There is a growing interest in examining how interpersonal relationships may shape associations between emotion regulation (ER) strategies and psychopathology.

Methods

We used multilevel modeling to test if respondents' self-reported intrapersonal ER, friends' self-reported intrapersonal ER, and their interaction were associated with psychopathology in a sample of 120 female friend dyads.

Results

Respondents' use of brooding rumination, expressive suppression, and worry were positively associated with respondent psychopathology. Friend reappraisal moderated the association between respondent reappraisal and respondent psychopathology. Consistent with an interference hypothesis, respondent cognitive reappraisal was only associated with respondent psychopathology when friend cognitive reappraisal was low. Consistent with a compensatory hypothesis, respondent reappraisal was primarily associated with respondent psychopathology when friend repetitive negative thought was high.

Discussion

Results support the extension of models of ER strategy interactions from intrapersonal to interpersonal contexts. Future research is needed to replicate the interference and compensatory interactions observed in the data.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

The authors declare that there are no conflict of interests.

Open Research

PEER REVIEW

The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.com/publon/10.1002/jclp.23214

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The dataset analyzed during the current study is available in the Open Science Framework repository, DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/2QJVK. All code available upon request.

REFERENCES

Aldao, A. (2013). The future of emotion regulation research: Capturing context. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(2), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612459518
10.1177/1745691612459518
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Aldao, A., Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(4), 382–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.03.005
10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.03.005
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A transdiagnostic examination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(10), 974–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.002
10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.002
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). When are adaptive strategies most predictive of psychopathology? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(1), 276–281. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023598
10.1037/a0023598
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 596–612. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596
10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Berscheid, E., Snyder, M., & Omoto, A. M. (1989). The Relationship Closeness Inventory: Assessing the closeness of interpersonal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(5), 792–807. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.792
10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.792
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., & Coifman, K. (2004). The importance of being flexible: The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychological Science, 15(7), 482–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00705.x
10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00705.x
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Borsari, B., & Carey, K. B. (2001). Peer influences on college drinking: A review of the research. Journal of Substance Abuse, 13(4), 391–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3289(01)00098-0
10.1016/S0899-3289(01)00098-0
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Christensen, K. A., Seager van Dyk, I., Nelson, S. V., & Vasey, M. W. (2020). Using multilevel modeling to characterize interpersonal emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology in female friends. Personality and Individual Differences, 165, 110156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110156
10.1016/j.paid.2020.110156
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Conklin, L. R., Cassiello-Robbins, C., Brake, C. A., Sauer-Zavala, S., Farchione, T. J., Ciraulo, D. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2015). Relationships among adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology during the treatment of comorbid anxiety and alcohol use disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 73, 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.001
10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.001
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Dixon-Gordon, K., Bernecker, S., & Christensen, K. A. (2015). Recent innovations in the field of interpersonal emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.001
10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.001
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. R. (2008). Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1(3), 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2008.1.3.192
10.1521/ijct.2008.1.3.192
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Fairburn, & Beglin, S. (1994). Assessment of eating disorders: Interview or self-report questionnaire? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(199412)16:4%3C363::AID-EAT2260160405%3E3.0.CO;2-%23
10.1002/1098-108X(199412)16:4<363::AID-EAT2260160405>3.0.CO;2-#
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Fletcher, J. M., & Ross, S. L. (2018). Estimating the effects of friends on health behaviors of adolescents. Health Economics, 27(10), 1450–1483. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3780
10.1002/hec.3780
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Forbush, K. T., Chen, P.-Y., Hagan, K. E., Chapa, D. A. N., Gould, S. R., Eaton, N. R., & Krueger, R. F. (2018). A new approach to eating-disorder classification: Using empirical methods to delineate diagnostic dimensions and inform care. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51(7), 710–721. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22891
10.1002/eat.22891
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Forbush, K. T., Hagan, K. E., Kite, B. A., Chapa, D. A., Bohrer, B. K., & Gould, S. R. (2017). Understanding eating disorders within internalizing psychopathology: A novel transdiagnostic, hierarchical-dimensional model. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 79, 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.06.009
10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.06.009
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Ford, B. Q., & Troy, A. S. (2019). Reappraisal reconsidered: A closer look at the costs of an acclaimed emotion regulation strategy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28, 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419827526
10.1177/0963721419827526
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Fortuin, J., van Geel, M., & Vedder, P. (2015). Peer influences on internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents: A longitudinal social network analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(4), 887–897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0168-x
10.1007/s10964-014-0168-x
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Gardner, M., & Steinberg, L. (2005). Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: An experimental study. Developmental Psychology, 41(4), 625–635. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.625
10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.625
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
Google Scholar
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Haeffel, G. J., & Hames, J. L. (2014). Cognitive vulnerability to depression can be contagious. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(1), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702613485075
10.1177/2167702613485075
Google Scholar
Keel, P. K., Forney, K. J., Brown, T. A., & Heatherton, T. F. (2013). Influence of college peers on disordered eating in women and men at 10-year follow-up. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(1), 105–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030081
10.1037/a0030081
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Cook, W. L. (2006). Dyadic Data Analysis. Guilford Press.

Google Scholar
Kring, A. M., & Sloan, D. M. (2009). Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Etiology and Treatment. Guilford Press.

Google Scholar
Li, Y., & Guo, G. (2016). Peer influence on aggressive behavior, smoking, and sexual behavior: A study of randomly-assigned college roommates. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 57(3), 297–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146516661594
10.1177/0022146516661594
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(4), 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6
10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
McMahon, T. P., & Naragon-Gainey, K. (2018). The moderating effect of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies on reappraisal: A daily diary study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 42(5), 552–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9913-x
10.1007/s10608-018-9913-x
Web of Science®Google Scholar
McMahon, T. P., & Naragon-Gainey, K. (2019). The multilevel structure of daily emotion-regulation-strategy use: An examination of within- and between-person associations in naturalistic settings. Clinical Psychological Science, 7(2), 321–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702618807408
10.1177/2167702618807408
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Naragon-Gainey, K., McMahon, T. P., & Chacko, T. P. (2017). The structure of common emotion regulation strategies: A meta-analytic examination. Psychological Bulletin, 143(4), 384–427. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000093
10.1037/bul0000093
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Parkinson, B., Simons, G., & Niven, K. (2016). Sharing concerns: Interpersonal worry regulation in romantic couples. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 16(4), 449–458. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040112
10.1037/a0040112
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Plate, A. J., Aldao, A., Quintero, J. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2016). Interactions between reappraisal and emotional nonacceptance in psychopathology: Examining disability and depression symptoms in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(6), 733–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9793-x
10.1007/s10608-016-9793-x
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Plate, A. J., Dunn, E. J., Christensen, K., & Aldao, A. (2020). When are worry and rumination negatively associated with resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia? It depends: The moderating role of cognitive reappraisal. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44, 874–884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10099-z
10.1007/s10608-020-10099-z
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Preacher, K. J., Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2006). Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31(4), 437–448. https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986031004437
10.3102/10769986031004437
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Prefit, A.-B., Cândea, D. M., & Szentagotai-Tătar, A. (2019). Emotion regulation across eating pathology: A meta-analysis. Appetite, 143, 104438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104438
10.1016/j.appet.2019.104438
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
10.1177/014662167700100306
Google Scholar
Raudsepp, L., & Riso, E.-M. (2017). Longitudinal associations between sedentary behavior of adolescent Girls, their mothers, and best friends. Pediatric Exercise Science, 29(3), 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2016-0255
10.1123/pes.2016-0255
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Rose, A. J. (2002). Co–Rumination in the friendships of girls and boys. Child Development, 73(6), 1830–1843. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00509
10.1111/1467-8624.00509
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Rose, A. J., Carlson, W., & Waller, E. M. (2007). Prospective associations of co-rumination with friendship and emotional adjustment: Considering the socioemotional trade-offs of co-rumination. Developmental Psychology, 43(4), 1019–1031. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.1019
10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.1019
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Sahi, R. S., Ninova, E., & Silvers, J. A. (2020). With a little help from my friends: Selective social potentiation of emotion regulation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000853
10.1037/xge0000853
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Schwartz-Mette, R. A., & Smith, R. L. (2018). When does co-rumination facilitate depression contagion in adolescent friendships? Investigating intrapersonal and interpersonal Factors. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47(6), 912–924. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1197837
10.1080/15374416.2016.1197837
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Southward, M. W., & Cheavens, J. S. (2017). Assessing the relation between flexibility in emotional expression and symptoms of anxiety and depression: The roles of context sensitivity and feedback sensitivity. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 36(2), 142–157. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2017.36.2.142
10.1521/jscp.2017.36.2.142
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Southward, M. W., & Cheavens, J. S. (2020). More (of the right strategies) is better: Disaggregating the naturalistic between- and within-person structure and effects of emotion regulation strategies. Cognition and Emotion, 34(8), 1729–1736. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2020.1797637
10.1080/02699931.2020.1797637
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097.
10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Topper, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Watkins, E., & Ehring, T. (2014). Development and assessment of brief versions of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and the Ruminative Response Scale. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 402–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12052
10.1111/bjc.12052
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910315561
10.1023/A:1023910315561
Web of Science®Google Scholar

Citing Literature

Volume78, Issue2

February 2022

Pages 266-282

Evaluating interactions between emotion regulation strategies through the interpersonal context of female friends

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

Open Research

PEER REVIEW

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

REFERENCES

Citing Literature

References

Information

About Wiley Online Library

Help & Support

Opportunities

Connect with Wiley

Evaluating interactions between emotion regulation strategies through the interpersonal context of female friends

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

Open Research

PEER REVIEW

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

REFERENCES

Citing Literature

References

Related

Information