Review Article
The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system
D. P. Dee,
S. M. Uppala,
A. J. Simmons,
P. Berrisford,
P. Poli,
S. Kobayashi,
U. Andrae,
M. A. Balmaseda,
G. Balsamo,
P. Bauer,
P. Bechtold,
A. C. M. Beljaars,
L. van de Berg,
J. Bidlot,
N. Bormann,
C. Delsol,
R. Dragani,
M. Fuentes,
A. J. Geer,
L. Haimberger,
S. B. Healy,
H. Hersbach,
E. V. Hólm,
L. Isaksen,
P. Kållberg,
M. Köhler,
M. Matricardi,
A. P. McNally,
B. M. Monge-Sanz,
J.-J. Morcrette,
B.-K. Park,
C. Peubey,
P. de Rosnay,
C. Tavolato,
J.-N. Thépaut,
F. Vitart,
Corresponding Author
D. P. Dee
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading RG2 9AX, UK.Search for more papers by this authorS. M. Uppala
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorA. J. Simmons
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorP. Berrisford
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorP. Poli
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorU. Andrae
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorM. A. Balmaseda
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorG. Balsamo
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorP. Bauer
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorP. Bechtold
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorA. C. M. Beljaars
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorL. van de Berg
European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, Darmstadt, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Bidlot
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorN. Bormann
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorC. Delsol
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorR. Dragani
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorM. Fuentes
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorA. J. Geer
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorL. Haimberger
Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorS. B. Healy
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorH. Hersbach
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorE. V. Hólm
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorL. Isaksen
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorP. Kållberg
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorM. Köhler
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorM. Matricardi
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorA. P. McNally
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorB. M. Monge-Sanz
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, UK
Search for more papers by this authorJ.-J. Morcrette
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorC. Peubey
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorP. de Rosnay
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorC. Tavolato
Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorJ.-N. Thépaut
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorF. Vitart
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this author
D. P. Dee,
S. M. Uppala,
A. J. Simmons,
P. Berrisford,
P. Poli,
S. Kobayashi,
U. Andrae,
M. A. Balmaseda,
G. Balsamo,
P. Bauer,
P. Bechtold,
A. C. M. Beljaars,
L. van de Berg,
J. Bidlot,
N. Bormann,
C. Delsol,
R. Dragani,
M. Fuentes,
A. J. Geer,
L. Haimberger,
S. B. Healy,
H. Hersbach,
E. V. Hólm,
L. Isaksen,
P. Kållberg,
M. Köhler,
M. Matricardi,
A. P. McNally,
B. M. Monge-Sanz,
J.-J. Morcrette,
B.-K. Park,
C. Peubey,
P. de Rosnay,
C. Tavolato,
J.-N. Thépaut,
F. Vitart,
Corresponding Author
D. P. Dee
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading RG2 9AX, UK.Search for more papers by this authorS. M. Uppala
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorA. J. Simmons
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorP. Berrisford
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorP. Poli
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorU. Andrae
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorM. A. Balmaseda
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorG. Balsamo
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorP. Bauer
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorP. Bechtold
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorA. C. M. Beljaars
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorL. van de Berg
European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, Darmstadt, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Bidlot
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorN. Bormann
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorC. Delsol
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorR. Dragani
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorM. Fuentes
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorA. J. Geer
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorL. Haimberger
Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorS. B. Healy
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorH. Hersbach
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorE. V. Hólm
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorL. Isaksen
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorP. Kållberg
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorM. Köhler
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorM. Matricardi
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorA. P. McNally
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorB. M. Monge-Sanz
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, UK
Search for more papers by this authorJ.-J. Morcrette
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorC. Peubey
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorP. de Rosnay
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorC. Tavolato
Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorJ.-N. Thépaut
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorF. Vitart
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
ERA-Interim is the latest global atmospheric reanalysis produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The ERA-Interim project was conducted in part to prepare for a new atmospheric reanalysis to replace ERA-40, which will extend back to the early part of the twentieth century. This article describes the forecast model, data assimilation method, and input datasets used to produce ERA-Interim, and discusses the performance of the system. Special emphasis is placed on various difficulties encountered in the production of ERA-40, including the representation of the hydrological cycle, the quality of the stratospheric circulation, and the consistency in time of the reanalysed fields. We provide evidence for substantial improvements in each of these aspects. We also identify areas where further work is needed and describe opportunities and objectives for future reanalysis projects at ECMWF. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
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