Abstract
Advocates of hate crime statutes suggest they are needed because hate crimes are fundamentally different than their ordinary crime counterparts. Hate crimes allegedly hurt more than comparable non-hate-motivated crimes on a number of levels. First, hate crimes have been found to be more physically injurious to primary victims. Second, advocates suggest hate crimes sustain multidimensional injuries including physical, emotional, psychological, and quality of life injuries. Third, hate crimes allegedly affect society at large by undermining democratic ideals of equality, intergroup trust and inclusion. Several scholars suggest hate crime uniquely perpetrate “in terrorum” effects on direct victims but also on proximal and distal victims who share group membership with the primary victim. Finally, proponents of hate crime statutes argue hate crimes are more likely to generate retaliatory victimizations that further polarize discrete groups within a heterogeneous society.
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Pezzella, F.S. (2017). The Case for Hate Crime Statutes-Putative Uniqueness of Injuries. In: Hate Crime Statutes. SpringerBriefs in Criminology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40842-2_3
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