Transport

Although hyperphosphatemia is one of the few established risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in patients on dialysis, the relationship between peritoneal dialysis (PD) prescription and dialytic phosphate removal is largely unexplored. We analyzed 24-hour clearances (n = 60) together with peritoneal equilibration tests (PETs) (n = 52) performed in children and adolescents (n = 35) on automated PD. Dialytic phosphate clearance was more closely correlated with 2-hour and 4-hour dialysate-to-plasma ratio (D/P) of phosphate in the PETs (r = 0.44 and r = 0.52, both p < 0.0001) than with 2-hour and 4-hour D/P creatinine (r = 0.26 and r = 0.27, both p < 0.05). Dialytic 24-hour phosphate clearance was independently predicted by total fluid turnover (partial R(2) = 0.48, p < 0.001), the number of cycles (r = 0.52, p < 0.001), 2-hour D/P phosphate (partial R(2) = 0.07, p = 0.001), dwell time (partial R(2) = 0.05, p = 0.01), and achieved ultrafiltration (partial R(2) = 0.05, p...

This paper sets out to examine the facts behind the trade of long distance transportation of cattle. In particular it looks at the various welfare implications during handling and transport with examples from research work on cattle. The role of the science is explained and the methodology for assessing the welfare of animals is then presented. Finally, public concerns and legal position are presented as they play an important role to promote farm animal welfare principles during transportation.

Transport is a major user of carbon-based fuels, and achievement of the targets set at the Kyoto Protocol and elsewhere means that the EU and national governments must reduce CO2 emissions in all sectors, including transport. This paper reports on a recently completed study for the UK government on the options available to meet a 60% CO2 reduction target by 2030 in the UK transport sector. The study follows a backcasting study approach, developing a business as usual baseline for transport emissions, and two alternative scenarios to 2030. Different policy measures are assessed and assembled into mutually supporting policy packages (PP). Although 2030 seems a long way ahead, action must be taken now if the targets for CO2 reduction are to be met. The achievement of a carbon-efficient transport future, combined with holding travel levels at present levels, is likely to be very difficult. A major transformation in the way transport and urban planning is carried out is required. As transport and urban planners, we need to think very differently in tackling the new environmental and liveability imperative.

Informing the users about their environment is of extreme importance for their full and independent functioning in the traffic system. Today's development of technology provides the user the access to information about their environment by using the smartphone device at any moment if there is a defined applicative solution. For this, it is necessary to define the user's environment according to the Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) concept, which understands adequate technology of gathering, processing and distribution of information. This paper presents the proposal of the solution for informing the traffic network users about the environment for the defined group of users based on the beacon technology. The mentioned solution is based on the results of two separate studies about the needs of users who move along a part of the traffic network. The aim of the proposed solution is to provide the user with precise and real-time information and to raise the level of safety during m...

The emergence of sharing mobility is having a profound impact on urban landscapes. In fact, it is deeply affecting the traditional organization of local services by calling into question how urban transportation is planned, and by redesigning city spaces. Further, by connecting people to shared assets, services or both, sharing mobility is poised to facilitate the more efficient use of underutilized resources, becoming a powerful tool for economic growth and social inclusion, while also contributing to sustainability.
That being said, the economic, social and spatial impacts of sharing mobility have not been sufficiently investigated, and so far, the evidence is mixed. From a normative standpoint, while it is relevant to better understand the relations between sharing mobility, the city and the environment, it is also of crucial importance to define new policies and sound rules for sharing mobility in urban areas. Against this backdrop, this book adopts a multidisciplinary perspective to explore the role that sharing mobility can play in the creation of more just and sustainable cities.

Correlations are presented to compute the mutual solubilities of CO2 and chloride brines at temperatures 12–300°C, pressures 1–600 bar (0.1–60 MPa), and salinities 0–6 m NaCl. The formulation is computationally efficient and primarily intended for numerical simulations of CO2-water flow in carbon sequestration and geothermal studies. The phase-partitioning model relies on experimental data from literature for phase partitioning between CO2 and NaCl brines, and extends the previously published correlations to higher temperatures. The model relies on activity coefficients for the H2O-rich (aqueous) phase and fugacity coefficients for the CO2-rich phase. Activity coefficients are treated using a Margules expression for CO2 in pure water, and a Pitzer expression for salting-out effects. Fugacity coefficients are computed using a modified Redlich–Kwong equation of state and mixing rules that incorporate asymmetric binary interaction parameters. Parameters for the calculation of activity and fugacity coefficients were fitted to published solubility data over the P–T range of interest. In doing so, mutual solubilities and gas-phase volumetric data are typically reproduced within the scatter of the available data. An example of multiphase flow simulation implementing the mutual solubility model is presented for the case of a hypothetical, enhanced geothermal system where CO2 is used as the heat extraction fluid. In this simulation, dry supercritical CO2 at 20°C is injected into a 200°C hot-water reservoir. Results show that the injected CO2 displaces the formation water relatively quickly, but that the produced CO2 contains significant water for long periods of time. The amount of water in the CO2 could have implications for reactivity with reservoir rocks and engineered materials.

Important aerosol properties and processes depend on their size distribution: light scattering, cloud nucleating properties, dry deposition, and penetration into airways of lungs. The evolution of the mass loading itself depends on particle size because of the size dependence of growth and removal processes. For these reasons it is increasingly recognized that chemical transport and transformation models must represent not

We measured rare earth element (REE) concentrations in river waters to characterize the suspended and dissolved river flux of the REE to the oceans. The REE pattern of river suspended materials is sensitive to drainage basin geology. A positive correlation is observed between La/Yb ratios and Nd model ages for the rivers studied. Major rivers have light REE enriched patterns relative to the North American Shale Composite (NASC), with (La/Yb)N = 1.6−2.7. River water dissolved material ( < 0.2 μm) is heavy REE enriched relative to suspended material, and the most pronounced negative Ce anomalies occur in rivers of high pH. Light REE concentrations vary by approximately 3 orders of magnitude and are inversely related to pH and major cation concentrations.From these data, we estimate that typical major river runoff has heavy REE depleted suspended material with (La/Yb)N ≈ 1.9. We conclude that the terrigenous input to the oceans from major rivers is heavy REE depleted relative to shales. From the available data, average river water dissolved material appears to be heavy REE enriched with (La/Yb)N ≈ 0.4. Estuarine removal processes lower the dissolved REE river flux by approximately 60% and result in a flux that is more heavy REE enriched with (La/Yb)N ≈ 0.2. Calculated oceanic residence times with respect to river input range from 2300 to 21,000 years, are shortest for Ce, and greatest for the heavy REE and La. Such long residence times may suggest the presence of additional sources of REE in seawater.

In the emerging world of technology, the transportation system is also progressing towards great level of achievements, one of such achievement is the new, updated and fastest transportation system named Virgin Hyperloop One, such technology is known for its very high-speed transportation technology. We can easily analyse it capability by knowing the fact that, It is capable of achieving the speed which is 4 times the speed of bullet train and double the speed of Boeing 747 plane. Such a modern system of transportation will start initialling to take its original structure in the year 2021. This modern technological-driven innovative system will help the people 'to stay anywhere', 'to work from anywhere', and 'to go to anywhere' from their native place with very much ease in the upcoming future. For such reason, the company set a goal to gets into a contract with Bangalore airport as well as the Punjab transportation department for actualization the scheme in India. Hyperloop is a brand-new grounded transport technology in development and implementation, which encourages various new corporation to come into existence, some of which are the already established techno-giants, it would see passengers move at over 1200 kilometres each hour in a very fast floating pod. Hyperloop will be cheaper and faster than train or automobile travel, and will produce almost no any polluting substances in the environment. Hyperloop would possibly therefore be accustomed take the pressure off gridlocked roads, making travel between cities easier, and probably unlocking major economic benefits for India. We can easily analyse the captive abilities of this new transportation system with the fact that it can complete the 3 hours of journey in just 35 minutes of time. And it’s not any miracle, it’s actually a reality. Virgin Hyperloop One is capable of transporting more than 200 million passengers every year, when it will start functioning in India. Such innovative and technology-driven advanced transportation system will bring various type of opportunities for the country India in the upcoming future, as such project will bring a very large amount of infrastructure-based investments from several corporates, that will directly or indirectly generate the employment opportunities for over 1.8 million people and it will also generate a huge amount of economic profit for India, which can be estimated over US $35 Billion.

This paper presents a method for assessing the financial viability of a new Freight village financed by private and public investments. The financial evaluation model constitutes four distinct phases, namely (a) site selection and traffic forecasts, (b) definition of services offered and corresponding dimensions, (c) estimation of investment and operation costs and (d) evaluation of investments. Furthermore, the model produces financing scenarios, based on combinations of public and private funds.

River restoration practices aiming to sustain wild salmonid populations have received considerable attention in the Unites States and abroad, as cumulative anthropogenic impacts have caused fish population declines. An accurate representation of local depth and velocity in designs of spatially complex riffle-pool units is paramount for evaluating such practices, because these two variables constitute key instream habitat requirements and they can be used to predict channel stability. In this study, three models for predicting channel hydraulics—1D analytical, 1D numerical and 2D numerical—were compared for two theoretical spawning habitat rehabilitation (SHR) designs at two discharges to constrain the utility of these models for use in river restoration design evaluation. Hydraulic predictions from each method were used in the same physical habitat quality and sediment transport regime equations to determine how deviations propagated through those highly nonlinear functions to influence site assessments. The results showed that riffle-pool hydraulics, sediment transport regime and physical habitat quality were very poorly estimated using the 1D analytical method. The 1D and 2D numerical models did capture characteristic longitudinal profiles in cross-sectionally averaged variables. The deviation of both 1D approaches from the spatially distributed 2D model was found to be greatest at the low discharge for an oblique riffle crest with converging cross-stream flow vectors. As decision making for river rehabilitation is dependent on methods used to evaluate designs, this analysis provides managers with an awareness of the limitations used in developing designs and recommendations using the tested methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Public opinion plays a vital role in a democracy, as democracies are, by nature responsive to the people. In South Africa, public participation is entrenched in the Constitution. Despite this, the spate of service delivery protests in South Africa in recent years would appear to indicate that the government is out of touch with the opinions of the South African citizens. Public  transport  policy  in  South  Africa  is  described  by  a  number  of  documents,  mainly the  White  Paper  on  National  Transport  Policy,  Moving  South  Africa  and,  more  recently, the National Development Plan. An annual survey of 1000 South Africans is conducted to gauge opinion on transport related matters. The purpose of this article was to compare the current public transport policies (as stated above) and the public opinion on public transport (as gauged by the survey) in order to determine the extent to which these are aligned. The results  show  that  current  public  transport  policy  is  r...

Tractive force and train movement stability dependence on division of forces involved in wheel/rail contact area are the main subjects of this article. The influence of wheel/rail contact properties in the vehicle dynamics and adhesion fields is investigated. Current tendency all over the world is to reduce the conicity of wheels with the aim of increasing the speed of trains. Wave-length of moving wheel-set in track for worn wheel-set tyre is twice less than for new wheel running profile.

In this paper, we examine the development and implementation of new technical systems designed to more effectively manage and produce driving, drivers and driving spaces. These new systems change the governmentality of automobilities by altering the relationship between driver, vehicle and transport infrastructure and produce new subjects and spaces. They do this principally through the process of automation, creating a system of regulation that we term ‘automated management’. Automated management consists of two interlocking sets of regulatory technologies: automated surveillance that seeks to enforce more effective (self)disciplining and capture systems that actively reshape activity. We argue that these work together to alter the automobilities landscape creating new socio-spatial arrangements with respect to access, movement, flow, and behaviour. Some of these arrangements are benign and empowering to individuals, others enhance the power of state and corporations. We illustrate our argument with examples predominately drawn from the UK, though the technologies we discuss are increasingly being developed and implemented throughout Western countries and beyond.

Maritime transport choice is an often neglected area in the transport literature. This paper makes two contributions to that literature: firstly, it brings together all of the major contributions to date to the port/ferry choice literature (and particularly those of Brooks, D&amp;amp;#x27; ...

This is the First book published in Sinhala about Logistics. Logistics is a subject taught in Schools and Universities in Sri Lanka. Logistics සිංහලෙන් පොතෙහි සෑම පරිච්ඡේදයක් අවසානයේම සාරාංශය,  ඉගෙනුම්ඵල විශ්ලේෂණය, විභව ප්‍රශ්න සහ ඒවාට පිලිතුරු ඇතුලත් කර ඇත. විශ්වවිද්‍යාල සිසුන්ගේ නිබන්ධන සඳහා අවශ්‍ය සංකල්පීය  ආකෘති බොහෝමයක් ද ඇතුලත් කර ඇත. මේ සියල්ලම අදාළ නිර්දේශයන්ට අනුකූලව පිළියෙලකර  ඇත.