Constructing the Self and Changing Others: Reconsidering `Normative Power Europe'
Abstract
The European Union (EU) is widely seen as a novel kind of actor in international politics. This has been captured succinctly by Ian Manner's term `normative power Europe'. This article reviews the literature on the concept of normative power and relates it to the earlier literature on civilian power. It argues that these concepts of power should be seen as part of the same discourse; a discourse which is not confined to the EU, but includes the cases of other great powers, such as the United States (US). The example of the US leads to a problematisation of `normative power Europe' that does not focus on the discrepancy between rhetoric and concrete policies, or on the inconsistencies of EU policies, but on the political effects of the construction of the EU as a normative power; i.e., on the power of the `normative power Europe' discourse. With illustrations drawn from the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, Turkey-EU relations and the sanctions against Austria, I argue that this discourse establishes a particular identity for the EU through turning third parties into `others' and representing the EU as a positive force in world politics. The article concludes with a call for more reflexivity in the representation of the EU as a normative power.
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1.
1. François Duchêne, `Europe's Role in World Peace', in Europe Tomorrow: Sixteen Europeans Look Ahead, ed. Richard Mayne (London: Fontana, 1972), 43.
2.
2. Ian Manners, `Normative Power Europe: a Contradiction in Terms?', Journal of Common Market Studies 40, no. 2 (2002): 235-58.
3.
3. Kagan, Robert, Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order (New York, NY: Knopf, 2003).
4.
4. Mark Leonard calls the EU a `transformative power'. See Leonard, `Ascent of Europe', Prospect 108, March 2005, 34-37.
5.
5. Manners, `Normative Power', 239-240.
6.
6. Technically speaking, the EU's foreign policy is part of the CFSP pillar of the EU, while external relations include relations that fall under the supranational first pillar (e.g., trade relations). In practice, the difference between the two becomes increasingly blurry, and I am using both terms in this paper more or less interchangeably.
7.
7. See, for instance, EUBorderConf, The European Union and Border Conflicts: The Impact of Integration and Association, Annual Report 2004 (Birmingham: The University of Birmingham, Department of Political Science and International Studies, 2005).
8.
8. François Duchêne, `The European Community and the Uncertainties of Interdependence', in A Nation Writ Large? Foreign-Policy Problems before the European Community, eds. Max Kohnstamm and Wolfgang Hager (London: Macmillan, 1973), 19.
9.
9. Knut Kirste and Hanns W. Maull, `Zivilmacht und Rollentheorie', Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 3, no. 2 (1996): 300, my translation. Despite this state-based definition, Maull sees civilian power as a specific kind of actor, role and instrument, all of which are part of the above definition. See Maull, DFG-Projekt `Zivilmächte': Schlußbericht und Ergebnisse (Trier: Universität Trier, Lehrstuhl für Außenpolitik und Internationale Beziehungen, 1997), 21. For an earlier rendition of the concept, see Maull, `Germany and Japan: the New Civilian Powers', Foreign Affairs 69, no. 5 (1990): 91-106.
10.
10. On the centrality of norms for the concept of civilian power, see also Henning Tewes, `Das Zivilmachtskonzept in der Theorie der Internationalen Beziehungen: Anmerkungen zu Knut Kirste und Hanns W. Maull', Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 4, no. 2 (1997): 349.
11.
11. Manners does note that `Duchêne was also interested in the normative power of the EC as an idée force', but he does not develop this further. See Manners, `Normative power', 239, emphasis in original.
12.
12. Hedley Bull, `Civilian Power Europe: a Contradiction in Terms?', Journal of Common Market Studies 21, nos. 1-2 (1982): 149.
13.
13. Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World (New York: Basic Books, 1986). On the differences between a trading state and civilian power, see Christina Schrade, `Machtstaat, Hanelsstaat oder Zivilmacht? Deutsche Entwicklungspolitik nach dem Ende des Ost-West-Konflikts', Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 4, no. 2 (1997): 261-2.
14.
14. Duchêne, `Uncertainties of Interdependence', 19.
15.
15. Kalypso Nicolaïdis and Robert Howse, `“This is my EUtopia …”: Narrative as Power', Journal of Common Market Studies 40, no. 4 (2002): 770-771.
16.
16. Manners, `Normative Power Europe', 252-253.
17.
17. Richard Youngs, `Normative Dynamics and Strategic Interests in the EU's External Identity', Journal of Common Market Studies 42, no. 2 (2004): 422. On the development of human rights as a part of EU foreign policy, see also Karen E. Smith, `The EU, Human Rights and Relations with Third Countries: “Foreign Policy” with an Ethical Dimension?', in Ethics and Foreign Policy, eds. Karen E. Smith and Margot Light (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 186-8.
18.
18. Manners, `Normative Power Europe', 241, emphasis added.
19.
19. Ibid. It is noteworthy in this context that the 2003 European Security Strategy places heavy emphasis on international law. See A Secure Europe In a Better World: European Security Strategy, Brussels, 12 December 2003, 9-10.
20.
20. Manners, `Normative Power Europe', 243, 252-253.
21.
21. Ibid., 252.
22.
22. See Ole Wæver, `Insecurity, Security and Asecurity in the West European Non-war Community', in Security Communities, eds. Emanuel Adler and Michael J. Barnett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 104.
23.
23. Youngs, `Normative Dynamics', 252.
24.
24. See also, for instance, Richard Rosecrance, `The European Union: a New Type of International Actor', in, Paradoxes of European Foreign Policy, ed. Jan Zielonka (The Hague: Kluwer Law International), 22.
25.
25. Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa, Europe, a Civil Power: Lessons from EU Experience (London: The Federal Trust, 2004), 8.
26.
26. Kagan, Paradise and Power. For a summary of the discussion of Kagan's argument, see Elizabeth Pond, Friendly Fire: The Near-Death of the Transatlantic Alliance (Pittsburgh, PA: European Union Studies Association, and Washington, DC: Brookings, 2004), 2-6.
27.
27. Ibid., 20.
28.
28. Manners is aware of this and notes that `historical empires and contemporary global powers', too, have attempted to spread their own norms and values, although he does not follow this up. See Manners, `Normative power Europe', 241.
29.
29. Tewes, `Zivilmachtkonzept', 353.
30.
30. Helene Sjursen, `Changes to European Security in a Communicative Perspective', Cooperation and Conflict 39, no. 2 (2004): 122; and Annette Jünemann, `Repercussions of the Emerging European Security and Defence Policy on the Civil Character of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership', Mediterranean Politics 8, nos. 2-3 (2003): 40. Richard Youngs even writes of the `mutually conditioning nature of normative liberalism and power politics'. See Youngs, `Normative Dynamics', 419.
31.
31. Michael Cox, `The Empire's Back in Town: or America's Imperial Temptation — Again', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 32, no. 1 (2003): 8-9. See also David Campbell, `Contradictions of a Lone Superpower', in The American Century: Consensus and Coercion in the Projection of American Power, eds. David Slater and Peter J. Taylor (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 223. The importance of Frederick Turner's frontier credo of `expansion, individualism, and democracy' for US foreign policy was established by William Appleman Williams, `The Frontier Thesis and American Foreign Policy', Pacific Historical Review 24 (1955): 379-395 (quote from p. 383).
32.
32. Menon, Nicolaidis and Welsh, `In defence of Europe', 7.
33.
33. See Felix Berenskoetter, `Mapping the Mind Gap: a Comparison of US and European Security Strategies', Security Dialogue 36, no. 1 (2005): 75-76, 86.
34.
34. Cox, `The Empire's Back', 9.
35.
35. Secretary of State Charles Hughes cited in Werner Link, Der Ost-West-Konflikt: Die Organisation der internationalen Beziehungen im 20. Jahrhundert, 2nd ed. (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1988), 68. The classic account of Wilson's internationalism as a tactic to further the power of the American empire is William Appleman Williams's The Tragedy of American Diplomacy. However, Williams, too, acknowledges the importance of the particular normative discourses that Wilson and other American `idealist imperialists' were engaging in and arguing from. See Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, 2nd ed. (New York: Delta, 1962), 63, 79.
36.
36. A comparison of the US and European Security Strategies is instructive in this respect. For such a comparison, see Berenskoetter, `Mapping the Mind Gap'.
37.
37. Manners, `Normative Power Europe', 241.
38.
38. See Sjursen, `Changes to European Security', 108, 119-120. See also Anand Menon, Kalypso Nicolaïdis and Jennifer Welsh, `In defence of Europe — a Response to Kagan', Journal of European Affairs 2, no. 3 (2004): 8-9.
39.
39. See, for instance, Penska and Mason, `EU Security Cooperation', 256, 262; Christopher Hill, `Renationalizing or Regrouping? EU Foreign Policy since 11 September 2001', Journal of Common Market Studies 42, no. 1 (2004): 156-157; and Jünemann, `Repercussions', 42-3, 48.
40.
40. This is a common saying about US-EU relations, taken here from Susan E. Penksa and Warren L. Mason, `EU Security Cooperation and the Transatlantic Partnership', Cooperation and Conflict 38, no. 3 (2003): 256. For a more positive phrasing, see Anja Dalgaard-Nielsen, `Looking to Europe: American Perceptions of the Old World', Cooperation and Conflict 39, no. 1 (2004): 74.
41.
41. Robert Cooper, The Postmodern State and the World Order, 2nd ed. (London: Demos and the Foreign Policy Centre, 2000), 23.
42.
42. Ibid., 34-5.
43.
43. Ibid., 39.
44.
44. Robert Cooper, `The European Answer to Kagan', Transatlantic Internationale Politik 4, no. 2 (2003) [www.weltpolitik.net/print/1008.html] (24 August 2004).
45.
45. Sjursen, `Changes to European Security', 122. For an excellent review of cases indicating inconsistency, see Smith, `The EU, Human Rights', 193-8.
46.
46. Hill, `Renationalizing or Regrouping?', 150.
47.
47. Smith, `The EU, Human Rights', 196-8. The EU's trade relations with developing countries are another example that one could cite for inconsistencies in the implementation of norms.
48.
48. Youngs, `Normative Dynamics'.
49.
49. Ibid., 424.
50.
50. Ibid., 427, 429.
51.
51. Nicole Deitelhoff and Harald Müller, `Theoretical Paradise — Empirically Lost? Arguing with Habermas', Review of International Studies 31, vol. 1 (2005): 167-179.
52.
52. Youngs, `Normative Dynamics', 429.
53.
53. Ibid., 430.
54.
54. Stefano Guzzini, `The Concept of Power: a Constructivist Analysis', Millennium: Journal of International Studies, this issue.
55.
55. Nicolaïdis and Howes, `EUtopia', 782.
56.
56. Ibid., 773.
57.
57. Ibid., 783, 788.
58.
58. I should note that Nicolaïdis and Howse, too, refer to the lack of a `selfreflexive dimension' in the Commission report on `Europe's contribution to world governance'. See Nicolaïdis and Howes, `EUtopia', 783. For a more mainstream constructivist analysis of CFSP and identity, see Ben Tonra, `Constructing the Common Foreign and Security Policy: the Utility of a Cognitive Approach', Journal of Common Market Studies 41, no. 4 (2003): 743-6.
59.
59. See, for example, William E. Connolly, Identity\Difference: Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991); Iver B. Neumann, Uses of the Other: `The East' in European Identity Formation (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1999); and R. B. J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
60.
60. Richard K. Ashley, `Untying the Sovereign State: a Double Reading of the Anarchy Problematique', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 17, no. 2 (1988): 227-262.
61.
61. David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, 2nd ed. (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1998).
62.
62. David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1992), 158.
63.
63. For instance: Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver and Jaap deWilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998).
64.
64. The classic reference is Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979).
65.
65. This strategy is discussed in connection with the global governance debate by Richard K. Ashley. See Ashley, `Imposing International Purpose: Notes on a Problematic of Governance', in Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges: Approaches to World Politics for the 1990s, eds. Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N. Rosenau (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1989), 251-290.
66.
66. For a discussion, see Andrew Linklater, `Dialogic Politics and the Civilising Process', Review of International Studies 31, no. 1 (2005): 141-154. See also Bahar Rumelili's argument that `the discursive dependence of identity on difference does not necessarily entail a relationship of Othering between self and other'; by which she essentially means what I have described here as the fourth strategy of representing the other as different. Rumelili, `Constructing Identity and Relating to Difference: Understanding the EU's Mode of Differentiation', Review of International Studies 30, no. 1 (2004): 36.
67.
67. Nicolaïdis and Howes, `EUtopia', 782.
68.
68. Youngs, `Normative Dynamics', 419.
69.
69. Michael C. Williams discusses a similar logic regarding the democratic peace argument and liberal state identities. See Williams, `The Discipline of the Democratic Peace: Kant, Liberalism and the Social Construction of Security Communities', European Journal of International Relations 7, no. 4 (2001): 537. There is indeed some overlap between the articulation of `normative power' and `democratic peace', this however needs to be bracketed for present purposes because of space constraints.
70.
70. Nicolaïdis and Howes, `EUtopia', 774.
71.
71. Antje Wiener, `Contested Compliance: Interventions on the Normative Structure of World Politics', European Journal of International Relations 10, no. 2 (2004): 205.
72.
72. Barcelona declaration adopted at the Euro-Mediterranean Conference, 27-28 November 1995 [www.europa.eu.int/comm./external_relations/euromed/ bd.htm] (23 August 2004).
73.
73. Jünemann, `Repercussions', 38-39.
74.
74. Barcelona declaration, `Political and Security Partnership'.
75.
75. Manners, `Normative Power', 243.
76.
76. On the Mediterranean as the other of the EU, see also Michelle Pace, `The Ugly Duckling of Europe: the Mediterranean in the Foreign Policy of the European Union', Journal of European Area Studies 10, no. 2 (2002): 195-6, 209, and, `The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and the Common Mediterranean Strategy? European Union Policy from a Discursive Perspective', Geopolitics 9, no. 2 (2004): 292-309.
77.
77. On the EMP more widely, see also Pace, `Euro-Mediterranean Partnership', 294.
78.
78. Barcelona Declaration, `Partnership in Social, Cultural and Human Affairs'.
79.
79. Ibid., `Political and Security Partnership'.
80.
80. Anja Dalgaard-Nielsen, `Looking to Europe: American Perspectives of the Old World', Cooperation and Conflict 39, no. 1 (2004): 74. See also Timothy Garden Ash, `The great divide', Prospect 84 (2003): 25.
81.
81. On the following, see also Thomas Diez and Bahar Rumelili, `Open the Door', The World Today 60, no. 4 (August/September 2004): 33-35.
82.
82. Rumelili, `Identity, Difference and the EU', 44.
83.
83. Dietrich Jung with Wolfango Piccoli, Turkey at the Crossroads: Ottoman Legacies and a Greater Middle East (London: Zed, 2001); and Dietrich Jung, `Wie europäisch ist die Türkei?', Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik 43, no. 4 (1998): 410-414.
84.
84. For a discussion of this issue in relation to EU enlargement, see also Karen M. Fierke and Antje Wiener, `Constructing Institutional Interests: EU and NATO Enlargement', Journal of European Public Policy 6, no. 5 (1999): 721-42; and Frank Schimmelfennig, `The Community Trap: Liberal Norms, Rhetorical Action, and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union', International Organization 55, no. 1 (2001): 47-80.
85.
85. See Thomas Diez, `Incarnation of the Other: Haider and Europe's Peace Community', Jetlagged News, 30 November 2000 [www.jetlaggednews.com/ number/04-11.30.2000/07b.html] (25 August 2004).
86.
86. Campbell, Writing Security.
87.
87. Wæver, `Insecurity, Security, Asecurity', 90.
88.
88. For examples, see Thomas Diez, `Europe's Others and the Return of Geopolitics', Cambridge Review of International Affairs 17, no. 2 (1994): 325-6.
89.
89. For an elaboration of this argument see Diez, `Europe's Others', 331-3.
90.
90. See, for instance, Thomas Christiansen, Knud-Erik Jørgensen and Antje Wiener, eds., The Social Construction of Europe (London: Sage, 2001).
91.
91. On the EU as a `postmodern' polity, see, for instance, John Gerard Ruggie, `Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations', International Organization 47, no. 1 (1993): 172.
92.
92. Youngs `Normative Dynamics' is an example.
93.
93. In particular, A Secure Europe, 7.
94.
94. For the latter assessment, see Berenskoetter, `Mapping the mind gap', 76.
95.
95. Similarly: Menon, Nicolaidis and Welsh, `In defence of Europe'.
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Social media in/and the politics of the European Union
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Spatially blind policies? Analysing agglomeration economies and Europe...
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Avrupa Birliği Genişleme Politikalarında Meşrulaştırma: Merkezi ve Doğ...
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A humanitarian mission in line with human rights? Assessing Sophia, th...
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The different faces of power in European Union–Russia relations
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Eurasian Economic Union: a challenge for EU policy towards Kazakhstan
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Identity beyond othering: crisis and the politics of decision in the E...
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Paradoxes of identity change: Integrating macro, meso, and micro resea...
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Between continuity and change: The EU's mechanism of differentiated va...
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Reversing the Myth? Dystopian narratives of the EU in UKIP and front n...
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Instilling judgement: counter-narratives of humour, fact and logic
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Europe’s Conceptualization as a Region: Post-Cold War Dynamics
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How to Identify and Assess a Foreign Policy?
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Introduction: A Maritime Foreign and Security Power in the Making?
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Theorizing Organizational Change
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The 1990–1991 European Communities-Balkans Crisis
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Privatisierung und Internationalisierung von Sicherheit in der Weltges...
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STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE EAEC IN COMPETITIONWITH EUROPEAN INTEG...
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India, the European Union and Human Rights
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Media representations of the “other” Europeans
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Chapter 4. Profiling of new Europeans in the British conservative pres...
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When Normative and Market Power Interact: The European Union and Globa...
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Liberal Power Europe
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Shaping Discourse and Setting Examples: Normative Power Europe can Wor...
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The ‘Oops!’ of EU Engagement Abroad: Analyzing Unintended Consequences...
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Differentiation through bargaining power in EU–Azerbaijan relations: B...
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Eastern Partnership: bringing “the political” back in
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The Promethean role of Europe: changing narratives of the political an...
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Victims, soldiers, peacemakers and caretakers: the neoliberal constitu...
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The Norm‐Diffusion Capacity of ASEAN: Evidence and Challenges
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BATI BALKAN ROMANLARI: NORMATİF GÜÇ AVRUPA'NIN TURNUSOL TESTİ?
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The EU, Russia and the Manichean Trap
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The Snowden Files Made Public: A Material Politics of Contesting Surve...
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Normative Market Europe: the EU as a force for good in international s...
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The Meaning of Borders for National Identity and State Authority
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Soziologische Ansätze in den Internationalen Beziehungen
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The 2011 Revised European Neighbourhood Policy: Continuity and Change ...
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Deconstructing the ‘Ideal Power Europe’ Meta-Narrative in the European...
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ENP— Post-Modern External Relations and the Articulation of Continenta...
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(Re)drawing Boundaries: Russia and the Baltic States
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Brazil: (Future) green energy power and strategic partner for the EU?
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Russia and EU cooperation in energy policy – Sending and receiving mes...
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O Justice, Where Art Thou? Developing a New Take on Climate Justice
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Normative Power FRONTEX? Assessing Agency Cooperation with Third Count...
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Human Rights in the EU and the US: Social Worker v. Good Cop?
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Transatlantic Policies towards China and Russia
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Normative power and the logic of arguing: Rationalization of weakness ...
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The EU’s approach towards Asia: regional cooperation and regional conf...
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A partnership postponed? Japan–EU cooperation in conflict resolution i...
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Ukraine and Europe: Reshuffling the boundaries of order
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The European Union, Russia and the Eastern region: The analytics of go...
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The evolving and interacting bases of EU environmental policy legitima...
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Eastern partnership and the Eurasian Union: bringing ‘the political’ b...
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Closing the closing space: sustaining democracy promotion in European ...
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Security Communities and the Unthinkabilities of War
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Introduction to the Special Issue: Europe and its Others
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Imagining ‘Europe’: Constituting Turkey's Identity on the Path to Eu M...
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Russian Challenge to the EU’s Normative Power: Change and Continuity
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The role of emotions in US security policy towards Iran
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The EU’s comprehensive approach as an alternative strategic framework ...
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Normative Power in the EU and ASEAN: Why They Diverge
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Normative Empire Europe: The European Union, its Borderlands, and the ...
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The functions of ‘strategic partnership’ in European Union foreign pol...
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Introduction
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Will Sleeping Beauty Wake up? Proposals for a New EU Global Strategy o...
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Identities and Images of Competition in the Overlapping Neighbourhoods...
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Limits of the EU's Transformative Power in the European Periphery in a...
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Zastosowanie konstruktywizmu w studiach europejskich
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The Fallout of the EU’s Normative Imperialism in the Eastern Neighborh...
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Russia's Soft Power Discourse: Identity, Status and the Attraction of ...
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Unpacking Interests in Normative Power Europe
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Market power Europe: exploring a dynamic conceptual framework
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The European Union and Upheavals in its Neighborhood: A Force for Stab...
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Global Europa, ESPON and the EU’s Regulated Spaces of Interaction
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Challenging the EU’s claim to moral authority: Russian talk of ‘double...
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Looking through rose-tinted glasses? The value and deficiency of using...
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Normative Power Europe meets the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
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Normative versus market power Europe? The EU-India trade agreement
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Fazendo ou Desfazendo a União Europeia enquanto Potência Global: Uma A...
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The role of urbanisation on international migrations: a case study of ...
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Uncertainty at the EU's borders: narratives of EU external relations i...
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Contending metaphors of the European Union as a global actor: Norms an...
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“Good Citizen Europe” and the Middle East Peace Process
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The Sino-Japanese battle for soft power: pitfalls and promises
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The EU as a norm promoter through trade. The perceptions of Vietnamese...
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Normative Power E urope and the Power of t...
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The “Orientalization” and “de-Orientalization” of East Central Europe ...
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Russian and East European Studies with a Finnish Flavour
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The EPA-Negotiations: A Channel for Norm Export and Import?
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Theorising the EU’s Diplomatic Service: Rational Player or Social Body...
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Introduction
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Solana’s Struggle
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Actorhood in World Politics: The Dialectics of Agency/Structure within...
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Self-Other Constructions, Difference and Threat: US and Arab “Othering...
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Borders, Power and Interdependence: A Borderlands Approach to Israel-P...
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Bordering Disputed Territories: The European Union’s Technical Customs...
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Identity and desecuritisation: the pitfalls of conflating ontological ...
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With the Development of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline, Albania Has the P...
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Diplomacy Matters. Why Anticorruption Belongs on the Foreign Policy Ag...
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Periphery Under Pressure: Morocco, Tunisia and the European Union's Mo...
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Normative Power Europe and the importance of discursive context: The E...
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The Shadows of Normative Power in A sia: F...
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What Modernisation? The Case of Russian Partnerships for Modernisation...
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Practicality by judgement: transnational interpreters of local ownersh...
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Setting the limits: Discourse and EU foreign policy
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Use of metaphors and international discourse: The EU as an Idiot power...
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Critical discourse analysis in analysing European Union foreign policy...
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Role Theory, Narratives, and Interpretation: The Domestic Contestation...
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‘Via Media’ vs. the Critical Path: Constructivism(s) and the Case of E...
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Virtue or Vice? The Coherence of the EU’s External Policies
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The EU and the Gulf monarchies: normative power Europe in search of a ...
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European integration and the problem of the state: universality, parti...
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The EU as a Normative Power and the Resear...
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How to Explain the Transnational Security Governance of the ...
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The evolution of the European Union’s ‘fight against terrorism’ discou...
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Tracing the spectre that haunts Europe: the visual construction of cli...
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EU Climate Norms in East‐Central E ...
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Culture, knowledge and diplomacy in contemporary EU–China relations—re...
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The EU’s China problem: A battle over norms
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Three Ways of Speaking Europe to the World: Markets, Peace, Cosmopolit...
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Seen from the Outside: The State of the Art on the External Image of t...
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Soziologische Ansätze in den Internationalen Beziehungen
-
Regional Governance, Gender and Transnationalism: A First Exploration
-
Views from the Neighbourhood: Israel
-
European security and the accession of Turkey: Identity and foreign po...
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Social status, social closure and the idea of Europe as a ‘normative p...
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From colonial power to human rights promoter: on the legal regulation ...
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Assessing Turkey's “Normative” Power in the Middle East and North Afri...
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EU values and the shaping of the international legal context
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The EU–Russia Strategic Partnership: Challenging the Normative Argumen...
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Imperial power Europe? The EU’s relations with the ACP countries
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Living with Giants: ASEAN and the Evolution of Asian Regionalism
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The EU's civilian/power dilemma
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E uropean U nion– ...
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The struggle for recognition of normative powers: Normative power Euro...
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Normative power as hegemony
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‘Normative power Europe’ meets economic liberalism: Complicating cosmo...
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Assessing the decennial, reassessing the global: Understanding Europea...
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The neo-normative turn in theorising the EU’s international presence
-
EU normative power and regionalism: Ideational diffusion and its limit...
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Market imperative meets normative power: Human rights and European arm...
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A normative power Europe framework of transnational policy formation
-
Introduction
-
The Narrative Construction of the European Union in External Relations
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“Global alternatives, regional stability and common causes”: the inter...
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Competing and Co-Existing Constructions of Europe as Turkey's ‘Other(s...
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L'Union européenne, un acteur des relations internationales
-
The European Union’s Normative Power in a more Global Era
-
EU Energy Cooperation in the Neighbourhood: Tailoring the Rules of the...
-
The Changing Context of Global Governance and the Normative Power of t...
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Pragmatic persuasion in counterterrorism
-
Identity Matters: Exploring the Ambivalence of EU Foreign Policy
-
The (Soft) Power of Commitment: The EU and Conflict Resolution in Nort...
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NOT QUITE ‘SUI GENERIS’ ENOUGH
-
Into the ‘Heart of Darkness’ — EU's civilising mission in the DR Congo
-
Imperial re-bordering of Europe: the case of the European Neighbourhoo...
-
A step as normative power: the EU’s human rights policy towards North ...
-
Reflexive Geographies of Europeanization
-
The external constitution of European identity: Russia and Turkey as E...
-
The SWIFT Affair and the Global Politics of European Security*
-
Ideas, norms, and regional orders
-
What else is new? Zur Relevanz klassischer und neuer Themen der europä...
-
Introduction: The Role of Theory in Research on Common Security and De...
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Conclusion: The Way Ahead for Research into CSDP
-
Applying Foucault’s Toolkit to CSDP
-
Normal Power Europe: Non-Proliferation and the Normalization of EU's F...
-
Democratic foundations of EU foreign policy: narratives and the myth o...
-
Normative Power Europe, Once Again: A Conceptual Analysis of an Ideal ...
-
Transformed beyond recognition? The politics of post-neutrality
-
‘Me Tarzan – You Jane’: The EU and NATO and the Reversal of Roles
-
European Identity Making and Identity Transfer
-
The EU as a Green Leader
-
Pragmatic power EUrope?
-
Rival Universalisms in Transatlantic Relations: Obama's Exceptionalism...
-
Norm Subsidiarity and Regional Orders: Sovereignty, Regionalism, and R...
-
The Elusive Axis: Assessing the EU-China Strategic Partnership
-
Constructing Turkish “exceptionalism”: Discourses of liminality and hy...
-
Die Außenwirtschaftspolitik der Europäischen Union. Ein Vergleich mit ...
-
European Realism in the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy
-
Mainstreaming gender in European Commission development policy: Conser...
-
Norms and All That: Progress in Research on EU Foreign Policy
-
Gender and race in the European security strategy: Europe as a ‘force ...
-
Developing Mutual Trust: The Othering Process Between Bolivia and Chil...
-
The European Union's Normative Power in a Multipolar World
-
From Governance to Governmentality in CSDP: Towards a Foucauldian Rese...
-
A Journey Westward: A Poststructuralist Analysis of Croatia's Identity...
-
Divided power Europe: normative divergences among the EU ‘big three’
-
Normative power spotting: an ontological and methodological appraisal
-
Gender-specific constructions of the ‘other religion’ in French and Au...
-
(How) do norms guide Presidency behaviour in EU negotiations?
-
Politics beyond the state: Europe as civilization and as empire
-
Normative Europeanization: The case of Swedish foreign policy reorient...
-
‘A matter of principle’? EU foreign policy in the International Labour...
-
The Bologna Process as a hegemonic tool of Normative Power Europe (NPE...
-
European Imaginaries and the Intelligibility of Integration
-
The Problematics of the EU's Ethical (Self)Image in Africa: The EU as ...
-
Normative Power Europe and the State of Israel: An Illegitimate EUtopi...
-
Shanghaied into Cooperation: Framing China’s Socialization of Central ...
-
The European Union, borders and conflict transformation: The Case of C...
-
Europäische Identität, die EU und das Andere: Von der Vergangenheit un...
-
Europe and Globalization
-
From Rivalry to Mutual Trust: The Othering Process Between Bolivia and...
-
In Search of a Structure: The EU's Foreign Policy Strategy against the...
-
Foreign Policy Ambiguity on the Part of an Emergent Middle Power: Sout...
-
Competing Rationalities: Russia, the EU and the ‘Shared Neighbourhood’
-
Democracy promotion as external governance?
-
From ‘Civilian Power’ to ‘Global Power’: Explicating the European Unio...
-
American Orientalism and American Exceptionalism: A Critical Rethinkin...
-
Review Essay: The New European Imaginary...
-
The stability syndrome: US and EU democracy promotion in Tunisia
-
Interventions in the new political geographies of the European ‘neighb...
-
A clash of norms: normative power and EU democracy promotion in Tunisi...
-
EUROPE IN CRISIS?
-
Conclusions: Towards Transatlantic Democracy Promotion?
-
The European Union: Divisions and Unity in European External Policies
-
The Externalization of JHA Policies in Georgia: Partner or Hotbed of T...
-
Zivilmacht Europa 1 : a critical geopoliti...
-
A climate of obstinacy: symbolic politics in Australian and Canadian p...
-
Traditions of citizenship and the securitisation of migration in Germa...
-
The European Union as a Regional Normative Hegemon: The Case of Europe...
-
EUropean attachment and meanings of EUrope. A qualitative study in the...
-
The spatialities of Europeanisation: territory, government and power i...
-
Empowering Africa: normative power in EU–Africa relations
-
Bringing Policy-Making Structure Back In: Why are the US and the EU Pu...
-
Venus and the Porcupine...
-
The ABC of The European Union Security Strategy: Ambition, Benchmark, ...
-
Introduction: The ‘Europeanisation’of International Law
-
Europe and a Globalizing United States: Political Ideals Projected and...
-
Introduction: ethical power Europe?
-
Rebranding Russia: Norms, Politics and Power
-
Bringing Policy-Making Structure Back In: Why are the US and the EU Pu...
-
European Responses to International Terrorism: Diversity Awareness as ...
-
Everything Is Dangerous: A Critique of `Normative Power Europe'
-
The Construction of EU Normative Power*
-
Partnership or Rivalry between the EU, China and India in Central Asia...
-
The political economy of ‘normative power’ Europe: EU environmental le...
-
Normative Power Europe: A Credible Utopia?*
-
Whom to Follow? Central Asia between the EU and China
-
Of Power and Plenty? Europe, Soft Power, and ‘Genteel Stagnation’
-
The Paradoxes of Europe's Borders
-
‘Our size fits all’: normative power Europe and the Mediterranean
-
Interstate community-building and the identity/difference predicament
-
Von der security community zur securitized community: Zur Diskursanaly...
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