Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Adolescent exaggeration in female catarrhine primates

  • Published:
Primates Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Adolescent females of 11 primate species display exaggerated versions of the cues to sexual cycle state or fertility which are displayed by adult females: anubis baboons; geladas; Assamese, Barbary, crab-eating, Japanese, and stump-tailed macaques; patas monkeys; gorillas; and humans. These cases are briefly described and a variety of hypotheses is presented and evaluated to account for the adolescent exaggeration. Such exaggeration may be a super-normal sexual stimulus, a barrier to cross-species hybridization, a helpful prop in female:female competition, a passport for transfers, an insurance policy where unpredictable changes of circumstance are likely, or a non-adaptive side-effect of some other phenomenon. The transfer and unpredictability hypotheses seem to apply to the largest number of species, including humans.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson, C., 1986. Female age: male preference and reproductive success in primates.Int. J. Primatol., 7: 305–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, 1989. The spread of exclusive mating in a chacma baboon population.Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 78: 355–360.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, G., 1984. All the World's Animals: Primates. Equinox, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baulu, T., 1976. Seasonal sex skin coloration and hormonal fluctuations in free-ranging and captive monkeys.Horm. Behav., 7: 481–494.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bercovitch, F., 1991. Mate selection, consortship formation, and reproductive tactics in adult female savannah baboons.Primates, 32: 437–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, I., 1968. The lutong of Kuala Selangor.Behaviour, 32: 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • — &T. Gordon, 1980. Mixed taxa introductions, hybrids and macaque systematics. In:The Macaques,D. Lindburg (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 125–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bielert, C. &C. Anderson, 1985. Baboon sexual swellings and male response: a possible operational mammalian supernormal stimulus and response interaction.Int. J. Primatol., 6: 377–393.

    Google Scholar 

  • — &L. Girolami, 1986. Experimental asessments of behavioral and anatomical components of female chacma baboon sexual attractiveness.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 11: 75–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • —, —, &C. Anderson, 1986. Male chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) sexual arousal: Studies with adolescent and adult females as visual stimuli.Dev. Psychobiol., 19: 369–383.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borgerhoff Mulder, M., 1988. Kipsigis bridewealth payments. In:Human Reproductive Behaviour,L. Betzig,M. Borgerhoff Mulder, &P. Turke (eds.), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 65–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrell, R., M. Healy, &J. Tanner, 1961. Age at menarche in South African Bantu schoolgirls living in the Transkei Reserve.Human Biol., 33: 250–261.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, A., 1989. Comparative methods using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Oxford Surv.Evol. Biol., 6: 33–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cant, J., 1981. Hypothesis for the evolution of human breasts and buttocks.Amer. Naturalist, 117: 199–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chism, J., T. Rowell, &D. Olson, 1984. Life history patterns of female patas monkeys. In:Female Primates,M. Small (ed.), Liss, New York, pp. 175–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chivers, D. J., 1974. The siamang in Malaya.Contributions to Primatology Vol. 4.

  • Cohen, R., 1967.The Kanuri of Bornu. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cords, M., 1987. Forest guenons and patas monkeys. In:Primate Societies,B. Smuts,D. Cheney,R. Seyfarth,R. Wrangham, &T. Struhsaker (eds.), Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 98–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtin, S. H., 1980. Dusky and banded leaf monkeys. In:Malayan Forest Primates,D. Chivers (ed.), Plenum, New York, pp. 18–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deag, J., 1974. A study of the social behaviour and ecology of the wild barbary macaque,Macaca sylvanus L., Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, Bristol Univ., Avon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deputte, B. &M. Goustard, 1980. Copulatory vocalizations of female macaques (Macaca fascicularis).Primates, 21: 83–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeWaal, F. &L. Luttrell, 1989. Toward a comparative social ecology of the genusMacaca: different dominance styles in rhesus and stumptail monkeys.Amer. J. Primatol., 19: 83–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dittus, W., 1975. Population dynamics of the toque monkey,Macaca sinica. In:Socioecology and Psychology of Primates,R. H. Tuttle (ed.), Mouton, The Hague, pp. 125–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, 1977. The social regulation of population density and age-sex distribution in the toque monkey.Behaviour, 63: 281–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixson, A., 1983. Observations on the evolution and behavioral significance of “sexual skin” in female primates. In:Advances in the Study of Behavior, Vol. 13,J. Rosenblatt,R. Hinde,C. Beer, &M.-C. Busnel (eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 63–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, R., 1977. Age-dependent changes in sexual skin colour and associated phenomena of female gelada baboons.J. Human Evol., 6: 667–672.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, 1979. Structure of gelada baboon reproductive units.Behaviour, 69: 72–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • — &P. Dunbar, 1973. On hybridization betweenTheropithecus gelada andPapio anubis in the wild.Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 43: 187–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, G., 1976. The social order of Japanese macaques.Sci. Amer., 235: 96–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, J., N. Muckenhirn, &R. Rudran, 1972. The relationship between ecology and social structure in primates.Science, 176: 863–874.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enomoto, T., 1978. On social preferences in sexual behavior of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata).J. Human Evol., 7: 283–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Estrada, A., 1984. Adult male-immature interactions in captive stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides). In:Primate Paternalism,D. Taub (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 56–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fa, J., 1984. The Barbary macaque. In:The Barbary Macaque,J. Fa (ed.), Plenum, New York, pp. 3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felsenstein, J., 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method.Amer. Naturalist, 125: 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R., 1930.The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Clarendon, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleagle, J. G., 1988.Primate Adaptations and Evolution. Academic Press, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fossey, D., 1983.Gorillas in the Mist. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furuichi, T., 1987. Sexual swelling, receptivity, and grouping of wild pygmy chimpanzee females at Wamba, Zaire.Primates, 28: 309–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galdikas, B., 1985. Subadult male orangutan socially and reproductive behavior at Tanjung Puting.Amer. J. Primatol., 8: 87–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallup, G., 1982. Permanent breast enlargement in human females.J. Human Evol., 11: 597–601.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillman, J. &C. Gilbert, 1946. The reproductive role of the chacma baboonPapio ursinus with specific reference to the problems of menstrual irregularities as assessed by the behaviour of the sexual skin.S. Af. J. Med. Sci., 11: 1–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girolami, L. &C. Bielert, 1987. Female perineal swelling and its effects on male sexual arousal.Int. J. Primatol., 8: 651–661.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glick, B., 1980. Ontogenetic and psychobiological aspects of the mating activities of maleMacaca radiata. In:The Macaques,D. Lindburg (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 345–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodall, J., 1983. Population dynamics during a 15-year period in one community of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania.Zeit. Tierpsychol., 61: 1–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, 1986.The Chimpanzees of Gombe. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, 1989. Gombe: highlights and current research. In:Understanding Chimpanzees,P. Heltne &L. Marquardt (eds.), Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 2–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greska, L., 1990. Age of menarche in Bolivian girls of European and Aymara ancestry.Ann. Human Biol., 17: 49–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gust, D. &T. Gordon, 1991. Male age and reproductive behavior in sooty mangabeys,Cercocebus torquatus atys.Anim. Behav., 41: 277–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadidan, J. &I. Bernstein, 1979. Female reproductive cycles and birth data from an Old World monkey colony.Primates, 20: 429–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, M., 1984. Revising evolutionary narratives: a consideration of evolutionary assumptions about sexual selection and competition for mates.Amer. Anthropol., 86: 651–662.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harcourt, A., D. Fossey, K. Stewart, &D. Watts, 1980. Reproduction in wild gorillas and some comparisons with chimpanzees.J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl., 28: 59–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, M. J. S., 1988. The mandrill in Gabon's rain forest.Oryx, 22: 218–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, P. &M. Pagel, 1991.The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • —,R. Martin, &T. Clutton-Brock, 1987. Life histories in comparative perspective. In:Primate Societies,B. Smuts,D. Cheney,R. Seyfarth,R. Wrangham, &T. Struhsaker (eds.), Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 181–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, D., 1987. Social relationships between adult male and female rhesus macaques: I. Sexual consortships.Primates, 28: 439–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hrdy, S., 1977.The Langurs of Abu. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, 1981.The Woman that Never Evolved. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • — &P. Whitten, 1987. Patterning of sexual activity. In:Primate Societies,B. Smuts,D. Cheney,R. Seyfarth,R. Wrangham, &T. Struhsaker (eds.), Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 370–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Israel, S., 1959. The onset of menstruation in Indian women.J. Obstet. Gynecol. Brit. Emp., 66: 311–316.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jolly, A., 1972.The Evolution of Primate Behavior. MacMillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalkstein, T., 1991. Occurrence and function of sexual swelling in stumptail macaques.Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., Suppl., 12: 101–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katch, V., B. Campaigne, P. Freedson, S. Sady, F. Katch, &A. Behnke, 1980. Contribution of breast volume and weight to body fat distribution in females.Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 53: 93–100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koyama, N., Y. Takahata, M. Huffman, K. Norikoshi, &A. Suzuki, 1992. Reproductive parameters of female Japanese Macaques.Primates, 33: 33–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kummer, H., 1968.Social Organization of Hamadryas Baboons. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, 1985. A male-dominated society. In:All the World's Animals: Primates,G. Bateman (ed.), Torstar, New York, pp. 98–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster, J., 1984. Evolutionary perspectives on sex differences in the higher primates. In:Gender and the Life Course,A. Rossi (ed.), Aldine, New York, pp. 3–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, 1986. Human adolescence and reproduction. In:Schoolage Pregnancy and Parenthood,J. Lancaster &B. Hamburg (eds.), Aldine de Gruyter, New York, pp. 17–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewontin, R., 1979. Sociobiology as an adaptationist program.Behav. Sci., 24: 5–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • — &S. Gould, 1979. The spandrels of San Macro and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme.Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B, 205: 581–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindburg, D., 1983. Mating behavior and estrus in the Indian rhesus monkey. In:Perspectives in Primate Biology,P. Seth (ed.), Today & Tomorrow, New Delhi, pp. 45–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linnankoski, I. &L. Leinonen, 1985. Compatibility of male and female sexual behavior inMacaca arctoides.Z. Tierpsychol., 70: 115–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loy, J., 1975. The copulatory behavior of the adult male patas monkeys,Erythrocebus patas.J. Reprod. Fertil., 45: 193–195.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, C., 1979. Comparative aspects of social organization in the Tana River red colobus,Colobus badius rufomitratus.Z. Tierpsychol., 51: 337–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, R., 1983.Human Brain Evolution in an Ecological Context. American Museum of Natural History, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mascia-Lees, F., J. Relethford, &T. Sorger, 1986. Evolutionary perspectives on permanent breast enlargement in human females.Amer. Anthropol., 88: 423–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melnick, D. &M. Pearl, 1987. Cercopithecines in multimale groups. In:Primate Societies,B. Smuts,D. Cheney,R. Seyfarth,R. Wrangham, &T. Struhsaker (eds.), Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 121–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molnar, S., 1992.Human Variation. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J., 1984. Female transfer in primates.Int. J. Primatol., 5: 537–590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mori, A., 1979. Unit formation and the emergence of a new leader. In:Ecological and Sociological Studies of Gelada Baboons,M. Kawai (ed.), Karger, Basel, pp. 155–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, D., 1967.The Naked Ape. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa, N., 1989. Activity budget and diet of patas monkeys in Kala Maloue National Park, Cameroon.Primates, 30: 27–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, M., 1965.The Golden Road to Modernity. Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieuwenhuijsen, K., M. Bonkejansen, E. Broekhuijzan, K. de Neef, J. van Hooff, J. van der Ten Bosch, &A. Slob, 1988. Behavioral aspects of puberty in group-living stumptail monkeys (Macaca arctoides).Physiol. Behav., 42: 255–264.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oates, J., 1977. The social life of a black-and-white colobus monkey (Colobus guereza).Z. Tierpsychol., 45: 1–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, A. &D. Thommen, 1984. Timing of birth, female reproductive success and infant sex ratio in semifree-ranging Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus).Folia Primatol., 42: 2–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, M. &J. Altmann, 1985. Development of social behavior in free-living non-human primates. In:Nonhuman Primate Models for Human Growth and Development,E. Watts (ed.), Liss, New York, pp. 217–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poirier, F. E., 1970. The Nilgiri langur (Presbytis johnii) of South India. In:Primate Behavior, Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, pp. 251–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • — &E. Smith, 1974. Socializing function of primate play.Amer. Zool., 14: 275–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prud'Homme, J., 1991. Group fission in a semifree-ranging population of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus).Primates, 32: 9–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pusey, A., 1990. Behavioural changes at adolescence in chimpanzees.Behaviour, 115: 203–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, K., 1983. Age-related variation in the interactions of adult females with adult males in yellow baboons. In:Primate Social Relationships,R. Hinde (ed.), Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 47–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodman, P., 1991. Structural differentiation of microhabitats of sympatricMacaca fascicularis andMacaca nemestrina in East Kalimantan, Indonesia.Int. J. Primatol., 12: 357–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowell, T., 1972.The Social Behavior of Monkeys. Penguin, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, 1979. How would we know if social organization were not adaptive? In:Primate Ecology and Human Origins,I. Bernstein &E. Smith (eds.), Garland, New York, pp. 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • — &S. Richard, 1979. Reproductive strategies of some African monkeys.J. Mammal., 60: 58–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudran, R., 1973. The reproductive cycles of two subspecies of purple-faced langurs (Presbytis senex) with relation to environmental factors.Folia Primatol., 19: 166–192.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santillan-Doherty, A.-M. &R. Mondragon-Ceballos, 1991. Male-female coalitions in dominance takeovers in a captive group of stumptail macaques. In:Primatology Today,A. Ehara,T. Kimura,O. Takenaka, &M. Iwamoto (eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 145–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulman, S. &B. Chapais, 1980. Reproductive value and rank relations among macaque sisters.Amer. Naturalist, 115: 580–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, A., 1969.The Life of the Primates. Universe Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, L., 1984. Reproductive behavior of adolescent female baboons (Papio anubis) in Kenya. In:Female Primates,M. Small (ed.), Liss, New York, pp. 77–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Service, E., 1962.Primitive Social Organization: An Evolutionary Perspective. Random House, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiveley, C., S. Clarke, N. King, S. Schapiro, &G. Mitchell, 1982. Patterns of sexual behavior in male macaques.Amer. J. Primatol., 2: 373–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Short, R., 1976. The evolution of human reproduction.Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., 195: 3–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Small, M., 1983. Females without infants: mating strategies in two species of captive macaques.Folia Primatol., 40: 125–133.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • —, 1990. Promiscuity in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus).Amer. J. Primatol., 20: 267–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smuts, B., 1985.Sex and Friendship in Baboons. Aldine, Hawthorne, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson, G., 1974. Social structure of mating activity in Japanese macaques. In:Proceedings from the Symposia of the Fifth Congress of the International Primatological Society,S. Kondo,M. Kawai,A. Ehara, &S. Kawamura (eds.), Japan Science Press, Tokyo, pp. 63–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, K. &A. Harcourt, 1987. Gorillas: variation in female relationships. In:Primate Societies,B. Smuts,D. Cheney,R. Seyfarth,R. Wrangham, &T. Struhsaker (eds.), Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 155–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Struhsaker, T. &L. Leland, 1987. Colobines: infanticide by adult males. In:Primate Societies,B. Smuts,D. Cheney,R. Seyfarth,R. Wrangham, &T. Struhsaker (eds.), Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 83–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strum, S., 1984. Why males use infants. In:Primate Paternalism,D. Taub (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 146–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • — &J. Western, 1982. Variations in fecundity with age and environment in olive baboons (Papio anubis).Amer. J. Primatol., 3: 61–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stukovsky, R., J. Valsic, &M. Bulai-Stirbu, 1967. Family size and menarcheal age in Constanza, Roumania.Human Biol., 39: 277–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. &E. Delson, 1979.Evolutionary History of the Primates. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taub, D., 1980. Female choice and mating strategies among wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus L.). In:The Macaques,D. Lindburg (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 287–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turke, P., 1984. Effects of ovulatory concealment and synchrony on protohominid mating systems and parental roles.Ethol. Sociobiol., 5: 33–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Noordwijk, M., 1985. Sexual behaviour of Sumatran long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis).Zeit. Tierpsychol., 70: 277–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Schaik, C., 1989. The ecology of social relationships amongst female primates. In:Comparative Socioecology of Humans and Other Mammals,V. Standen &R. Foley (eds.), Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 195–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, K., H. Lapasere, &R. Tantu, 1991. External characteristics and associated developmental changes in two species of Sulawesi macaques,Macaca tonkeana andM. hecki, with special reference to hybrids and the borderland between the species.Primates, 32: 61–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheatley, B., 1978. The behavior and ecology of the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in the Kutai Nature Reserve, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of California, Davis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickler, W., 1967. Socio-sexual signals. In:Primate Ethology,D. Morris (ed.), Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, pp. 89–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E., 1975.Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M., M. Walker, N. Pope, &T. Gordon, 1988. Prolonged lactational infertility in adolescent rhesus monkeys.Biol. Reprod., 38: 163–174.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, K. &S. Schulman, 1984. Male response to “stranger” females as a function of female reproductive value among chimpanzees.Amer. Naturalist, 123: 163–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, L., 1984. Japanese macaque female sexual behavior. In:Female Primates,M. Small (ed.), Liss, New York, pp. 141–158.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, Hartwick College, 13820, Oneonta, New York, USA

    Connie M. Anderson

  2. Department of Psychology, State University of New York, 13820, Oneonta, New York, USA

    Craig F. Bielert

Authors
  1. Connie M. Anderson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Craig F. Bielert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

About this article

Cite this article

Anderson, C.M., Bielert, C.F. Adolescent exaggeration in female catarrhine primates. Primates 35, 283–300 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02382726

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02382726

Key Words

Search

Navigation