Ju-Kyung Park, MSN, RN Staff Nurse, Cardiovascular Center, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea.
Jeong-Ah Ahn, PhD, RN Associate Professor, College of Nursing and the Research Institute of Nursing Science, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea.
Laura L. Hayman, PhD, MSN, FAAN, FAHA, FPCNA Professor, Manning College of Nursing & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston.
Jin-Sun Park, MD, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea.
Chun-Ja Kim, PhD, RN Professor, College of Nursing and the Research Institute of Nursing Science, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea.
This work was partly supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (grant number 2021R1A2C200785811). The funder did not play any role in the conduct or publication of the study.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
This study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Medical Ethics Committee of Ajou University Hospital Institutional Review Board approved the study protocol (IRB no. AJIRB-MED-SUR-21-211). All patients agreed to participate in this study and provided written informed consent.
Correspondence Chun-Ja Kim, PhD, RN, College of Nursing and the Research Institute of Nursing Science, Ajou University, 164 Worldcup-Ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon 16499, South Korea ([email protected]).