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Pregnancy Experience Scale: Original and Brief Versions

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International Handbook of Behavioral Health Assessment

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Abstract

The Pregnancy Experience Scale (PES) was developed to fill a gap in the US-based research literature on women’s affective response to pregnancy by assessing the degree to which women felt happy and uplifted by pregnancy, countering the prevailing emphasis on pregnancy as a source of stress and strain. The PES includes 41 pregnancy-specific items rated both as sources of uplifts and hassles scored along frequency and intensity dimensions. The subsequent PES-Brief is based on 20 of these items rated as either an uplift or a hassle. Over time, these scales have been adopted by the international research community. In this chapter, we present 17 translations and supporting data on their implementation in international settings. Psychometric analyses, when available, indicate the maintenance of internal reliability, test-retest reliability, and factor cohesion across translations. All studies reported that the PES and/or PES-Brief were suitable for use with pregnant women in the target locale. Cultural adaptations are described. Overall maternal affective valence toward pregnancy, represented by the ratios between hassles and uplifts, is presented for studies conducted in English-speaking countries, and in those using translated versions, ratio scores were below 1.0 (i.e., uplifts were reported more frequently and intensely than hassles) in 24 of 25 studies spanning 14 countries with diverse cultural and socioeconomic circumstances. These data indicate that, on balance, women regard pregnancy as substantially more uplifting than distressing. The use of these scales can shift the research focus toward factors that contribute to positive appraisals of pregnancy and in doing can promote maternal well-being during pregnancy and beyond.

Development of the PES and PES-Brief was supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) award 5R01 HD27592. We thank the dedication and generosity of our study families without whom this work would not have been possible. We are grateful for the assistance of our international colleagues who graciously provided their translations along with information on cross-cultural adaptations. Special thanks to Sarah Gerges, Mari Ikeda, and Miriam Salama for additional translation assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Janet A. DiPietro

  2. Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Kathleen A. Costigan

Authors
  1. Janet A. DiPietro
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  2. Kathleen A. Costigan
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Correspondence to Janet A. DiPietro .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. North Shore Campus, Auckland Univ of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

    Christian U. Krägeloh

  2. Dept of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    Mohsen Alyami

  3. School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand

    Oleg N. Medvedev

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  1. School of Behavioural & Health Science, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, Australia

    Rachel Dryer

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DiPietro, J.A., Costigan, K.A. (2023). Pregnancy Experience Scale: Original and Brief Versions. In: Krägeloh, C.U., Alyami, M., Medvedev, O.N. (eds) International Handbook of Behavioral Health Assessment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89738-3_26-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89738-3_26-1

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