit, a growing contingent of scholars and activists aggressively defend the free flow of ideas, images, and knowledge—within and between societies, ancient and modern—on grounds that this is essential to innovation and creativity. Proponents of the Open Access and A2K movements speak of the importance of sharing the world’s vast knowledge, while scholars such as Laurence Lessig, James Boyle, and Kembow McLeod (among others) point to the stifling effects of restrictions on open exchange. Frequently the advocates of open access draw attention to benefits that flow to the source communities and cultures (or their descendants), as well as to the recipients who draw inspiration from the cultural heritage of others. Even if economic benefits don’t flow equitably, so the argument goes, the open exchange of tradition-specific objects, practices, ideas, and knowledge may play an ambassadorial role, fostering cross-cultural understanding and respect....

Architecture  and  urbanism  have  been  developed  in  Mexico  during millennia  as  demonstrated  by  the  archaeological  record.  During  colonial times,  such  constructive  tradition  was  enriched  by  colonial  contributions. As a result, a great number of new foundations appeared over an almost 2
million square km territory. This way, great capitals such as Mexico City, Puebla, Monterrey and Guadalajara arose. Smaller urban centres and towns also appeared, frequently associated to specific economic activities such as mining or agriculture.

Tematyczne szlaki kulturowe od wielu lat stanowią nierozłączny element przestrzeni turystycznej i krajobrazu kulturowego Polski i Europy. Stanowią one nie tylko zorganizowaną formę ochrony dziedzictwa, ale również kształtują świadomość regionalną oraz zwiększają znaczenie i atrakcyjność obszaru w kontekście ruchu turystycznego. Ich funkcjonowanie w przestrzeni publicznej postrzegane jest często jako przejaw dojrzałości społecznej i administracyjnej w kształtowaniu wizerunku regionu.
Przestrzeń turystyczna Pomorza Zachodniego delimitowana jest w największym stopniu przez walory przyrodnicze regionu oraz bezpośredni dostęp do pojezierzy i wybrzeży Morza Bałtyckiego. Od kilku lat prowadzone są jednak prace i podejmowane działania zmierzające do aktywizacji regionu na rzecz przywracania własnej tożsamości i budowania wizerunku bazującego na historycznym i kulturowym dziedzictwie. Doskonałym przykładem takich działań jest powstanie szlaku tematycznego bazującego na wielowiekowej odrębności Pomorza i jego świetności pod rządami książąt z dynastii Gryfitów. Szlak ma szansę stać się sztandarowym produktem przyczyniającym się nie tylko do umocnienia poczucia tożsamości regionalnej, ale przede wszystkim do rozwoju całorocznej przestrzeni turystycznej, niezależnej od zmasowanego ruchu ukierunkowanego na wypoczynek w rejonie pojezierzy i wybrzeża Bałtyku.

By collecting images of heritage assets from members of the public and processing them to create 3D-reconstructed models, the HeritageTogether project has accomplished the digital recording of nearly 80 sites across Wales, UK. A large amount of data has been collected and produced in the form of photographs, 3D models, maps, condition reports, and more. Here we discuss some of the different methods used to realize the potential of this data in different formats and for different purposes. The data are explored in both virtual and tangible settings, and—with the use of a touch table—a combination of both. We examine some alternative representations of this community-produced heritage data for educational, research, and public engagement applications.

The book presents a short manual for the management of cultural values. Its purpose is to help the people who want to contribute to the development of rural areas by utilizing its cultural values. This step by step manual will lead the reader through the key phases from the first idea to the final realization, which could be a new product or service, an experience, or a story based on the cultural values with development potential.

The article reflects in a personal/biographical fashion on the issues addressed in the Nida Art Colony Conference on Artistic Tourism and the Post Romantic Condition.
It was published in  Tourists like us
Critical Tourism and Contemporary Art Practices, Edited by Federica Martini & Vytautas Michelkevičius, Ecav, Sierre and Vilnius Academy of the Arts. 2013.

The inaugural conference of the Association of Critical Heritage Studies will be held at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, in June 2012. The Association of Critical Heritage Studies, to be launched at this conference, will establish (in association with the International Journal of Heritage Studies) an extensive network of heritage scholars across the globe in order to debate and discuss cutting-edge research in the field of heritage studies. We see Critical Heritage Studies as a synthesis emerging from diverse disciplinary fields, in particular public history, memory studies, museology, cultural heritage, tourism studies, architecture and planning, conservation, as well as cultural geography, sociology, cultural studies and policy, anthropology, archaeology and ethnomusicology, and encourage people working in those areas to submit papers or propose sessions/workshops that address the inter-disciplinary nature of heritage studies.

The theme of the conference is ‘The Re/theorisation of Heritage Studies’. This conference will develop current theoretical debates to make sense of the nature and meaning of heritage. As such, we invite submissions from people working within the ‘broad church’ of the current flowering of contemporary heritage studies. Papers should encourage cross-cutting thinking and should not be afraid to try to theorise what critical heritage studies is and where it should go. They should be underpinned by an active move away from site- and artefact-based definitions of heritage in a traditional sense and should pursue instead a range of methodologies and questions aiming at interdisciplinarity stemming from social science scholarly traditions, the natural sciences, and also creative sciences such as art and the performing arts.

When residents and tourists visit sites of slavery, whose stories are told? All too often the lives of slaveowners are centered, obscuring the lives of enslaved people. Behind the Big House gives readers a candid, behind-the-scenes look at what it really takes to interpret the difficult history of slavery in the U.S. South. The book explores Jodi Skipper’s eight-year collaboration with the Behind the Big House program, a community-based model used at local historic sites to address slavery in the collective narrative of U.S. history and culture.

In laying out her experiences through an autoethnographic approach, Skipper also seeks to help other activist scholars of color negotiate the nuances of place, the academic public sphere, and its ambiguous systems of reward, recognition, and evaluation.

One way to expand management and preservation policies is to consider supporting cultural heritage that values the intimacy of associations through the active
renewal of community and family connections such as rituals and tradition making. Many of these associations are not grounded primarily in the preservation of
tangible or physical resources (ie, old buildings, monuments, or battlefield) or driven solely by profit motives. This discussion defines cultural heritage as a
continuum of possibilities that includes tangible resources but also other acts of identity-making that are about process, discourse, and performance. UNESCO
(United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) has recognized the importance of this kind of heritage as well, and in 2003, proposed
Conventions for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage. This article argues that cultural heritage can be seen as a form of agency and a way to help
people and communities make links between the past and the present in dynamic and nuanced ways. [Anthropology News, Volume 55, Issue 3, pp. e21-e61, March 2014]

The article discusses the efforts to undertake economic reconstruction in Bosnia following the end of the war. It argues that, despite certain successes such as the rehabilitation of
infrastructure and the privatization of the banking sector, overall progress has been below expectations. The study, accordingly, attempts to analyse the reasons behind the reconstruction
failure by grouping Bosnia’s problems into four different challenges for analytical purposes: the post-Dayton institutional deficiency; overcoming political fragmentation; creating appropriate conditions for economic revival; and graduating from dependency on foreign economic aid. In this respect, it is concluded that the intersection between the economic and political dimensions of post-conflict reconstruction has generated a paradox: while huge amounts of economic assistance have intended to facilitate political reconciliation, the nature of the administrative (political) structure that was established in the post-war period has in turn hindered economic
recovery and the creation of a unified economic space. Moreover, political fragmentation and slow progress in economic reconstruction have been in a mutually constitutive relationship in which the existence of the one has contributed to the sustenance of the other.

This article addresses Rachel’s Tomb as a site of heightened ritual activity and pilgrimage, whose popularity increased during the latter years of the British Mandate in Palestine, and whose role and meaning as a symbolic public site have been transformed. We examine how a set of meanings has been established at the site at the particular historic moment, converging local and national meanings, on the one hand, with religious, heritage and touristic meanings, on the other. Our approach is integrative, and we situate our inquiry by addressing three main conceptual points: the first is the site’s geo-physical characteristics, by which we refer to its functionality in terms of location, accessibility, and mobility, as well as in terms of the site’s size and material characteristics. The second point concerns the agentive interventions of the site’s renowned shamash, Shlomo Eliyahu Freimann, and the crucial role that he played in transforming the site’s collective function and public status. The third point concerns a corpus of documents, most of which were written in situ, that center around the site’s impressive visitor books, filled with numerous notations. Study of these documents suggests a hybrid genre that is part of the site’s changing discursive ecology.

The knowledge which the students of Tourist Guiding Program have acquired on the archaeology and art history of Anatolia through the formal education process focuses basically Classical Antiquity including Hellenistic and Roman period, Eastern Roman Empire widely known as the Byzantine Empire, and Turkish and Islamic Art which centers on Anatolian Seljuks, Principalities and the Ottoman Empire. Apart from this wide range of topics, the students also learn the prehistory of Anatolia stretching from the Paleolithic period to the Middle Bronze Age, and Iron Age states after the Late Bronze Age (the collapse of the Hittite Empire) at the lesson given under different names such as ‘Prehistory of Anatolia’, ‘Anatolian Archaeology’, and ‘Anatolian Civilizations’ depending on the duration and the curriculum of the program. Besides, it is aimed with the lesson of Vocational English to give the students the knowledge that they will need in their business life and the vocabulary they will use at the tours. Lack of any books for tour guiding through readings provided strong initial prodding to prepare this book. This book was prepared to live up to such expectation by combining the professional knowledge with the language knowledge.

Brief Phrase: This paper evaluates the official awareness of tourism carrying capacity (TCC) concept among the destination management stakeholders who are planning and directing the Valley of Whales as a natural heritage site in the Fayoum Destination in Egypt.

Τι στρατηγικές ανάπτυξης του τοπικού τουριστικού τομέα μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε αμεσότερα και με χαμηλότερο κόστος; Ποιο είναι εκείνο το προϊόν–υπηρεσία που μπορεί να προορίζεται για όλους επηρεάζοντας όμως τον καθένα ξεχωριστά; Πως η χρησιμότητα και η προσφορά υπηρεσιών του προϊόντος - υπηρεσίας αυτού, μπορεί να αξιολογηθεί ποσοτικά συμβάλλοντας στην τοπική και κρατική οικονομία; Γιατί να επιλέξουμε κάτι νέο για την ανάπτυξη της τοπικής τουριστικής αγοράς;