Abstract
Individuals with chronic low back pain (cLBP) frequently report sleep disturbances. Living in a neighborhood characterized by low-socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with a variety of negative health outcomes, including poor sleep. Whether low-neighborhood SES exacerbates sleep disturbances of people with cLBP, relative to pain-free individuals, has not previously been observed. This study compared associations between neighborhood-level SES, pain-status (cLBP vs. pain-free), and daily sleep metrics in 117 adults (cLBP = 82, pain-free = 35). Neighborhood-level SES was gathered from Neighborhood Atlas, which provides a composite measurement of overall neighborhood deprivation (e.g. area deprivation index). Individuals completed home sleep monitoring for 7-consecutive days/nights. Neighborhood SES and pain-status were tested as predictors of actigraphic sleep variables (e.g., sleep efficiency). Analyses revealed neighborhood-level SES and neighborhood-level SES*pain-status interaction significantly impacted objective sleep quality. These findings provide initial support for the negative impact of low neighborhood-level SES and chronic pain on sleep quality.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.
References
Alsaadi, S. M., McAuley, J. H., Hush, J. M., & Maher, C. G. (2011). Prevalence of sleep disturbance in patients with low back pain. European Spine Journal, 20(5), 737–743.
Ancoli-Israel, S., Cole, R., Alessi, C., Chambers, M., Moorcroft, W., & Pollak, C. P. (2003). The role of actigraphy in the study of sleep and circadian rhythms. Sleep, 26(3), 342–392.
Anderson, E. (2013). Streetwise: Race, class, and change in an urban community. University of Chicago Press.
Anderson, K. O., Green, C. R., & Payne, R. (2009). Racial and ethnic disparities in pain: Causes and consequences of unequal care. The Journal of Pain, 10(12), 1187–1204.
Anderson, N. B., Bulatao, R. A., Cohen, B., & National Research Council (US) Panel on Race, E. (2004). Race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and Health. In: Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25526/
Angarita, G. A., Emadi, N., Hodges, S., & Morgan, P. T. (2016). Sleep abnormalities associated with alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, and opiate use: A comprehensive review. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 11, 1–17https://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-016-0056-7
Asmundson, G. J., & Katz, J. (2009). Understanding the co-occurrence of anxiety disorders and chronic pain: State-of-the-art. Depression and Anxiety, 26(10), 888–901.
Bacon, S. L., Bouchard, A., Loucks, E. B., & Lavoie, K. L. (2009). Individual-level socioeconomic status is associated with worse asthma morbidity in patients with asthma. Respiratory Research, 10(1), 125.
Barber, S., Hickson, D. A., Wang, X., Sims, M., Nelson, C., & Diez-Roux, A. V. (2016). Neighborhood disadvantage, poor social conditions, and cardiovascular disease incidence among African American adults in the Jackson Heart Study. American Journal of Public Health, 106(12), 2219–2226.
Beckett, K., Nyrop, K., & Pfingst, L. (2006). Race, drugs, and policing: Understanding disparities in drug delivery arrests. Criminology, 44(1), 105–137.
Bell, C. N., Sacks, T. K., Thomas Tobin, C. S., & Thorpe, R. J. (2020). Racial Non-equivalence of Socioeconomic Status and Self-rated Health among African Americans and Whites. SSM—Population Health, 10, 100561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100561
Bell, S., Wilson, K., Bissonnette, L., & Shah, T. (2013). Access to primary health care: Does neighborhood of residence matter? Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(1), 85–105.
Beydoun, H. A., Beydoun, M. A., Chen, X., Chang, J. J., Gamaldo, A. A., Eid, S. M., & Zonderman, A. B. (2017). Sex and age differences in the associations between sleep behaviors and all-cause mortality in older adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Sleep Medicine, 36, 141–151.
Bilal, U., Auchincloss, A. H., & Diez-Roux, A. V. (2018). Neighborhood environments and diabetes risk and control. Current Diabetes Reports, 18(9), 62.
Bissonnette, L., Wilson, K., Bell, S., & Shah, T. I. (2012). Neighbourhoods and potential access to health care: The role of spatial and aspatial factors. Health & Place, 18(4), 841–853.
Brooks Holliday, S., Dubowitz, T., Ghosh-Dastidar, B., Beckman, R., Buysse, D., Hale, L., Buman, M., & Troxel, W. (2019). Do sleep and psychological distress mediate the association between neighborhood factors and pain? Pain Medicine, 20(2), 278–289.
Browning, C. R., Cagney, K. A., & Iveniuk, J. (2012). Neighborhood stressors and cardiovascular health: Crime and C-reactive protein in Dallas, USA. Social Science & Medicine, 75(7), 1271–1279.
Bulls, H. W., Freeman, E. L., Anderson, A. J., Robbins, M. T., Ness, T. J., & Goodin, B. R. (2015). Sex differences in experimental measures of pain sensitivity and endogenous pain inhibition. Journal of Pain Research, 8, 311–320. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S84607
Bulls, H. W., Lynch, M. K., Petrov, M. E., Gossett, E. W., Owens, M. A., Terry, S. C., Wesson-Sides, K. M., & Goodin, B. R. (2017). Depressive symptoms and sleep efficiency sequentially mediate racial differences in temporal summation of mechanical pain. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 51(5), 673–682.
Caceres, C., & Burns, J. W. (1997). Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress may enhance subsequent pain sensitivity. Pain, 69(3), 237–244.
Carney, C. E., Buysse, D. J., Ancoli-Israel, S., Edinger, J. D., Krystal, A. D., Lichstein, K. L., & Morin, C. M. (2012). The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring. Sleep, 35(2), 287–302. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.1642
Cauter, E. V., & Spiegel, K. (1999). Sleep as a mediator of the relationship between socioeconomic status and health: A hypothesis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896(1), 254–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08120.x
Chaikiat, Å., Li, X., Bennet, L., & Sundquist, K. (2012). Neighborhood deprivation and inequities in coronary heart disease among patients with diabetes mellitus: A multilevel study of 334,000 patients. Health & Place, 18(4), 877–882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.03.003
Chung, F., Subramanyam, R., Liao, P., Sasaki, E., Shapiro, C., & Sun, Y. (2012). High STOP-Bang score indicates a high probability of obstructive sleep apnoea. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia, 108(5), 768–775. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aes022
Chung, F., Abdullah, H. R., & Liao, P. (2016). STOP-Bang questionnaire: A practical approach to screen for obstructive sleep apnea. Chest, 149(3), 631–638.
De Jesus, M., Puleo, E., Shelton, R. C., & Emmons, K. M. (2010). Associations between perceived social environment and neighborhood safety: Health implications. Health and Place, 16(5), 1007–1013.
Deyo, R. A., Dworkin, S. F., Amtmann, D., Andersson, G., Borenstein, D., Carragee, E., Carrino, J., Chou, R., Cook, K., DeLitto, A., Goertz, C., Khalsa, P., Loeser, J., Mackey, S., Panagis, J., Rainville, J., Tosteson, T., Turk, D., Von Korff, M., & Weiner, D. K. (2014). Report of the NIH task force on research standards for chronic low back pain. The Journal of Pain: Official Journal of the American Pain Society, 15(6), 569–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2014.03.005
Dixon, D., Pollard, B., & Johnston, M. (2007). What does the chronic pain grade questionnaire measure? Pain, 130(3), 249–253.
Dorner, T. E., Muckenhuber, J., Stronegger, W. J., Ràsky, É., Gustorff, B., & Freidl, W. (2011). The impact of socio-economic status on pain and the perception of disability due to pain. European Journal of Pain, 15(1), 103–109.
Edwards, R. R., Almeida, D. M., Klick, B., Haythornthwaite, J. A., & Smith, M. T. (2008). Duration of sleep contributes to next-day pain report in the general population. Pain, 137(1), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2008.01.025
Feuerstein, M., Sult, S., & Houle, M. (1985). Environmental stressors and chronic low back pain: Life events, family and work environment. Pain, 22(3), 295–307.
Finan, P. H., Goodin, B. R., & Smith, M. T. (2013). The association of sleep and pain: An update and a path forward. The Journal of Pain: Official Journal of the American Pain Society, 14(12), 1539–1552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2013.08.007
Fuentes, M., Hart-Johnson, T., & Green, C. R. (2007). The association among neighborhood socioeconomic status, race and chronic pain in black and white older adults. Journal of the National Medical Association, 99(10), 1160.
Galea, S., Ahern, J., Nandi, A., Tracy, M., Beard, J., & Vlahov, D. (2007). Urban neighborhood poverty and the incidence of depression in a population-based cohort study. Annals of Epidemiology, 17(3), 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.07.008
Gaskin, D. J., Thorpe, R. J., McGinty, E. E., Bower, K., Rohde, C., Young, J. H., LaVeist, T. A., & Dubay, L. (2014). Disparities in diabetes: The nexus of race, poverty, and place. American Journal of Public Health, 104(11), 2147–2155. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301420
Gironda, R. J., Lloyd, J., Clark, M. E., & Walker, R. L. (2007). Preliminary evaluation of reliability and criterion validity of Actiwatch-Score. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 44(2), 223. https://doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2006.06.0058
Goesling, J., Clauw, D. J., & Hassett, A. L. (2013). Pain and depression: An integrative review of neurobiological and psychological factors. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15(12), 421.
Goodin, B. R., Bulls, H. W., Herbert, M. S., Schmidt, J., King, C. D., Glover, T. L., Sotolongo, A., Sibille, K. T., Cruz-Almeida, Y., Staud, R., Fessler, B. J., Redden, D. T., Bradley, L. A., & Fillingim, R. B. (2014). Temporal summation of pain as a prospective predictor of clinical pain severity in adults aged 45 years and older with knee osteoarthritis: Ethnic differences. Psychosomatic Medicine, 76(4), 302–310. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000058
Goodin, B. R., McGuire, L., & Smith, M. T. (2010). Ethnicity moderates the influence of perceived social status on subjective sleep quality. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 8(4), 194–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2010.509193
Grandner, M. A., Patel, N. P., Gehrman, P. R., Xie, D., Sha, D., Weaver, T., & Gooneratne, N. (2010). Who gets the best sleep? Ethnic and socioeconomic factors related to sleep complaints. Sleep Medicine, 11(5), 470–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2009.10.006
Green, C. R., & Hart-Johnson, T. (2012). The association between race and neighborhood socioeconomic status in younger Black and White adults with chronic pain. The Journal of Pain, 13(2), 176–186.
Green, R. D., Kouassi, M., Venkatachalam, P., & Daniel, J. (2013). The impact of housing stressors on the mental health of a low-income African-American population. The Review of Black Political Economy, 40(1), 53–100.
Hansen, H., & Netherland, J. (2016). Is the prescription opioid epidemic a white problem? American Journal of Public Health, 106(12), 2127–2129. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303483
Holditch-Davis, D., Edwards, L. J., & Helms, R. W. (1998). Modeling development of sleep–wake behaviors: I. Using the mixed general linear model. Physiology and Behavior, 63(3), 311–318.
James, K., & Jordan, A. (2018). The opioid crisis in black communities. The Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, 46(2), 404–421.
Jehan, S., Myers, A. K., Zizi, F., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Jean-Louis, G., Singh, N., Ray, J., & McFarlane, S. I. (2018). Sleep health disparity: The putative role of race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Sleep Medicine and Disorders: International Journal, 2(5), 127.
Keet, C. A., Matsui, E. C., McCormack, M. C., & Peng, R. D. (2017). Urban residence, neighborhood poverty, race/ethnicity, and asthma morbidity among children on Medicaid. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 140(3), 822–827.
Kelly, G. A., Blake, C., Power, C. K., O’Keeffe, D., & Fullen, B. M. (2011). The association between chronic low back pain and sleep: A systematic review. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 27(2), 169–181.
Kim, K. H., Kim, J. W., & Kim, S. H. (2006). Influences of job stressors on psychosocial well-being, fatigue and sleep sufficiency among firefighters. Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 18(3), 232–245.
Kim, H. J., Yang, G. S., Greenspan, J. D., Downton, K. D., Griffith, K. A., Renn, C. L., Johantgen, M., & Dorsey, S. G. (2017). Racial and ethnic differences in experimental pain sensitivity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain, 158(2), 194–211.
Konecka, A., & Sroczynska, I. (1990). Stressors and pain sensitivity in CFW mice. Role of opioid peptides. Archives Internationales De Physiologie Et De Biochimie, 98(2), 245–252.
Krueger, C., & Tian, L. (2004). A comparison of the general linear mixed model and repeated measures ANOVA using a dataset with multiple missing data points. Biological Research for Nursing, 6(2), 151–157.
Kundermann, B., Krieg, J.-C., Schreiber, W., & Lautenbacher, S. (2004). The effects of sleep deprivation on pain. Pain Research and Management, 9(1), 25–32.
Lang, I. A., Llewellyn, D. J., Langa, K. M., Wallace, R. B., Huppert, F. A., & Melzer, D. (2008). Neighborhood deprivation, individual socioeconomic status, and cognitive function in older people: Analyses from the English longitudinal study of ageing. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56(2), 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01557.x
Lautenbacher, S., Kundermann, B., & Krieg, J.-C. (2006). Sleep deprivation and pain perception. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10(5), 357–369.
Lewandowski, A. S., Palermo, T. M., De la Motte, S., & Fu, R. (2010). Temporal daily associations between pain and sleep in adolescents with chronic pain versus healthy adolescents. Pain, 151(1), 220–225.
Madrid-Valero, J. J., Martínez-Selva, J. M., Couto do, B. R., Sánchez-Romera, J. F., & Ordoñana, J. R. (2017). Age and gender effects on the prevalence of poor sleep quality in the adult population. Gaceta Sanitaria, 31, 18–22.
Maly, A., & Vallerand, A. H. (2018). Neighborhood, socioeconomic, and racial influence on chronic pain. Pain Management Nursing, 19(1), 14–22.
Marco, C. A., Wolfson, A. R., Sparling, M., & Azuaje, A. (2012). Family socioeconomic status and sleep patterns of young adolescents. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 10(1), 70–80.
Meeus, M. (2018). Are pain beliefs, cognitions, and behaviors influenced by race, ethnicity, and culture in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review. Pain Physician, 21, 541–558.
Meyer, O. L., Castro-Schilo, L., & Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. (2014). Determinants of mental health and self-rated health: A model of socioeconomic status, neighborhood safety, and physical activity. American Journal of Public Health, 104(9), 1734–1741.
Mogil, J. S., & Bailey, A. L. (2010). Sex and gender differences in pain and analgesia. Progress in Brain Research, 186, 141–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53630-3.00009-9
Moser, D., Pablik, E., Aull-Watschinger, S., Pataraia, E., Wöber, C., & Seidel, S. (2015). Depressive symptoms predict the quality of sleep in patients with partial epilepsy—A combined retrospective and prospective study. Epilepsy and Behavior, 47, 104–110.
Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B. (2016). The war on drugs that wasn’t: wasted whiteness, “Dirty Doctors”, and race in media coverage of prescription opioid misuse. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 40(4), 664–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5
O’Donoghue, G. M., Fox, N., Heneghan, C., & Hurley, D. A. (2009). Objective and subjective assessment of sleep in chronic low back pain patients compared with healthy age and gender matched controls: A pilot study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 10(1), 122.
Ostrom, C., Bair, E., Maixner, W., Dubner, R., Fillingim, R. B., Ohrbach, R., Slade, G. D., & Greenspan, J. D. (2017). Demographic predictors of pain sensitivity: Results from the OPPERA study. The Journal of Pain, 18(3), 295–307.
Palermo, T. M., Toliver-Sokol, M., Fonareva, I., & Koh, J. L. (2007). Objective and subjective assessment of sleep in adolescents with chronic pain compared to healthy adolescents. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 23(9), 812.
Pampel, F. C., Krueger, P. M., & Denney, J. T. (2010). Socioeconomic disparities in health behaviors. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 349–370. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102529
Parmelee, P. A., Tighe, C. A., & Dautovich, N. D. (2015). Sleep disturbance in osteoarthritis: Linkages with pain, disability, and depressive symptoms. Arthritis Care & Research, 67(3), 358–365.
Penn, T. M., Overstreet, D. S., Aroke, E. N., Rumble, D. D., Sims, A. M., Kehrer, C. V., Michl, A. N., Hasan, F. N., Quinn, T. L., & Long, D. L. (2020). Perceived injustice helps explain the association between chronic pain stigma and movement-evoked pain in adults with nonspecific chronic low back pain. Pain Medicine, 21(11), 3161–3171.
Peterson, R. D., & Krivo, L. J. (2009). Segregated spatial locations, race-ethnic composition, and neighborhood violent crime. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 623(1), 93–107.
Poleshuck, E. L., & Green, C. R. (2008). Socioeconomic disadvantage and pain. Pain, 136(3), 235.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
Raniti, M. B., Allen, N. B., Schwartz, O., Waloszek, J. M., Byrne, M. L., Woods, M. J., Bei, B., Nicholas, C. L., & Trinder, J. (2017). Sleep duration and sleep quality: Associations with depressive symptoms across adolescence. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 15(3), 198–215.
Ribeiro, A. I., Amaro, J., Lisi, C., & Fraga, S. (2018). Neighborhood Socioeconomic Deprivation and Allostatic Load: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6), 1092. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061092
Riley, K. J. (1998). Crack, powder cocaine, and heroin: Drug purchase and use patterns in six US cities. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
Roure, N., Gomez, S., Mediano, O., Duran, J., de la Peña, M., Capote, F., Teran, J., Masa, J. F., Alonso, M. L., & Corral, J. (2008). Daytime sleepiness and polysomnography in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Sleep Medicine, 9(7), 727–731.
Sadeh, A. (1996). Stress, trauma, and sleep in children. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 5(3), 685–700.
Schutte-Rodin, S., Broch, L., Buysse, D., Dorsey, C., & Sateia, M. (2008). Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine : JCSM : Official Publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 4(5), 487–504.
Slopen, N., & Williams, D. R. (2014). Discrimination, other psychosocial stressors, and self-reported sleep duration and difficulties. Sleep, 37(1), 147–156.
Stubbs, B., Koyanagi, A., Thompson, T., Veronese, N., Carvalho, A. F., Solomi, M., Mugisha, J., Schofield, P., Cosco, T., & Wilson, N. (2016). The epidemiology of back pain and its relationship with depression, psychosis, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and stress sensitivity: Data from 43 low-and middle-income countries. General Hospital Psychiatry, 43, 63–70.
Taylor, K. A., Schwartz, S. W., Sebastião, Y. V., Anderson, W. M., & Foulis, P. R. (2019). 0866 Does obstructive sleep apnea mediate the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and low back pain in veterans? Sleep, 42, A348.
Tigges, L. M., Browne, I., & Green, G. P. (1998). Social isolation of the urban poor: Race, class, and neighborhood effects on social resources. Sociological Quarterly, 39(1), 53–77.
Tomfohr-Madsen, L. M., Cameron, E. E., Dhillon, A., MacKinnon, A., Hernandez, L., Madigan, S., & Tough, S. (2020). Neighborhood socioeconomic status and child sleep duration: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2020.02.012
Treede, R.-D., Rief, W., Barke, A., Aziz, Q., Bennett, M. I., Benoliel, R., Cohen, M., Evers, S., Finnerup, N. B., First, M. B., Giamberardino, M. A., Kaasa, S., Kosek, E., Lavandʼhomme, P., Nicholas, M., Perrot, S., Scholz, J., Schug, S., Smith, B. H., & Wang, S.-J. (2015). A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain, 156(6), 1003–1007. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000160
Troxel, W. M., Haas, A., Ghosh-Dastidar, B., Holliday, S. B., Richardson, A. S., Schwartz, H., Gary-Webb, T. L., Hale, L., Buysse, D. J., & Buman, M. P. (2020). Broken windows, broken zzs: poor housing and neighborhood conditions are associated with objective measures of sleep health. Journal of Urban Health, 97, 1–9.
Ulirsch, J. C., Weaver, M. A., Bortsov, A. V., Soward, A. C., Swor, R. A., Peak, D. A., Jones, J. S., Rathlev, N. K., Lee, D. C., & Domeier, R. M. (2014). No man is an island: Living in a disadvantaged neighborhood influences chronic pain development after motor vehicle collision. PAIN®, 155(10), 2116–2123.
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health. (n.d.). 2015 Area Deprivation Index v2.0. Retrieved January 3, 2020, from https://www.neighborhoodatlas.medicine.wisc.edu/
Whinnery, J., Jackson, N., Rattanaumpawan, P., & Grandner, M. A. (2014). Short and long sleep duration associated with race/ethnicity, sociodemographics, and socioeconomic position. Sleep, 37(3), 601–611. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3508
Williams, D. R., Priest, N., & Anderson, N. (2016). Understanding associations between race, socioeconomic status and health: Patterns and prospects. Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 35(4), 407–411. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000242
Winkleby, M., Sundquist, K., & Cubbin, C. (2007). Inequities in CHD incidence and case fatality by neighborhood deprivation. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32(2), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2006.10.002
Wood, A. C., Kuntsi, J., Asherson, P., & Saudino, K. J. (2008). Actigraph data are reliable, with functional reliability increasing with aggregation. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 873–878.
Xiao, Q., & Hale, L. (2018). Neighborhood socioeconomic status, sleep duration, and napping in middle-to-old aged US men and women. Sleep, 41(7), zsy076. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy076
Funding
This work was supported by Examining Racial And SocioEconomic Disparities in cLBP; ERASED; R01MD010441.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors were fully involved in the study and preparation of the manuscript, each of the authors has read and concurs with the content in the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Deanna D. Rumble declare that they have no conflict of interest. Katherine O’Neal declare that they have no conflict of interest. Demario S. Overstreet declare that they have no conflict of interest. Terence M. Penn declare that they have no conflict of interest. Pamela Jackson declare that they have no conflict of interest. Edwin N. Aroke declare that they have no conflict of interest. Andrew M. Sims declare that they have no conflict of interest. Annabel L. King declare that they have no conflict of interest. Fariha N. Hasan declare that they have no conflict of interest. Tammie L. Quinn declare that they have no conflict of interest. D. Leann Long declare that they have no conflict of interest. Robert E. Sorge declare that they have no conflict of interest. Burel R. Goodin declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethics approval
It was reviewed and approved the Institutional Review Board at [Anon] (IRB-170119003) and carried out in a manner consistent with ethical research guidelines and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards; written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Human and animal rights
All procedures followed were in accordance with ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000.
Informed consent
Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rumble, D.D., O’Neal, K., Overstreet, D.S. et al. Sleep and neighborhood socioeconomic status: a micro longitudinal study of chronic low-back pain and pain-free individuals. J Behav Med 44, 811–821 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-021-00234-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-021-00234-w