Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Systematics and Ecology of Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms

Part of the book series: Soil Biology ((SOILBIOL,volume 34))

Abstract

Edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms (EEMM) and truffles belong to 34 independent lineages of fungi. Although the specific number of species is not currently known, it is clear that the vast majority of species and lineages of edible EM fungi are solely harvested from natural habitats. Many attempts have been made to cultivate EEMM. However, most successful attempts to cultivate EEMM involve species characterized by sequestrate (truffle-like) fruiting bodies, perhaps owing to the propensity of sequestrate fungi to initiate ectomycorrhizas from spores as well as other ecological preadaptations as pioneer species. Given the functional and biological differences between species of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, including key mating and life history traits, management strategies will differ between lineages and species. Nature provides the genetic resources for both cultivated and wild-collected species, so policies that conserve the natural habitats where these fungi grow and reproduce are critical to future yields of EEMM.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agerer R (2001) Exploration types of ectomycorrhizae: a proposal to classify ectomycorrhizal mycelial systems according to their patterns of differentiation and putative ecological importance. Mycorrhiza 11:107–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agerer R (2006) Fungal relationships and structural identity of their ectomycorrhizae. Mycol Prog 5:67–107. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0505-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali NA, Jackson RM (1988) Effects of plant-roots and their exudates on germination of spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Trans Br Mycol Soc 91:253–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alsheikh M, Trappe JM (1983) Taxonomy of Phaeangium lefebvrei, a desert truffle eaten by birds. Can J Bot 61:1919–1925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnolds E (1995) Conservation and management of natural populations of edible fungi. Can J Bot 73:987–998

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified. Ten Speed, Berkeley, CA, 959p

    Google Scholar 

  • Arora D (2008) California porcini: three new taxa, observations on their harvest, and the tragedy of no commons. Econ Bot 62:356–375. doi:10.1007/s12231-008-9050-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baar J, Ozinga WA, Kuyper TW (1994) Spatial-distribution of Laccaria bicolor genets reflected by sporocarps after removal of litter and humus layers in a Pinus sylvestris forest. Mycol Res 98:726–728

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barros L, Ferreira M-J, Queirós B, Ferreira I, Baptista P (2007) Total phenols, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene in Portuguese wild edible mushrooms and their antioxidant activities. Food Chem 103:413–419. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.07.038

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bessette AE, Bessette AR, Fischer DW (1997) Mushrooms of northeastern North America. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY, 582p

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR (2000) North American Boletes: a color guide to the fleshy pored mushrooms. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY, 400p

    Google Scholar 

  • Boa E (2004) Wild edible fungi—a global overview of their use and importance to people. Non-wood forest products, vol 17. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, p 143. http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5489e/y5489e00.htm

  • Bodeker ITM, Nygren CMR, Taylor AFS, Olson A, Lindahl BD (2009) Class II peroxidase-encoding genes are present in a phylogenetically wide range of ectomycorrhizal fungi. ISME J 3:1387–1395. doi:10.1038/ismej.2009.77

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonito G, Smith M, Brenneman T, Vilgalys R (2012) Assessing ectomycorrhizal fungal spore banks of truffle producing soils with pecan seedling trap-plants. Plant Soil 356:357–366. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1127-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brundrett M (2009) Mycorrhizal associations and other means of nutrition of vascular plants: understanding the global diversity of host plants by resolving conflicting information and developing reliable means of diagnosis. Plant Soil 320:37–77. doi:10.1007/s11104-008-9877-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brundrett MC, Kendrick B (1987) The relationship between the ash bolete (Boletinellus merulioides) and an aphid parasitic on ash tree roots. Symbiosis 3:315–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruns TD, Fogel R, White TJ, Palmer JD (1989) Accelerated evolution of a false-truffle from a mushroom ancestor. Nature 339:140–142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chopra R (1933) Indigenous drugs of India: their scientific cultivation and manufacture, with numerous suggestions intended for educationists and capitalists. Academic Publishers, Kolkata

    Google Scholar 

  • Co-David D, Langeveld D, Noordeloos ME (2009) Molecular phylogeny and spore evolution of Entolomataceae. Persoonia 23:147–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlstrom JL, Smith JE, Weber NS (2000) Mycorrhiza-like interaction by Morchella with species of the Pinaceae in pure culture synthesis. Mycorrhiza 9:279–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danell E, Camacho FJ (1997) Successful cultivation of the golden chanterelle. Nature 385:303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dentinger BTM, Ammirati JF, Both EE, Desjardin DE, Halling RE, Henkel TW, Moreau PA, Nagasawa E, Soytong K, Taylor AF, Watling R, Moncalvo JM, McLaughlin DJ (2010) Molecular phylogenetics of porcini mushrooms (Boletus section boletus). Mol Phylogenet Evol 57:1276–1292. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.004

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz G, Carrillo C, Honrubia M (2009) Production of Pinus halepensis seedlings inoculated with the edible fungus Lactarius deliciosus under nursery conditions. New For 38:215–227. doi:10.1007/s11056-009-9142-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DiBattista C, Selosse MA, Bouchard D, Stenstrom E, Le Tacon F (1996) Variations in symbiotic efficiency, phenotypic characters and ploidy level among different isolates of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor strain s 238. Mycol Res 100:1315–1324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Díez J, Manjón JL, Martin F (2002) Molecular phylogeny of the mycorrhizal desert truffles (Terfezia and Tirmania), host specificity and edaphic tolerance. Mycologia 94:247–259

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Douhan GW, Vincenot L, Gryta H, Selosse MA (2011) Population genetics of ectomycorrhizal fungi: from current knowledge to emerging directions. Fungal Biol 115:569–597. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.03.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunham S, Arora D (2008) A new commercially valuable chanterelle species, Cantharellus californicus sp. nov., associated with live oak in California, USA. Econ Bot 62:376–391. doi:10.1007/s12231-008-9042-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunham SM, Larsson KH, Spatafora JW (2007) Species richness and community composition of mat-forming ectomycorrhizal fungi in old- and second-growth Douglas fir forests of the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest Oregon, USA. Mycorrhiza 17:633–645. doi:10.1007/s00572-007-0141-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egger KN (1986) Substrate hydrolysis patterns of post-fire ascomycetes (pezizales). Mycologia 78:771–780

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felsenstein J (1985) Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am Nat 125:1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frank B (2005) On the nutritional dependence of certain trees on root symbiosis with belowground fungi (an English translation of A.B. Frank’s classic paper of 1885). Mycorrhiza 15:267–275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fries N, Sun Y-P (1992) The mating system of Suillus bovinus. Mycol Res 96:237–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardes M, Bruns T (1996) Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Pinus muricata forest: minimal overlap between the mature forest and resistant propagule communities. Can J Bot 8:1837–1850. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00773.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall IR, Brown GT, Zambonelli A (2007) Taming the truffle—the history, lore and science of the ultimate mushroom. Timber, Portland, OR

    Google Scholar 

  • Henkel T, Aime M, Chin M, Andrew C (2004) Edible mushrooms from Guyana. Mycologist 18:104–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henkel TW, Aime MC, Uehling JK, Smith ME (2011) New species and distribution records of Clavulina (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) from the Guiana Shield. Mycologia 103:883–894. doi:10.3852/11-130

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henrion B, Dibattista C, Bouchard D, Vairelles D, Thompson BD, Letacon F, Martin F (1994) Monitoring the persistence of Laccaria bicolor as an ectomycorrhizal symbiont of nursery-grown Douglas-fir by PCR of the rDNA intergenic spacer. Mol Ecol 3:571–580

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hibbett DS (2007) After the gold rush, or before the flood? Evolutionary morphology of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) in the early 21st century. Mycol Res 111:1001–1018. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.01.012

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horton TR (2002) Molecular approaches to ectomycorrhizal diversity studies: variation in its at a local scale. Plant Soil 244:29–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horton TR (2006) The number of nuclei in basidiospores of 63 species of ectomycorrhizal homobasidiomycetes. Mycologia 98:233–238. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.2.233

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horton T, Bruns T (2001) The molecular revolution in ectomycorrhizal ecology: peeking into the black box. Mol Ecol 10:1855–1871. doi:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01333.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchison L (1989) Absence of conidia as a morphological character in ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycologia 81:587–594

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iotti M, Barbieri E, Stocchi V, Zambonelli A (2005) Morphological and molecular characterisation of mycelia of ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure culture. Fungal Divers 19:51–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishida TA, Nara K, Tanaka M, Kinoshita A, Hogetsu T (2008) Germination and infectivity of ectomycorrhizal fungal spores in relation to their ecological traits during primary succession. New Phytol 180:491–500. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02572.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson KM, Miller OK, Turner BJ (1993) Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers are superior to somatic incompatibility tests for discriminating genotypes in natural populations of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus granulatus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:9159–9163

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL, Matheny PB, Hofstetter V, Cox CJ, Celio G, Gueidan C, Fraker E, Miadlikowska J, Lumbsch HT, Rauhut A, Reeb V, Arnold AE, Amtoft A, Stajich JE, Hosaka K, Sung GH, Johnson D, O’Rourke B, Crockett M, Binder M, Curtis JM, Slot JC, Wang Z, Wilson AW, Schussler A, Longcore JE, O’Donnell K, Mozley-Standridge S, Porter D, Letcher PM, Powell MJ, Taylor JW, White MM, Griffith GW, Davies DR, Humber RA, Morton JB, Sugiyama J, Rossman AY, Rogers JD, Pfister DH, Hewitt D, Hansen K, Hambleton S, Shoemaker RA, Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B, Spotts RA, Serdani M, Crous PW, Hughes KW, Matsuura K, Langer E, Langer G, Untereiner WA, Lucking R, Budel B, Geiser DM, Aptroot A, Diederich P, Schmitt I, Schultz M, Yahr R, Hibbett DS, Lutzoni F, McLaughlin DJ, Spatafora JW, Vilgalys R (2006) Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443:818–822. doi:10.1038/nature05110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeandroz S, Murat C, Wang YJ, Bonfante P, Le Tacon F (2008) Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the genus tuber the ‘true truffles’. J Biogeogr 35:815–829. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01851.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawai M, Yamahara M, Ohta A (2008) Bipolar incompatibility system of an ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete, Rhizopogon rubescens. Mycorrhiza 18:205–210. doi:10.1007/s00572-008-0167-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kretzer AM, Dunham S, Molina R, Spatafora JW (2005) Patterns of vegetative growth and gene flow in Rhizopogon vinicolor and R. vesiculosus (Boletales, Basidiomycota). Mol Ecol 14:2259–2268

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kües U, James TY, Heitman J (2011) Mating type in basidiomycetes: unipolar, bipolar, and tetrapolar patterns of sexuality. Mycota Evol Fungi Fungal Like Org 14:97–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuyper TW (1986) A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe. I. Subgenus Inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe. Persoonia Suppl 3:1–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Tacon F, Delmas J, Gleyze R, Bouchard D (1982) Effect of soil-water regime and fertilization on fructification of the black truffle of perigord (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.) in south east of France. Acta Oecol 3:291–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Li D-W (2005) Release and dispersal of basidiospores from Amanita muscaria var. alba and their infiltration into a residence. Mycol Res 109:1235–1242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lilleskov EA, Hobbie EA, Fahey TJ (2002) Ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa differing in response to nitrogen deposition also differ in pure culture organic nitrogen use and natural abundance of nitrogen isotopes. New Phytol 154:219–231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma D, Yang G, Mu L (2010) Morphological and molecular analyses of ectomycorrhizal diversity in Pinus densiflora seedlings. Symbiosis 51:233. doi:10.1007/s13199-010-0079-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marx DH, Bryan WC (1970) Pure culture synthesis of ectomycorrhizae by Thelephora terrestris and Pisolithus tinctorius on different conifer hosts. Can J Botany 48:639–641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marx DH, Bryan WC, Cordell CE (1977) Survival and growth of pine seedlings with Pisolithus ectomycorrhizae after 2 years on reforestation sites in North Carolina and Florida. Forest Sci 23:363–373

    Google Scholar 

  • Melin E (1954) Growth factor requirements of mycorrhizal fungi of forest trees. Svensk Bot Tidsk 48:86–94

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melin E, Krupa S (1971) Studies on ectomycorrhizae of Pine, II. Growth inhibition of mycorrhizal fungi by volatile organic constituents of Pinus sylvestris (scots pine) roots. Physiol Plant 25:337–338

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miles P, Chang ST (2004) Mushrooms: cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact. CRC, Boca Raton, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller SL, Torres P, McClean TM (1994) Persistence of basidiospores and sclerotia of ectomycorrhizal fungi and Morchella in soil. Mycologia 86:89–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molina R, Horton TR, Trappe JM, Marcot BG (2011) Addressing uncertainty: how to conserve and manage rare or little-known fungi. Fungal Ecol 4:134–146. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2010.06.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE, James TY, Aime MC, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJW, Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Thorn RG, Jacobsson S, Clemencon H, Miller OK (2002) One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 23:357–400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan A (1995) Toads and toadstools: the natural history, folklore, and cultural oddities of a strange association. Celestial Arts, Berkeley, CA. ISBN 0-89087-777-7

    Google Scholar 

  • Niculita-Hirzel H, Labbe J, Kohler A, Le Tacon F, Martin F, Sanders IR, Kues U (2008) Gene organization of the mating type regions in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor reveals distinct evolution between the two mating type loci. New Phytol 180:329–342. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02525.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ower R (1982) Notes on the development of the morel ascocarp: Morchella esculenta. Mycologia 74:142–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer JG (1969) Techniques and procedures for culturing ectomycorrhizal fungi. In: Mycorrhizae: the first North American conference on mycorrhizae. USDA-Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication 1189. USDA, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Parke JL, Linderman RG, Black CH (1983) The role of ectomycorrhizae in drought tolerance of Douglas-fir seedlings. New Phytol 95:83–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peay KG, Bruns TD, Kennedy PG, Bergemann SE, Garbelotto M (2007) A strong species-area relationship for eukaryotic soil microbes: island size matters for ectomycorrhizal fungi. Ecol Lett 10:470–480. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01035.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peay KG, Kennedy PG, Bruns TD (2011) Rethinking ectomycorrhizal succession: are root density and hyphal exploration types drivers of spatial and temporal zonation? Fungal Ecol 4:233–240. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2010.09.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pena R, Offermann C, Simon J, Naumann PS, Geßler A, Holst J, Dannenmann M, Mayer H, Kögel-Knabner I, Rennenberg H, Polle A (2010) Girdling affects ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) diversity and reveals functional differences in EMF community composition in a Beech forest. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:1831–1841. doi:10.1128/AEM.01703-09

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Moreno J, Martínez-Reyes M, Yescas-Pérez A, Delgado-Alvarado A, Xoconostle-Cázares B (2008) Wild mushroom markets in central Mexico and a case study at Ozumba. Econ Bot 62:425–436. doi:10.1007/s12231-008-9043-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilz D, Molina R (1996) Managing forest ecosystems to conserve fungus diversity and sustain wild mushroom harvests. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-371. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilz D, Norvell L, Dannel E, Molina R (2003) Ecology and management of commercially harvested chanterelle mushrooms. USDA General Technical Report. USDA, Portland, OR, pp 1–83. http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr576.pdf

  • Raffle VL, Doudrick RL, Nelson CD, Furnier GR (1995) Genetic-analysis of homokaryons from a basidiome of Laccaria bicolor using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Mycol Res 99:1361–1366. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81222-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rinaldi A, Comandini O, Kuyper T (2008) Ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity: separating the wheat from the chaff. Fungal Divers 33:1–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi MJ, Furigo A, Oliveira VL (2007) Inoculant production of ectomycorrhizal fungi by solid and submerged fermentations. Food Technol Biotechnol 45:277–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruan-Soto F, Garibay-Orijel R, Cifuentes J (2006) Process and dynamics of traditional selling wild edible mushrooms in tropical Mexico. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2:3. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoch CL, Seifert KA, Huhndorf S, Robert V, Spouge JL, Levesque CA, Chen W, Bolchacova E, Voigt K, Crous PW, Miller AN, Wingfield MJ, Aime MC, An KD, Bai FY, Barreto RW, Begerow D, Bergeron MJ, Blackwell M, Boekhout T, Bogale M, Boonyuen N, Burgaz AR, Buyck B, Cai L, Cai Q, Cardinali G, Chaverri P, Coppins BJ, Crespo A, Cubas P, Cummings C, Damm U, de Beer ZW, de Hoog GS, Del-Prado R, Dieguez-Uribeondo J, Divakar PK, Douglas B, Duenas M, Duong TA, Eberhardt U, Edwards JE, Elshahed MS, Fliegerova K, Furtado M, Garcia MA, Ge ZW, Griffith GW, Griffiths K, Groenewald JZ, Groenewald M, Grube M, Gryzenhout M, Guo LD, Hagen F, Hambleton S, Hamelin RC, Hansen K, Harrold P, Heller G, Herrera G, Hirayama K, Hirooka Y, Ho HM, Hoffmann K, Hofstetter V, Hognabba F, Hollingsworth PM, Hong SB, Hosaka K, Houbraken J, Hughes K, Huhtinen S, Hyde KD, James T, Johnson EM, Johnson JE, Johnston PR, Jones EB, Kelly LJ, Kirk PM, Knapp DG, Koljalg U, Kurtzman CP, Landvik S, Leavitt SD, Liggenstoffer AS, Liimatainen K, Lombard L, Luangsa-Ard JJ, Lumbsch HT, Maganti H, Maharachchikumbura SS, Martin MP, May TW, McTaggart AR, Methven AS, Meyer W, Moncalvo JM, Mongkolsamrit S, Nagy LG, Nilsson RH, Niskanen T, Nyilasi I, Okada G, Okane I, Olariaga I, Otte J, Papp T, Park D, Petkovits T, Pino-Bodas R, Quaedvlieg W, Raja HA, Redecker D, Ruibal C, Sarmiento-Ramirez JM, Schmitt I, Schussler A, Shearer C, Sotome K, Stefani FO, Stenroos S, Stielow B, Stockinger H, Suetrong S, Suh SO, Sung GH, Suzuki M, Tanaka K, Tedersoo L, Telleria MT, Tretter E, Untereiner WA, Urbina H, Vagvolgyi C, Vialle A, Vu TD, Walther G, Wang QM, Wang Y, Weir BS, Weiss M, White MM, Xu J, Yahr R, Yang ZL, Yurkov A, Zamora JC, Zhang N, Zhuang WY, Schindel D, Consortium FB (2012) Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:6241–6246. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117018109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seifert KA (2009) Progress towards DNA barcoding of fungi. Mol Ecol Resour 9:83–89. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02635.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sha T, Xu J, Palanichamy MG, Zhang H-B, Li T, Zhao Z-W, Zhang Y-P (2008) Genetic diversity of the endemic gourmet mushroom Thelephora ganbajun from southwestern China. Microbiology 154:3460–3468. doi:10.1099/mic.0.2008/020495-0

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith ME, Pfister DH (2009) Tuberculate ectomycorrhizae of angiosperms: the interaction between Boletus rubropunctus (Boletaceae) and Quercus species (Fagaceae) in the United States and Mexico. Am J Bot 96:1665–1675. doi:10.3732/ajb.0900058

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SE, Read DJ (2008) Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 3rd edn. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith ME, Douhan GW, Rizzo DM (2007a) Ectomycorrhizal community structure in a xeric quercus woodland based on rDNA sequence analysis of sporocarps and pooled roots. New Phytol 174:847–863. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02040.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith ME, Douhan GW, Rizzo DM (2007b) Intra-specific and intra-sporocarp its variation of ectomycorrhizal fungi as assessed by rDNA sequencing of sporocarps and pooled ectomycorrhizal roots from a quercus woodland. Mycorrhiza 18:15–22. doi:10.1007/s00572-007-0148-z

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor JW, Berbee ML (2006) Dating divergences in the fungal tree of life: review and new analyses. Mycologia 98:838–849. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.838

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tedersoo L, May TW, Smith ME (2010) Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages. Mycorrhiza 20:217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trappe JM, Strand RF (1969) Mycorrhizal deficiency in a Douglas-fir region nursery. For Sci 15:381–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Trappe MJ, Evans F, Trappe JM (2007) Field guide to North American truffles. Ten Speed, Berkeley, CA, 136p

    Google Scholar 

  • Trappe J, Claridge A, Claridge D, Liddle L (2008) Desert truffles of the Australian outback: ecology, ethnomycology, and taxonomy. Econ Bot 62:497–506. doi:10.1007/s12231-008-9041-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trappe J, Molina R, Luoma D, Cazares E, Pilz D, Smith JE, Castellano M, Miller S, Trappe M (2009) Diversity, ecology, and conservation of truffle fungi in forests of the pacific northwest. PNW-GTR-772. FS United States Department of Agriculture, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR, 194p

    Google Scholar 

  • Trappe MJ, Trappe JM, Bonito GM (2010) Kalapuya brunnea gen. & sp. nov. and its relationship to the other sequestrate genera in Morchellaceae. Mycologia 102:1058–1065. doi:10.3852/09-232

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urban A, Neuner-Plattner I, Krisai-Greilhuber I, Haselwandter K (2004) Molecular studies on terricolous microfungi reveal novel anamorphs of two Tuber species. Mycol Res 108:749–758

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk H, Onguene NA, Kuyper TW (2003) Knowledge and utilization of edible mushrooms by local populations of the rain forest of south Cameroon. Ambio 32:19–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varda Kagan-Zur V, Roth-Bejerano N (2008) Unresolved problems in the life cycle of truffles. Open Mycol J 2:86–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Visnovsky SB, Guerin-Laguette A, Wang Y, Pitman AR (2010) Traceability of marketable Japanese shoro in New Zealand: using multiplex PCR to exploit phylogeographic variation among taxa in the Rhizopogon subgenus Roseoli. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:294–302. doi:10.1128/AEM.02191-09

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Hall IR (2004) Edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms: challenges and achievements. Can J Bot 82:1063–1073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winder RS (2006) Cultural studies of Morchella elata. Mycol Res 110:612–623. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.02.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada A, Ogura T, Ohmasa M (2001) Cultivation of mushrooms of edible ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Pinus densiflora by in vitro mycorrhizal synthesis I. Primordium and basidiocarp formation in open-pot culture. Mycorrhiza 11:59–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yun W, Hall IR, Evans LA (1997) Ectomycorrhizal fungi with edible fruiting bodies: Tricholoma matsutake and related fungi. Econ Bot 51:311–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

MS is grateful for financial support from the University of Florida’s Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS). GB was supported through the Department of Energy, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Genomic Science Program. Both authors would like to thank Eric Boa and Martin Ryberg for valuable input and feedback on this manuscript and Dr. James M. Trappe and Rytas Vilgalys for providing positive mentoring experiences.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA

    Matthew E. Smith

  2. Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    Gregory M. Bonito

Authors
  1. Matthew E. Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gregory M. Bonito
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthew E. Smith .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Universitá di Bologna, Via Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy

    Alessandra Zambonelli

  2. , Biology Department, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham NC, 27708-0338, USA

    Gregory M Bonito

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Smith, M.E., Bonito, G.M. (2012). Systematics and Ecology of Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms. In: Zambonelli, A., Bonito, G. (eds) Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms. Soil Biology, vol 34. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33823-6_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation