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Susceptibility of the Algal Toxin Microcystin-LR to UV/Chlorine Process: Comparison with Chlorination

  • Xiaodi Duan
    Xiaodi Duan
    Environmental Engineering and Science, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
    More by Xiaodi Duan
  • , 
  • Toby Sanan
    Toby Sanan
    Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
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  • , 
  • Armah de la Cruz
    Armah de la Cruz
    Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
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  • Xuexiang He
    Xuexiang He
    Environmental Engineering and Science, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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  • , 
  • Minghao Kong
    Minghao Kong
    Environmental Engineering and Science, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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  • , and 
  • Dionysios D. Dionysiou*
    Dionysios D. Dionysiou
    Environmental Engineering and Science, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
    *Phone: +1-513-556-0724; fax: +1-513-556-2599; e-mail: [email protected]
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    Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-6974-9197
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 15, 8252–8262
Publication Date (Web):June 19, 2018
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00034
Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), an algal toxin (cyanotoxin) common in sources of drinking water, poses a major human health hazard due to its high toxicity. In this study, UV/chlorine was evaluated as a potentially practical and effective process for the degradation of MC-LR. Via mass spectrometry analysis, fewer chlorinated-MC-LR products were detected with UV/chlorine treatment than with chlorination, and a transformation pathway for MC-LR by UV/chlorine was proposed. Different degrees of rapid degradation of MC-LR were observed with varying pH (6–10.4), oxidant dosage (0.5–3 mg L–1), natural organic matter (0–7 mg L–1), and natural water sources. In contrast to the formation of primarily chloroform and dichloroacetic acid in deionized water where MC-LR serves as the only carbon source, additional chlorinated disinfection byproducts were produced when sand filtered natural water was used as a background matrix. The UV/chlorine treated samples also showed quantitatively less cytotoxicity in vitro in HepaRG human liver cell line tests than chlorination treated samples. Following 16 min (96 mJ cm–2) of UV irradiation combined with 1.5 mg L–1 chlorine treatment, the cell viability of the samples increased from 80% after exposure to 1 mg L–1 MC-LR to 90%, while chlorination treatment evidenced no reduction in cytotoxicity with the same reaction time.

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00034.

    • Chemicals; Analytical Methods; Contributions of reactive species by kinetic model and radical scavengers; Structure of MC-LR; Chlorine decay kinetics; Role of reactive species; Effects of radical scavengers in UV/chlorine; Degradation by chlorine/UV-LEDs; Molar adsorption coefficients of chlorine; Effect of chlorine dose; Full scan and SRM chromatograms of products; Revolution of nonchlorinated products; Formation of DBPs in DI water; HepaRG human liver cell toxicity assessed microscopically; Effect of NOM; Degradation of spiked MC-LR in field water samples; Formation of DBPs in GAC effluent; Integration of MC-LR degradation by UV, chlorine, HO• and RCS; Second-order Rate constants of radicals with scavengers; Major MC-LR degradation products; Water quality of tested water samples; Mechanism proposed for hydroxylation of the double bond and the aromatic ring, 2nd hydroxylation of the aromatic ring, chlorine addition on the aromatic ring, dechlorination-hydroxylation of the aromatic ring (PDF)

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