REVIEW
Cognitive fatigue in young, middle-aged, and older: Breaks as a way to recover
Jessica Gilsoul,
Vincent Libertiaux,
Fabienne Collette,
Jessica Gilsoul
GIGA-CRC in Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit (PsyNCog), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Fabienne Collette
GIGA-CRC in Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit (PsyNCog), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Correspondence
Fabienne Collette, GIGA-CRC in Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Allée du Six Août, 8, Allée du Cyclotron, B30, Quartier Agora, 4000 Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this author
Jessica Gilsoul,
Vincent Libertiaux,
Fabienne Collette,
Jessica Gilsoul
GIGA-CRC in Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit (PsyNCog), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Fabienne Collette
GIGA-CRC in Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit (PsyNCog), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Correspondence
Fabienne Collette, GIGA-CRC in Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Allée du Six Août, 8, Allée du Cyclotron, B30, Quartier Agora, 4000 Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorFunding information: Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research (F.R.S.-FNRS)
Abstract
Maintaining productivity is of primary importance in organizational settings. Nowadays, the pressure for work efficacy is required until advanced age given the increased longevity in western societies. Worryingly, performing a work for a long-lasting duration may induce cognitive fatigue, which can alter job performance or cause work accidents. Regarding laboratory studies, cognitive fatigue, as induced in Time-on-Task designs, has been shown to increase reaction times (RTs). According to the Effort-Recovery Model (ERM), work breaks are able to relieve cognitive fatigue and to maintain performance. However, few studies have investigated age-related effects in such a context. In this study, young, middle-aged, and older people performed a 160-min Stroop task in a “NoBreak” or a “Breaks” condition. To assess changes in RTs with Time-on-Task, the task duration was divided into four 40-min blocks in which the ex-Gaussian τ parameter (i.e., an index of longer RTs) was extracted from individual RT data. Our main results showed that young and middle-aged people increased their τ with Time-on-Task while older people did not. Importantly, participants in the NoBreak condition increased their τ with Time-on-Task while those in the Breaks condition kept this parameter constant, suggesting a beneficial effect of breaks independently of age.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
None.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| apps12358-sup-0001-Sub3_Supplemental_Material.docxWord 2007 document , 451.2 KB | Table S1. Changes in Subjective Scales in the Three Breaks Subgroups from T0 to T4 Table S2. Descriptive Statistics of τ for Single Effects Table S3. Descriptive Statistics of τ for “Group by Item” and “Block by Item” Interactions Table S4. Descriptive Statistics of τ for “Group by Block” and “Condition by Block” Interactions Figure S1. Percentage of Correct Responses (CR) as a Function of Item types and Condition Figure S2. Mean of Reaction Time (RT) as a Function of Item types and Condition. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals of the mean; ms stands for milliseconds Figure S3. Group Effect on the Ex-Gaussian Parameter τ. Bars represent the mean of τ in Young, Middle-aged, and Older groups (color shaded from Young to Older). Error bars are 95% confidence intervals of the mean; ms stands for milliseconds Figure S4. Condition Effect on the Ex-Gaussian Parameter τ. Bars represent the mean of τ in Breaks and NoBreak conditions. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals of the mean; ms stands for milliseconds Figure S5. Time-on-Task Effect on the Ex-Gaussian Parameter τ. Bars represent the mean of τ in Block 1, Block 2, Block 3, and Block 4 (color shaded from Block 1 to Block 4). Error bars are 95% confidence intervals of the mean; ms stands for milliseconds Figure S6. Item Effect on the Ex-Gaussian Parameter τ. Bars represent the mean of τ for Congruent, Neutral, and Incongruent items (color shaded from Congruent to Incongruent). Error bars are 95% confidence intervals of the mean; ms stands for milliseconds Figure S7. Group by Item Interaction on the Ex-Gaussian Parameter τ. Bars represent the mean of τ for the different Item types (color shaded from Congruent to Incongruent) as a function of the age Groups. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals of the mean; ms stands for milliseconds |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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