Please ensure Javascript is enabled for purposes of <a href="https://userway.org">website accessibility

Vol. 38 Núm. 1 (2023): 112, enero-abril
Artículos

Mortalidad en adultos mexicanos de 50 a 80 años de edad con multimorbilidad en un período de observación de 18 años

xml xml SV2MP4 SV3MP4 SV1MP4
  • Beatriz Novak,
  • Daniel Lozano Keymolen
Beatriz Novak
El Colegio de México A.C., Centro de Estudios Demográficos, Urbanos y Ambientales
Biografía
Daniel Lozano Keymolen
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados de la Población
Biografía
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24201/edu.v38i1.2108

Publicado 2023-02-16

Palabras clave

  • multimorbilidad,
  • enfermedades crónicas,
  • mortalidad,
  • dependencia funcional,
  • diabetes,
  • hipertensión arterial
    • ...Más
    Menos

Cómo citar

Novak, B., & Lozano Keymolen, D. (2023). Mortalidad en adultos mexicanos de 50 a 80 años de edad con multimorbilidad en un período de observación de 18 años. Estudios Demográficos Y Urbanos, 38(1), 9–54. https://doi.org/10.24201/edu.v38i1.2108
Metrics
Vistas/Descargas
  • Resumen
    1254
  • PDF
    747
  • En línea
    2490
  • EPUB
    28
  • Kindle
    44
  • Audio
    7

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Derechos de autor 2022 Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos

Creative Commons License

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.

Métrica

Resumen

El aumento de enfermedades crónicas en la población mexicana es uno de los principales problemas en el área de la salud. El objetivo de esta investigación es contribuir al estudio de la prevalencia de multimorbilidad en México y su efecto sobre la mortalidad por todas las causas en hombres y mujeres de 50 a 80 años de edad. Con datos del Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México, 2001-2018, los modelos de riesgos proporcionales ajustados por variables socioeconómicas y de salud muestran que la multimorbilidad duplica el riesgo de muerte tanto de mujeres como de hombres, si se compara con el de sus pares sin multimorbilidad.

xml xml SV2MP4 SV3MP4 SV1MP4

Referencias

  1. Aguilar-Navarro, S. G., Fuentes-Cantú, A., Ávila-Funes, J. A. y García-Mayo, E. J. (2007). Validez y confiabilidad del cuestionario del Enasem para la depresión en adultos mayores. Salud Pública de México, 49(4), 256-262. https://www.saludpublica.mx/index.php/spm/article/view/6763 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342007000400005
  2. Aguilar Salinas, C. A. (2013). Comentarios a la Ensanut 2012. Salud Pública de México. 55(2), S347-S350. http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/spm/v55s2/v55s2a35.pdf
  3. Almagro, P., Ponce, A., Komal, S., de la Asunción Villaverde, M., Castrillo, C., Grau, G., Simon, L. y de la Sierra, A. (2020). Multimorbidity gender patterns in hospitalized elderly patients. PloS One, 15(1). https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0227252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227252
  4. Atun, R. (2015). Transitioning health systems for multimorbidity. The Lancet (London, England), 386(9995), 721-722. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)62254-6/fulltext DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62254-6
  5. Azaïs, B., Bowis. J., y Wismar, M. (2016). Facing the challenge of multimorbidity, Journal of Comorbidity, 6(1), 1-3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5556461/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.15256/joc.2016.6.71
  6. Bae, J. B., Han, J. W., Kwak, K. P., Kim, B. J., Kim, S. G., Kim, J. L., Kim, T. H., Ryu, S. H., Moon, S. W., Park, J. H., Youn, J. C., Lee, D. Y., Lee, D. W., Lee, S. B., Lee, J. J., Jhoo, J. H. y Kim, K. W. (2018). Impact of mild cognitive impairment on mortality and cause of death in the elderly. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 64(2), 607-616. https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad171182 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-171182
  7. Banerjee, A., Pasea, L., Harris, H., Gonzalez-Izquierdo, A., Torralbo, A., Shallcross, L., Noursadeghi, M., Pillay, D., Sebire, N., Holmes, C., Pagel, C., Wong, K., Langenberg, C., Williams, B., Denaxas, S. y Hemingway, H. (2020). Estimating excess 1-year mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic according to underlying conditions and age: A population-based cohort study. The Lancet, 395, 1715-1725. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30854-0/fulltext DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30854-0
  8. Bello, N. y Mosca, L. (2004). Epidemiology of coronary heart disease in women. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 46(4), 287-295. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14961452/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2003.08.001
  9. Blazer, D. G., Hybels, C. F. y Pieper, C. F. (2001). The association of depression and mortality in elderly persons: A case for multiple, independent pathways. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 56(8), M505-M509. https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/56/8/M505/578062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/56.8.M505
  10. Bowling, A. (2004). Socioeconomic differentials in mortality among older people. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58(6), 438-440. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1732791/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.017582
  11. Bustos Vásquez, E., Fernández Niño, J. A. y Astudillo García, C. I. (2017). Autopercepción de la salud, presencia de comorbilidades y depresión en adultos mayores mexicanos: propuesta y validación de un marco conceptual simple. Biomédica, 37(Supl. 1), 92-103. https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/3070/3458
  12. Case, A. y Paxson, C. (2004). Sex differences in morbidity and mortality. (Documento de trabajo, núm. 10653). Cambridge, Massachusetts. https://www.nber.org/papers/w10653.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w10653
  13. Chang, T. I., Park, H., Kim, D.W., Jeon, E. K., Rhee, C. M., Kalantar-Zahed, K., Kang, E. W. Kang, S.-W. y Han, S. H. (2020). Polypharmacy, hospitalization, and mortality risk: A nationwide cohort study. Scientific Reports, 10. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-75888-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75888-8
  14. Chudasama, Y. V., Khunti, K. K., Zaccardi, F., Rowlands, A. V., Yates, T., Gillies, C. L., Davies, M. J. y Dhalwani, N. N. (2019). Physical activity, multimorbidity, and life expectancy: A UK Biobank longitudinal study. BMC medicine, 17(1). https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-019-1339-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1339-0
  15. Cleves, M. A., Gould, W. W. y Marchenko, Y. V. (2016). An introduction to survival analysis using stata. College Station, Texas: Stat Press.
  16. Consejo Nacional de Población (Conapo). (2011). Diagnóstico sociodemográfico del proceso de envejecimiento en México. Ciudad de México: Conapo. https://www.gerontologia.org/portal/archivosUpload/mexico-envejecimiento_unfpa-2011.pdf
  17. de Cock, P., Ferry, F., Rosato, M., Curran, E. y Leavey, G. A. (2018). A linked administrative data study examining the association between patterns of self-reported functional impairment and mortality in the ageing (65+) population in Northern Ireland. International Journal of Population Data Science, 3(2). https://ijpds.org/article/view/525 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23889/ijpds.v3i2.525
  18. Dhalwani, N. N., O’Donovan, G., Zaccardi, F., Hamer, M., Yates, T., Davies, M. y Khunti, K. (2016). Long terms trends of multimorbidity and association with physical activity in older English population. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 13(1). https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12966-016-0330-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0330-9
  19. Diederichs. C., Berger, K. y Bartels, D. B. (2011). The measurement of multiple chronic diseases. A systematic review on existing multimorbidity indices. Journal of Gerontology: Series A, 66(3), 301-311. https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/66A/3/301/600233 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glq208
  20. DuGoff, E. H, Canudas-Romo, V., Buttorff, C., Leff, B. y Anderson, G. F. (2014). Multiple chronic conditions and life expectancy: A life table analysis. Medical Care, 52(8), 688-694. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25023914/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000166
  21. Enasem (Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México). (2001, 2003, 2012, 2015 y 2018). Archivos de datos y documentación (uso público). www.ENASEM.org
  22. Fabbri, E., Zoli, M., Gonzalez-Freire, M., Salive, M. E., Studenski, S. A. y Ferrucci, L. (2015). Aging and multimorbidity: New tasks, priorities, and frontiers for integrated gerontological and clinical research. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 16(8), 640-647. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25958334/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2015.03.013
  23. Garin, N., Koyanagi, A., Chatterji, S., Tyrovolas, S., Olaya, B., Leonardi, M., Lara, E., Koskinen, S., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. y Haro, J. M. (2016). Global multimorbidity patterns: A cross-sectional, population-based, multi-country study. Journal of Gerontology: Series A, 71(2), 205-214. https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/71/2/205/2605626 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glv128
  24. Global BMI Mortality Collaboration, Di Angelantonio, E., Bhupathiraju, S., Wormser, D., Gao, P., Kaptoge, S., Berrington de Gonzalez, A., Cairns, B. J., Huxley, R., Jackson, C., Joshy, G., Lewington, S., Manson, J. E., Murphy, N., Patel, A. V., Samet, J. M., Woodward, M., Zheng, W., Zhou, M.,… Hu, F. B. (2016). Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: Individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. The Lancet (London, England), 388(10046), 776-786. https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2816%2930175-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30175-1
  25. Glosser, G., Wolfe, N., Albert, M. L., Lavine, L., Steele, J. C., Calne, D. B. y Schoenberg, B. S. (1993). Cross-cultural cognitive examination: Validation of a dementia screening instrument for neuroepidemiological research. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41(9), 931-939. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8409180/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1993.tb06758.x
  26. Grambsch, P. M. y Therneau, T. M. (1994). Proportional hazards tests and diagnostics based on weighted residuals. Biometrika, 81(3), 515-526. https://academic.oup.com/biomet/article-abstract/81/3/515/257037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/81.3.515
  27. Halonen, P., Raitanen, J., Jämsen, E., Enroth, L. y Jylhä, M. (2019). Chronic conditions and multimorbidity in population aged 90 years and over: Associations with mortality and long-term care admission. Age and Ageing, 48(4), 564-570. https://academic.oup.com/ageing/article/48/4/564/5371058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz019
  28. Hernández-Vásquez, A., Azañedo, D., Vargas-Fernández, R. y Bendezu-Quispe, G. (2020). Association of comorbidities with pneumonia and death among COVID-19 patients in Mexico: A nationwide cross-sectional study. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 53(4), 211-219. https://www.jpmph.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3961/jpmph.20.186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.186
  29. Holzer, B. M., Siebenhuener, K., Bopp, M., y Minder, C. E. (2017). Evidence-based design recommendations for prevalence studies on multimorbidity: Improving comparability of estimates. Population Health Metrics, 15(1). https://pophealthmetrics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12963-017-0126-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-017-0126-4
  30. Huntley, A., Johnson, R., Purdy, S., Valderas, J. M. y Salisbury, C. (2012). Measures of multimorbidity and morbidity burden for use in primary care and community settings: A systematic review and guide. Annals of Family Medicine, 10(2), 134-141. https://www.annfammed.org/content/10/2/134.short DOI: https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1363
  31. Hurd, M. D., McFadden, D. y Merrill, A. (2001). Predictors of mortality among the elderly. En D. A. Wise (ed.), Themes in the economics of aging (pp. 171-198). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. http://www.nber.org/chapters/c10325 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226903330.003.0006
  32. Iaccarino, G., Grassi, G., Borghi, C., Ferri, C., Salvetti, M., Volpe, M., on behalf of the SARS-RAS Investigators. (2020). Age and multimorbidity predict death among COVID-19 patients: Results of the SARS-RAS study of the Italian society of hypertension. Hypertension, 76(2), 366-372. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32564693/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15324
  33. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) (2016). Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México. Enasem. Documento metodológico. México: INEGI. http://mhasweb.org/Resources/DOCUMENTS/2015/Documento_Metodologico_2015.pdf
  34. Jani, B. D., Hanlon, P., Nicholl, B. I., McQueenie, R., Gallacher, K. I., Lee, D. y Mair, F. S. (2019). Relationship between multimorbidity, demographic factors and mortality: Findings from the UK Biobank cohort. BMC Medicine, 17. https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-019-1305-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1305-x
  35. Johnston, M. C., Crilly, M., Black, C., Prescott, G. J. y Mercer, S. W. (2019). Defining and measuring multimorbidity: A systematic review of systematic reviews. European Journal of Public Health, 29(1), 182-189. https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/29/1/182/5033670 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky098
  36. Katz, S., Ford, A., Moskowitz, R. W., Jackson, B. A. y Jaffe, M. W. (1963). Studies of illness in the aged. The index of ADL: A standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. JAMA Network, 185(12), 914-919. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/666768 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016
  37. Kivimäki, M., Virtanen, M., Kawachi, I., Nyberg, S. T., Alfredsson, L., Batty, G. D., Bjorner, J. B., Borritz, M., Brunner, E. J., Burr, H, Dragano, N., Ferrie, J. E., Fransson, E. I., Hamer, M., Heikkilä, K., Knutsson, A., Koskenvuo, M., Madsen, I. E. H., Nielsen, M. L.,… Jokela, M. (2015). Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222 120 individuals. The Lancet. Diabetes and Endocrinology, 3(1), 27-34. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(14)70178-0/fulltext DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70178-0
  38. Laaksonen, M. A., Knekt, P., Härkänen, T., Virtala, E. y Oja, H. (2010). Estimation of the population attributable fraction for mortality in a cohort study using a piecewise constant hazards model. American Journal of Epidemiology, 171(7), 837-847. https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/171/7/837/85797 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp457
  39. Landi, F., Calvani, R., Tosato, M., Martone, A. M., Bernabei, R., Onder, G. y Marzetti, E. (2016). Impact of physical function impairment and multimorbidity on mortality among community-living older persons with sarcopaenia: Results from the ilSIRENTE prospective cohort study. BMJ Open, 6, 1-7. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/6/7/e008281.full.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008281
  40. Landi, F., Liperoti, R., Russo, A., Capoluongo, E., Barillaro, C., Pahor, M., Bernabei, R. y Onder, G. (2010). Disability, more than multimorbidity, was predictive of mortality among older persons aged 80 years and older. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(7), 752-759. http://europepmc.org/article/MED/20056387 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.09.007
  41. Lee, J. T., Hamid, F., Pati, S., Atun, R. y Millett, C. (2015). Impact of noncommunicable disease multimorbidity on healthcare utilisation and out-of-pocket expenditures in middle-income countries: Cross sectional analysis. PloS One, 10(7). https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0127199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127199
  42. Loprinzi, P. D., Addoh, O. y Joyner, C. (2016). Multimorbidity, mortality, and physical activity. Chronic Illness, 12(4), 272-280. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1742395316644306 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1742395316644306
  43. Lund Jensen, N., Pedersen, H. S., Vestergaard, M., Mercer, S. W., Glümer, C. y Prior, A. (2017). The impact of socioeconomic status and multimorbidity on mortality: A population-based cohort study. Clinical Epidemiology, 9, 279-289. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28546772/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S129415
  44. Manzoli, L., Villari, P., Pirone, G. M. y Boccia, A. (2007). Marital status and mortality in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 64(1), 77-94. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17011690/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.031
  45. Marengoni, A., Angleman, S., Melis, R., Mangialasche, F., Karp, A., Garmen, A., Meinow, B. y Fratiglioni, L. (2011). Aging with multimorbidity: A systematic review of the literature. Ageing Research Reviews, 10(4), 430-439. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568163711000249 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2011.03.003
  46. Marengoni, A., Von Strauss, E., Rizzuto, D., Winblad, B. y Fratiglioni, L. (2009). The impact of chronic multimorbidity and disability on functional decline and survival in elderly persons. A community-based, longitudinal study. Journal of Internal Medicine, 265, 288–295. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.02017.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.02017.x
  47. Martínez-Gómez, D., Guallar-Castillón, P., Garcia-Esquinas, E., Bandinelli, S. y Rodríguez-Artalejo, F. (2017). Physical activity and the effect of multimorbidity on all-cause. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine, 11(3), 207-220. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28160946/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.12.004
  48. Marventano, S., Ayala, A., González, N., Rodríguez-Blázquez, C., García-Gutiérrez, S., Joâo Forjaz, M., Spanish Research Group of Quality of Life, Ageing (2014). Multimorbidity and functional status in institutionalized older adults. European Geriatric Medicine, 25(7), 610-616. https://www.ejinme.com/article/S0953-6205(14)00188-5/fulltext DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2014.06.018
  49. McPhail, S. M. (2016). Multimorbidity in chronic disease: Impact on health care resources and costs. Risk Management and Health Policy, 9, 143-156. https://www.dovepress.com/multimorbidity-in-chronic-disease-impact-on-health-care-resources-and--peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RMHP DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S97248
  50. Mehta, K. M., Yaffe, K., Langa, K. M., Sands, L., Whooley, M. A. y Covinsky, K. E. (2003). Additive effects of cognitive function and depressive symptoms on mortality in elderly community-living adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 58(5), M461-M467. https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/58/5/M461/536224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/58.5.M461
  51. Mejía-Arango, S. y Zúñiga-Gil, C. (2011). Diabetes mellitus como factor de riesgo de demencia en la población adulta mayor mexicana. Revista de Neurología, 53(7), 397-405. https://www.neurologia.com/articulo/2010628 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.5307.2010628
  52. Menotti, A., Mulder, I., Nissinen, A., Giampaoli, S., Feskens, E. J. M. y Kromhout, D. (2001). Prevalence of morbidity and multimorbidity in elderly male populations and their impact on 10-year all-cause mortality: The FINE study (Finland, Italy, Netherlands, Elderly). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 54(7), 680-686. https://www.jclinepi.com/article/S0895-4356(00)00368-1/fulltext DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00368-1
  53. Mercuro, G., Deidda, M., Piras, A., Cadeddu Dessalvi, C., Maffei, S. y Rosano, G. M. C. (2010). Gender determinants of cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine, 11(3), 207-220. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19829128/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.2459/JCM.0b013e32833178ed
  54. Mino León, D., Reyes Morales, H., Doubova, S. V., Pérez Cuevas, R., Giraldo Rodríguez, L. y Agudelo Botero, M. (2017). Multimorbidity patterns in older adults: An approach to the complex interrelationships among chronic diseases. Archives of Medical Research, 48(1), 121-127. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0188440917300528?via%3Dihub DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.03.001
  55. Mok, A., Khaw, K. T., Luben, R., Wareham, N. y Brage, S. (2019). Physical activity trajectories and mortality: Population based cohort study. BMJ, 365. https://www.bmj.com/content/365/bmj.l2323 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l2323
  56. Müezzinler, A., Mons, U., Gellert, C., Schöttker, B., Jansen, E., Kee, F., O’Doherty, M. G., Kuulasmaa, K., Freedman, N. D., Abnet, C. C., Wolk, A., Håkansson, N., Orsini, N., Wilsgaard, T., Bueno-de-Mesquita, B., van der Schouw, Y. T., Peeters, P. H. M., de Groot, L. C. P. G. M., Peters, A.,… Brenner, H. (2015). Smoking and all-cause mortality in older adults. Results from the CHANCES consortium. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49(5), e53-e63. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749379715001889 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.04.004
  57. Nguyen, H., Manolova, G., Daskalopoulou, C., Vitoratou, S., Prince, M. y Prina, A. M. (2019). Prevalence of multimorbidity in community settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Journal of Comorbidity, 9, 1-15. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2235042X19870934 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2235042X19870934
  58. Oksuzyan, A., Juel, K., Vaupel, J. W. y Christensen, K. (2008). Men: Good health and high mortality. Sex differences in health and aging. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 20(2), 91-102. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03324754 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324754
  59. Onder, G., Palmer, K., Navickas, R., Jurevičienė, E., Mammarella, F., Strandzheva, M., Mannucci, P., Pecorelli, S. y Marengoni, A. (2015). Time to face the challenge of multimorbidity. A European perspective from the joint action on chronic diseases and promoting healthy ageing across the life cycle (JA-CHRODIS). European Journal of Internal Medicine, 26(3), 157-159. https://www.ejinme.com/article/S0953-6205(15)00071-0/fulltext DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2015.02.020
  60. Ording, A. G. y Sørensen, H. T. (2013). Concepts of comorbidities, multiple morbidities, complications, and their clinical epidemiologic analogs. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 5(1),199-203. https://www.dovepress.com/concepts-of-comorbidities-multiple-morbidities-complications-and-their-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S45305
  61. Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). (2010). Data International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 10th revision, edition 2010. Luxemburgo: OMS. https://icd.who.int/browse10/Content/statichtml/ICD10Volume2_en_2010.pdf
  62. Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). (2015). Informe Mundial sobre el Envejecimiento y la Salud. Estados Unidos: OMS. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/186466/9789240694873_spa.pdf?sequence=1
  63. Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). (2016). Multimorbidity: Technical series on safer primary care. Ginebra: OMS. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/252275/9789241511650-eng.pdf;jsessionid=B868BE1747E54BC21E8D2BF978357A5D?sequence=1
  64. Orozco Rocha, K., Wong, R. y Michaels-Obregón, A. (2018). Atrición en encuestas de panel en México: la Encuesta Nacional sobre Salud y Envejecimiento en México (Enasem). Realidad, Datos y Espacio. Revista Internacional de Estadística y Geografía, 9(1), 65-83. https://rde.inegi.org.mx/index.php/2018/04/01/atricion-en-encuestas-panel-en-mexico-la-encuesta-nacional-salud-envejecimiento-en-mexico-enasem/
  65. Palloni, A., Beltrán Sánchez, H., Novak, B., Pinto, G. y Wong, R. (2015). Adult obesity, disease and longevity. Salud Pública de México, 57(Supl. 1), S22-S30. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-36342015000700005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21149/spm.v57s1.7586
  66. Pereira Nunes, B., Ramos Flores, T., Iven Mielke, G., Thumé, E. y Facchini, L. A. (2016). Multimorbidity and mortality in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 67, 130-138. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167494316301388?via%3Dihub DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2016.07.008
  67. Poblano-Verástegui, O., Bautista-Morales, A. C., Acosta-Ruíz, O., Gómez-Cortez, P. M. y Saturno-Hernández, P. J. (2020). Polifarmacia en México: un reto para la calidad en la prescripción. Salud Pública de México, 62(6), 859-867. https://www.saludpublica.mx/index.php/spm/article/view/11919 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21149/11919
  68. Puterman, E., Weiss, J., Hives, B. A., Gemmill, A., Karasek, D., Mendes, W. B. y Rehkopf, D. H. (2020). Predicting mortality from 57 economic, behavioral, social, and psychological factors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(28), 16273-16282. https://www.pnas.org/content/117/28/16273 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918455117
  69. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/014662167700100306 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
  70. Regitz-Zagrosek, V. (2012). Sex and gender differences in health. EMBO Reports, 13(7), 596-603. https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.1038/embor.2012.87 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2012.87
  71. Rivera-Almaraz, A., Manrique-Espinoza, B., Chatterji, S., Naidoo, N., Kowal, P. y Salinas-Rodríguez, A. (2019). Longitudinal associations of multimorbidity, disability and out-of-pocket health expenditures in households with older adults in Mexico: The study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). Disability and Health Journal, 12(4), 665-672. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1936657419300469?via%3Dihub DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2019.03.004
  72. Rizzuto, D. y Fratiglioni, L. (2014). Lifestyle factors related to mortality and survival: A mini-review. Gerontology, 60(4), 327-335. https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/356771 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000356771
  73. Rizzuto, D., Melis, R. J. F., Angleman, S., Qiu, C. y Mangeroni, A. (2017). Effect of chronic diseases and multimorbidity on survival and functioning in elderly adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 65(5), 1056-1060. https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jgs.14868 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14868
  74. Rogers, R. C., Everett, B. G., Saint Orange, J. M. y Krueger, P. M. (2010). Social, behavioral, and biological factors, and sex differences in mortality. Demography, 47(3), 555-578. https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/47/3/555/169824/Social-behavioral-and-biological-factors-and-sex DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0119
  75. Roman Lay, A. A., Ferreira do Nascimento, C., Caba Burgos, F., Larraín Huerta, A., Rivera Zeballos, R. E., Pantoja Silva, V. y Duarte, Y. (2020). Gender differences between multimorbidity and all-cause mortality among older adults. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, 2020. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/cggr/2020/7816785/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7816785
  76. Salinas, J. J. (2015). Preventing health screening utilization in older Mexicans before and after healthcare reform. Salud Pública de México, 57(Supl. 1), S70-S78. https://www.scielosp.org/article/spm/2015.v57suppl1/s70-s78/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.21149/spm.v57s1.7592
  77. Salinas-Rodríguez, A., De la Cruz-Góngora, V. y Manrique-Espinoza, B. (2020). Condiciones de salud, síndromes geriátricos y estado nutricional de los adultos mayores en México. Salud Pública de México, 62(6), 777-785. https://www.saludpublica.mx/index.php/spm/article/view/11840 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21149/11840
  78. Salive, M. E. (2013). Multimorbidity in older adults. Epidemiologic Reviews, 35(1), 75-83. https://academic.oup.com/epirev/article/35/1/75/552863 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxs009
  79. Santibáñez-Beltrán, S., Villarreal-Ríos, E., Galicia-Rodríguez, L., Martínez-González, L., Vargas-Daza, E. R. y Martín Ramos-López, J. M. (2013). Costo económico de la polifarmacia en el adulto mayor en el primer nivel de atención. Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 51(2), 192-199. https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/imss/im-2013/im132o.pdf
  80. Schäfer, I., Hansen, H., Schön, G., Höfels, S., Altiner, A., Dahlhaus, A., Gensichen, J., Riedel-Heller, S., Weyerer, S., Blank, W., Konig, H., Knesebeck, O., Wegscheider, K., Scherer, M., Bussche, H. y Wiese, B. (2012). The influence of age, gender and socio-economic status on multimorbidity patterns in primary care. First results from the multicare cohort study. BMC Health Services Research, 12. https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6963-12-89 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-89
  81. Schultz, R., Martire, L. M., Beach, S. R. y Scheier, M. F. (2000). Depression and mortality in the elderly. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(6), 204-208. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8721.00095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00095
  82. Stineman, M. G., Xie, D., Pan, Q., Kurichi, J. E., Zhang, Z., Saliba, D., Henry-Sánchez, J. T. y Streim, J. (2012). All-Cause 1-, 5-, and 10-year mortality among elderly people according to activities of daily living stage. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(3), 485-492. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22352414/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03867.x
  83. Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., Veronese, N., Kahl, K. G., Mitchell, A. J., Lin, P.-Y., Tseng, P.-T., Mugisha, M., Carvalho, A. F. y Koyanagi, A. (2017). Depression and physical health multimorbidity: Primary data and country-wide meta-analysis of population data from 190 593 people across 43 low- and middle-income countries. Psychological Medicine, 47(12), 2107-2117. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/abs/depression-and-physical-health-multimorbidity-primary-data-and-countrywide-metaanalysis-of-population-data-from-190-593-people-across-43-low-and-middleincome-countries/D63921FEA3B0B7DBC39DBFBB117CAA44 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717000551
  84. Tooth, L., Hockey, R., Byles, J. y Dobson, A. (2008). Weighted multimorbidity indexes predicted mortality, health service use, and health-related quality of life in older women. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 61(2), 151-159. https://www.jclinepi.com/article/S0895-4356(07)00209-0/fulltext DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.05.015
  85. Torisson, G., Stavenow, L., Minthon, L. y Londos, E. (2017). Importance and added value of functional impairment to predict mortality: A cohort study in Swedish medical inpatients. BMJ Open, 7(5). https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/5/e014464 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014464
  86. Ueda, H. y Shimada, T. (2000). Two-year transition of activities of daily living among non-institutionalized elderly in the US. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 12(1), 1-5. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jpts/12/1/12_1_1/_article DOI: https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.12.1
  87. van den Akker, M., Buntinx, F., Metsemakers, J. F. M., Roos, S. y Knottnerus, J. A. (1998). Multimorbidity in general practice: Prevalence, incidence, and determinants of co-occurring chronic and recurrent diseases. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51(5), 367-375. https://www.jclinepi.com/article/S0895-4356(97)00306-5/fulltext DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(97)00306-5
  88. Willadsen, T. G., Bebe, A., Køster-Rasmussen, R., Jarbøl, D. E., Guassora, A. D., Waldorff, F. B., Reventlow, S. y Olivarius, N. (2016). The role of diseases, risk factors and symptoms in the definition of multimorbidity. A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 34(2), 112-121. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/02813432.2016.1153242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/02813432.2016.1153242
  89. Wisser, O. y Vaupel, J. W. (2014). The sex differential in mortality: A historical comparison of the adult-age pattern of the ratio and the difference. (Documento de Trabajo). Alemania: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. https://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2014-005.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.4054/MPIDR-WP-2014-005
  90. Wong, R., Michaels-Obregon, A. y Palloni, A. (2017). Cohort profile: The Mexican health and aging study (MHAS). International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(2). https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/46/2/e2/3038097 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyu263
  91. Wu, L.-W., Chen, W.-L., Peng, T. C., Chiang, S.-T., Yang, H.-F., Sun, Y.-S., Chan, J. Y.-H. y Kao, T.-W. (2016). All-cause mortality risk in elderly individuals with disabilities: A retrospective observational study. BMJ Open, 6(9). https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/9/e011164 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011164