Previous research confirmed the benefits of mindfulness for cancer patients' psychological well-being, but few studies considered the value of possible distinct combinations of mindfulness skills. This study aimed to (1) identify distinct mindfulness profiles in cancer patients, (2) examine socio-demographic predictors of patients with distinct profiles, and (3) examine associations of mindfulness profiles with psychological outcomes and coping strategies.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 245 people with heterogeneous types of cancer. Latent profile analysis was applied to identify distinct profiles of mindfulness. The Bolck–Croon–Hagenaars method was used to examine how mindfulness profiles related to socio-demographic characteristics, psychological outcomes, and coping strategies.

Results

Four mindfulness profiles were identified: “average mindfulness” (50%), “judgmentally observing” (20%), “high mindfulness” (15%), and “non-judgmentally aware” (15%). Patients with “high mindfulness” profile tended to have higher educational attainment, and reported better psychological outcomes (i.e., low on depression and negative affect and high on positive affect) as well as better coping strategies (i.e., high positive reappraisal and low rumination).

Conclusion

This study confirms the existence of distinct mindfulness profiles in cancer patients and suggest that patients high in mindfulness are the most adaptive.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Open Research

PEER REVIEW

The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.com/publon/10.1002/jclp.23346.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

REFERENCES

An, L., & Ma, T. (2020). Mindfulness, rumination and post-traumatic growth in a Chinese cancer sample. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 25(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2019.1612079
10.1080/13548506.2019.1612079
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504
10.1177/1073191105283504
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Bolck, A., Croon, M., & Hagenaars, J. (2004). Estimating latent structure models with categorical variables: One-step versus three-step estimators. Political Analysis, 12(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mph001
10.1093/pan/mph001
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Bouma, J., Ranchor, A. V., Sanderman, R., & Sonderen, E. V. (1995). Assessment of depressive symptoms with the CES-D. Manual (in Dutch). Groningen, Noordelijk Centrum voor Gezondheidsvraagstukken, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, 2–24.

Google Scholar
Bravo, A. J., Boothe, L. G., & Pearson, M. R. (2016). Getting personal with mindfulness: A latent profile analysis of mindfulness and psychological outcomes. Mindfulness, 7(2), 420–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0459-7
10.1007/s12671-015-0459-7
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Bravo, A. J., Pearson, M. R., & Kelley, M. L. (2018). Mindfulness and psychological health outcomes: A latent profile analysis among military personnel and college students. Mindfulness, 9(1), 258–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0771-5
10.1007/s12671-017-0771-5
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Garland, E. L., Thielking, P., Thomas, E. A., Coombs, M., White, S., Lombardi, J., & Beck, A. (2017). Linking dispositional mindfulness and positive psychological processes in cancer survivorship: A multivariate path analytic test of the mindfulness-to-meaning theory. Psycho-Oncology, 26(5), 686–692. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4065
10.1002/pon.4065
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2007). The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141
10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Hanley, A. W., & Garland, E. L. (2014). Dispositional mindfulness co-varies with self-reported positive reappraisal. Personality and Individual Differences, 66, 146–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.03.014
10.1016/j.paid.2014.03.014
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2009). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. Hachette Books.

Google Scholar
Kimmes, J. G., Durtschi, J. A., & Fincham, F. D. (2017). Perception in romantic relationships: A latent profile analysis of trait mindfulness in relation to attachment and attributions. Mindfulness, 8(5), 1328–1338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0708-z
10.1007/s12671-017-0708-z
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Lam, K. F. Y., Lim, H. A., Kua, E. H., Griva, K., & Mahendran, R. (2018). Mindfulness and cancer patients' emotional states: A latent profile analysis among newly diagnosed cancer patients. Mindfulness, 9(2), 521–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0794-y
10.1007/s12671-017-0794-y
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2019). Mindfulness, acceptance, and emotion regulation: Perspectives from Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT). Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 120–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.004
10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.004
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
López, A., Sanderman, R., & Schroevers, M. J. (2016). Mindfulness and self-compassion as unique and common predictors of affect in the general population. Mindfulness, 7(6), 1289–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0568-y
10.1007/s12671-016-0568-y
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Morris, N., Moghaddam, N., Tickle, A., & Biswas, S. (2018). The relationship between coping style and psychological distress in people with head and neck cancer: A systematic review. Psycho-Oncology, 27(3), 734–747. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4509
10.1002/pon.4509
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Pearson, M. R., Lawless, A. K., Brown, D. B., & Bravo, A. J. (2015). Mindfulness and emotional outcomes: Identifying subgroups of college students using latent profile analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.009
10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.009
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Perestelo-Perez, L., Barraca, J., Peñate, W., Rivero-Santana, A., & Alvarez-Perez, Y. (2017). Mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of depressive rumination: Systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 17(3), 282–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.07.004
10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.07.004
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
10.1177/014662167700100306
Google Scholar
Rush, S. E., & Sharma, M. (2017). Mindfulness-based stress reduction as a stress management intervention for cancer care: A systematic review. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 22(2), 348–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587216661467
10.1177/2156587216661467
PubMedGoogle Scholar
Sahdra, B. K., Ciarrochi, J., Parker, P. D., Basarkod, G., Bradshaw, E. L., & Baer, R. (2017). Are people mindful in different ways? Disentangling the quantity and quality of mindfulness in latent profiles and exploring their links to mental health and life effectiveness. European Journal of Personality, 31(4), 347–365. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2108
10.1002/per.2108
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Teper, R., Segal, Z. V., & Inzlicht, M. (2013). Inside the mindful mind: How mindfulness enhances emotion regulation through improvements in executive control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(6), 449–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413495869
10.1177/0963721413495869
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284–304. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.284
10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.284
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Vermunt, J. K. (2010). Latent class modeling with covariates: Two improved three-step approaches. Political Analysis, 18(4), 450–469. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpq025
10.1093/pan/mpq025
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Zhu, L., Wang, J., & Schroevers, M. J. (2020). Looking beyond the value of individual facets of mindfulness: A person-centered examination of mindfulness. Mindfulness, 11(10), 2349–2359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01452-0
10.1007/s12671-020-01452-0
Web of Science®Google Scholar

Volume78, Issue12

December 2022

Pages 2470-2483

Profiles of mindfulness in cancer patients and associations with psychological outcomes and coping strategies: A person-centered approach

Abstract

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusion

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

Open Research

PEER REVIEW

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

REFERENCES

References

Information

About Wiley Online Library

Help & Support

Opportunities

Connect with Wiley

Profiles of mindfulness in cancer patients and associations with psychological outcomes and coping strategies: A person-centered approach

Abstract

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusion

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

Open Research

PEER REVIEW

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

REFERENCES

References

Related

Information