The Role of Disulfide Bond Replacements in Analogues of the Tarantula Toxin ProTx-II and Their Effects on Inhibition of the Voltage-Gated Sodium Ion Channel Nav1.7
- Zoë V. F. Wright
- ,
- Stephen McCarthy
- ,
- Rachael Dickman
- ,
- Francis E. Reyes
- ,
- Silvia Sanchez-Martinez
- ,
- Adam Cryar
- ,
- Ian Kilford
- ,
- Adrian Hall
- ,
- Andrew K. Takle
- ,
- Maya Topf
- ,
- Tamir Gonen
- ,
- Konstantinos Thalassinos
- , and
- Alethea B. Tabor
Abstract
Spider venom toxins, such as Protoxin-II (ProTx-II), have recently received much attention as selective Nav1.7 channel blockers, with potential to be developed as leads for the treatment of chronic nocioceptive pain. ProTx-II is a 30-amino acid peptide with three disulfide bonds that has been reported to adopt a well-defined inhibitory cystine knot (ICK) scaffold structure. Potential drawbacks with such peptides include poor pharmacodynamics and potential scrambling of the disulfide bonds in vivo. In order to address these issues, in the present study we report the solid-phase synthesis of lanthionine-bridged analogues of ProTx-II, in which one of the three disulfide bridges is replaced with a thioether linkage, and evaluate the biological properties of these analogues. We have also investigated the folding and disulfide bridging patterns arising from different methods of oxidation of the linear peptide precursor. Finally, we report the X-ray crystal structure of ProTx-II to atomic resolution; to our knowledge this is the first crystal structure of an ICK spider venom peptide not bound to a substrate.
Introduction
Results and Discussion
Synthesis of (2R,6R)-(Allyl, Aloc/Fmoc)-Lanthionine (1)
Synthesis of Single Ring Truncated Analogues of ProTx-II Containing Thioether or Disulfide Bridges
Synthesis of Full-Length ProTx-II Analogues with One Disulfide Bridge Replaced by a Thioether Bridge
Biological Activity of ProTx-II and Analogues
Disulfide Connectivity and Conformation of wt ProTx-II Prepared by Different Oxidative Folding Methods
Investigation of Disulfide Bond Connectivities of the ProTx-II Peptides by Mass Spectrometry
Crystal Structure of ProTx-II
Conclusions
Experimental Section
General Experimental for Peptide Synthesis
Automated Peptide Synthesis
Manual Peptide Synthesis
Fmoc Deprotection
Amino Acid Coupling
Lanthionine Coupling
Allyl/Alloc Deprotection
Lanthionine Cyclization
Cleavage from the Resin
HPLC Purification
HPLC Analysis
HPLC Method A
HPLC Method B
ESI-MS Analysis
Single Ring Thioether Analogue 2a
Single Ring Thioether Analogue 3a
Single Ring Thioether Analogue 4a
Full-Length C-Terminal Thioether Analogue 12
Full-Length Middle Ring Thioether Analogue 13
Full-Length N-Terminal Thioether Analogue 14
Synthesis of ProTx-II
ProTx-II/7d
ProTx-II/24h
Automated and Manual Patch Clamp Assays
HPLC Analysis of ProTx-II Samples
NanoESI and IM-MS Analyses
Supporting Information
The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06506. The X-ray crystal structure of ProTx-II has been deposited in the Protein Data Bank with accession code 5O0U.
X-ray crystallographic data for ProTx-II (CIF)
Experimental procedures for the multigram-scale synthesis of protected lanthionine 1 and for the synthesis of peptides 2b, 3b, 4b, and 5b; 1H NMR spectra for key synthetic intermediates and for 1; mass spectral and HPLC data for all peptides after purification; crystallization and diffraction methods for ProTx-II; complete materials and methods, and full data from the patch clamp assays (PDF)
Terms & Conditions
Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.
Acknowledgment
We thank Eisai for a Ph.D. studentship (to Z.V.F.W.), the Wellcome Trust for a studentship (to S.M., 109073/Z/15/Z), the EPSRC for a studentship (to R.D.), and BBSRC/Waters for a CASE studentship (to A.C.). The G2Si ion mobility mass spectrometer was purchased with a grant from the Wellcome Trust (104913/Z/14/ZBM). Diffraction data were collected at the Berkeley Center for Structural Biology (Berkeley, CA). The Berkeley Center for Structural Biology is supported in part by the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The Advanced Light Source is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The Gonen laboratory is supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. We also thank Dr. Carolyn Hyde (Bio-Analysis Centre, London Bioscience Innovation Centre), Dr. Ian Kilford (Eisai), Prof. Rob Liskamp and Dr. Helmus Van De Langemheen (Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow), Dr. Abil Aliev, Dr. Jamie Baker and Prof. Erik Årstad (Department of Chemistry, UCL), Dr. Srinivasan Kanumilli, Dr. Tim Dale, and Dr. Derek Trezise (Essen Biosciences), and Dr. Daniel Konrad and Dr. Alexandra Illy (B’SYS GmbH) for numerous helpful discussions.
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39Flinspach, M.; Xu, Q.; Piekarz, A. D.; Fellows, R.; Hagan, R.; Gibbs, A.; Liu, Y.; Neff, R. A.; Freedman, J.; Eckert, W. A.; Zhou, M.; Bonesteel, R.; Pennington, M. W.; Eddinger, K. A.; Yaksh, T. L.; Hunter, M.; Swanson, R. V.; Wickenden, A. D. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 39662 DOI: 10.1038/srep39662Google Scholar39https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXkslGquw%253D%253D&md5=1da5e9d488eec322b2f771e9b21e731bInsensitivity to pain induced by a potent selective closed-state Nav1.7 inhibitorFlinspach, M.; Xu, Q.; Piekarz, A. D.; Fellows, R.; Hagan, R.; Gibbs, A.; Liu, Y.; Neff, R. A.; Freedman, J.; Eckert, W. A.; Zhou, M.; Bonesteel, R.; Pennington, M. W.; Eddinger, K. A.; Yaksh, T. L.; Hunter, M.; Swanson, R. V.; Wickenden, A. D.Scientific Reports (2017), 7 (), 39662CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)Pain places a devastating burden on patients and society and current pain therapeutics exhibit limitations in efficacy, unwanted side effects and the potential for drug abuse and diversion. Although genetic evidence has clearly demonstrated that the voltage-gated sodium channel, Nav1.7, is crit. to pain sensation in mammals, pharmacol. inhibitors of Nav1.7 have not yet fully recapitulated the dramatic analgesia obsd. in Nav1.7-null subjects. Using the tarantula venom-peptide ProTX-II as a scaffold, we engineered a library of over 1500 venom-derived peptides and identified JNJ63955918 as a potent, highly selective, closed-state Nav1.7 blocking peptide. Here we show that JNJ63955918 induces a pharmacol. insensitivity to pain that closely recapitulates key features of the Nav1.7-null phenotype seen in mice and humans. Our findings demonstrate that a high degree of selectivity, coupled with a closed-state dependent mechanism of action is required for strong efficacy and indicate that peptides such as JNJ63955918 and other suitably optimized Nav1.7 inhibitors may represent viable non-opioid alternatives for the pharmacol. treatment of severe pain.
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40Deuis, J. R.; Dekan, Z.; Wingerd, J. S.; Smith, J. J.; Munasinghe, N. R.; Bhola, R. F.; Imlach, W. L.; Herzig, V.; Armstrong, D. A.; Rosengren, K. J.; Bosmans, F.; Waxman, S. G.; Dib-Hajj, S. D.; Escoubas, P.; Minett, M. S.; Christie, M. J.; King, G. F.; Alewood, P. F.; Lewis, R. J.; Wood, J. N.; Vetter, I. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 40883 DOI: 10.1038/srep40883Google Scholar40https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsFams74%253D&md5=8b98535d8a9f5652f25391993c78d82ePharmacological characterisation of the highly NaV1.7 selective spider venom peptide Pn3aDeuis, Jennifer R.; Dekan, Zoltan; Wingerd, Joshua S.; Smith, Jennifer J.; Munasinghe, Nehan R.; Bhola, Rebecca F.; Imlach, Wendy L.; Herzig, Volker; Armstrong, David A.; Rosengren, K. Johan; Bosmans, Frank; Waxman, Stephen G.; Dib-Hajj, Sulayman D.; Escoubas, Pierre; Minett, Michael S.; Christie, Macdonald J.; King, Glenn F.; Alewood, Paul F.; Lewis, Richard J.; Wood, John N.; Vetter, IrinaScientific Reports (2017), 7 (), 40883CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)Human genetic studies have implicated the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of pain. A novel peptide, μ-theraphotoxin-Pn3a, isolated from venom of the tarantula Pamphobeteus nigricolor, potently inhibits NaV1.7 (IC50 0.9 nM) with at least 40-1000-fold selectivity over all other NaV subtypes. Despite on-target activity in small-diam. dorsal root ganglia, spinal slices, and in a mouse model of pain induced by NaV1.7 activation, Pn3a alone displayed no analgesic activity in formalin-, carrageenan- or FCA-induced pain in rodents when administered systemically. A broad lack of analgesic activity was also found for the selective NaV1.7 inhibitors PF-04856264 and phlotoxin 1. However, when administered with subtherapeutic doses of opioids or the enkephalinase inhibitor thiorphan, these subtype-selective NaV1.7 inhibitors produced profound analgesia. Our results suggest that in these inflammatory models, acute administration of peripherally restricted NaV1.7 inhibitors can only produce analgesia when administered in combination with an opioid.
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41Pedersen, S. L.; Tofteng, A. P.; Malik, L.; Jensen, K. J. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 1826 DOI: 10.1039/C1CS15214AGoogle ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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42Machauer, R.; Waldmann, H. Chem. - Eur. J. 2001, 7, 2933 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010702)7:13<2933::AID-CHEM2933>3.0.CO;2-EGoogle ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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43Mothia, B.; Appleyard, A. N.; Wadman, S.; Tabor, A. B. Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 4216 DOI: 10.1021/ol201548mGoogle ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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44Albericio, F.; Cases, M.; Alsina, J.; Triolo, S. A.; Carpino, L. A.; Kates, S. A. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 4853 DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4039(97)01011-3Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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45Wilson-Stanford, S.; Kalli, A.; Håkansson, K.; Kastrantas, J.; Orugunty, R. S.; Smith, L. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 75, 1381 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01864-08Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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46Johnson, T.; Quibell, M.; Sheppard, R. C. J. Pept. Sci. 1995, 1, 11 DOI: 10.1002/psc.310010104Google Scholar46https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2MXitFGgtLo%253D&md5=cfe7911391d6b59dac9bdaa81d4ff300N,O-bisFmoc derivatives of N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-amino acids: useful intermediates in peptide synthesisJohnson, Tony; Quibell, Martin; Sheppard, Robert C.Journal of Peptide Science (1995), 1 (Launch Issue), 11-25CODEN: JPSIEI; ISSN:1075-2617. (Wiley)2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl amino acid residues inhibit interchain assocn. in solid phase peptide synthesis. They are easily introduced through their N,O-bis-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) derivs. I (R = amino acid side chain). The prepn. of a range of these derivs. is described.
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47Postma, T. M.; Albericio, F. Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 616 DOI: 10.1021/ol303428dGoogle ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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48Park, J. H.; Carlin, K. P.; Wu, G.; Ilyin, V. I.; Kyle, D. J. J. Pept. Sci. 2012, 18, 442 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2407Google Scholar48https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XntFSksLc%253D&md5=8366e12953625ccbca09d385caaae18bCysteine racemization during the Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis of the Nav1.7-selective peptide - protoxin IIPark, Jae H.; Carlin, Kevin P.; Wu, Gang; Ilyin, Victor I.; Kyle, Donald J.Journal of Peptide Science (2012), 18 (7), 442-448CODEN: JPSIEI; ISSN:1075-2617. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)Protoxin II is a biol. active peptide contg. the inhibitory cystine knot motif. A synthetic version of the toxin was generated with std. Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. If N-methylmorpholine was used as a base during synthesis of the linear protoxin II, it was found that a significant amt. of racemization (approx. 50%) was obsd. during the process of cysteine residue coupling. This racemization could be suppressed by substituting N-methylmorpholine with 2,4,6-collidine. The crude linear toxin was then air oxidized and purified. Electrophysiol. assessment of the synthesized protoxin II confirmed its previously described interactions with voltage-gated sodium channels. Eight other naturally occurring inhibitory knot peptides were also synthesized using this same methodol. The inhibitory potencies of these synthesized toxins on Nav1.7 and Nav1.2 channels are summarized. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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49Annis, I.; Hargittai, B.; Barany, G. Methods Enzymol. 1997, 289, 198 DOI: 10.1016/S0076-6879(97)89049-0Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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50Steiner, A. M.; Bulaj, G. J. Pept. Sci. 2011, 17, 1 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1283Google Scholar50https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhsFyjtbzI&md5=ce1eb2f4f5b9989278a4c14e897a3cadOptimization of oxidative folding methods for cysteine-rich peptides: a study of conotoxins containing three disulfide bridgesSteiner, Andrew M.; Bulaj, GrzegorzJournal of Peptide Science (2011), 17 (1), 1-7CODEN: JPSIEI; ISSN:1075-2617. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)The oxidative folding of small, cysteine-rich peptides to selectively achieve the native disulfide bond connectivities is crit. for discovery and structure-function studies of many bioactive peptides. As the propensity to acquire the native conformation greatly depends on the peptide sequence, numerous empirical oxidn. are employed. The context-dependent optimization of these methods has thus far precluded a generalized oxidative folding protocol, in particular for peptides contg. more than two disulfides. Herein, the authors compare the efficacy of optimized soln.-phase and polymer-supported oxidn. using three disulfide-bridged conotoxins, namely μ-SIIIA, μ-KIIIA and ω-GVIA. The use of diselenide bridges as proxies for disulfide bridges is also evaluated. The authors propose the ClearOx-assisted oxidn. of selenopeptides as a fairly generalized oxidative folding protocol. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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51Khoo, K. K.; Gupta, K.; Green, B. R.; Zhang, M.-M.; Watkins, M.; Olivera, B. M.; Balaram, P.; Yoshikami, D.; Bulaj, G.; Norton, R. S. Biochemistry 2012, 51, 9826 DOI: 10.1021/bi301256sGoogle ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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52Shu, Q.; Lu, S.-H.; Gu, X.-C.; Liang, S.-P. Protein Sci. 2002, 11, 245 DOI: 10.1110/ps.30502Google Scholar52https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38XosFylsQ%253D%253D&md5=e03407bd8c527a573a1333fc75828b82The structure of spider toxin huwentoxin-II with unique disulfide linkage: evidence for structural evolutionShu, Qin; Lu, Shan-Yun; Gu, Xiao-Cheng; Liang, Song-PingProtein Science (2002), 11 (2), 245-252CODEN: PRCIEI; ISSN:0961-8368. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press)The three-dimensional structure of huwentoxin-II (HWTX-II), an insecticidal peptide purified from the venom of spider Selenocosmia huwena with a unique disulfide bond linkage as I-III, II-V, and IV-VI, has been detd. using 2D 1H-NMR. The resulting structure of HWTX-II contains two β-turns (C4-S7 and K24-W27) and a double-stranded antiparallel β-sheet (W27-C29 and C34-K36). Although the C-terminal double-stranded β-sheet cross-linked by two disulfide bonds (II-V and IV-VI in HWTX-II, II-V and III-VI in the ICK mols.) is conserved both in HWTX-II and the ICK mols., the structure of HWTX-II is unexpected absence of the cystine knot because of its unique disulfide linkage. It suggests that HWTX-II adopts a novel scaffold different from the ICK motif that is adopted by all other spider toxin structures elucidated thus far. Furthermore, the structure of HWTX-II, which conforms to the disulfide-directed β-hairpin (DDH) motif, not only supports the hypothesis that the ICK is a minor elaboration of the more ancestral DDH motif but also suggests that HWTX-II may have evolved from the same structural ancestor.
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53Thalassinos, K.; Grabenauer, M.; Slade, S. E.; Hilton, G. R.; Bowers, M. T.; Scrivens, J. H. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 248 DOI: 10.1021/ac801916hGoogle ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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54Santos, L. F.; Iglesias, A. H.; Pilau, E. J.; Gomes, A. F.; Gozzo, F. C. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2010, 21, 2062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.08.017Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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55Scarff, C. A.; Thalassinos, K.; Hilton, G. R.; Scrivens, J. H. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2008, 22, 3297 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3737Google Scholar55https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXhtleiu73F&md5=0bfffb5c5476f8ff3811113db6ce7ebcTravelling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry studies of protein structure: biological significance and comparison with X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurementsScarff, Charlotte A.; Thalassinos, Konstantinos; Hilton, Gillian R.; Scrivens, James H.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry (2008), 22 (20), 3297-3304CODEN: RCMSEF; ISSN:0951-4198. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)The three-dimensional conformation of a protein is central to its biol. function. The characterization of aspects of three-dimensional protein structure by mass spectrometry is an area of much interest as the gas-phase conformation, in many instances, can be related to that of the soln. phase. Traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry (TWIMS) was used to investigate the biol. significance of gas-phase protein structure. Protein stds. were analyzed by TWIMS under denaturing and near-physiol. solvent conditions and cross-sections estd. for the charge states obsd. Ests. of collision cross-sections were obtained with ref. to known stds. with published cross-sections. Estd. cross-sections were compared with values from published x-ray crystallog. and NMR spectroscopy structures. The cross-section measured by ion mobility mass spectrometry varies with charge state, allowing the unfolding transition of proteins in the gas phase to be studied. Cross-sections estd. exptl. for proteins studied, for charge states most indicative of native structure, are in good agreement with measurements calcd. from published x-ray and NMR structures. The relative stability of gas-phase structures has been investigated, for the proteins studied, based on their change in cross-section with increase in charge. These results illustrate that the TWIMS approach can provide data on three-dimensional protein structures of biol. relevance.
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56Murray, J. K.; Ligutti, J.; Liu, D.; Zou, A.; Poppe, L.; Li, H.; Andrews, K. L.; Moyer, B. D.; McDonough, S. I.; Favreau, P.; Stöcklin, R.; Miranda, L. P. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 2299 DOI: 10.1021/jm501765vGoogle ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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57Pulka-Ziach, K.; Pavet, V.; Chekkat, N.; Estieu-Gionnet; Rohac, R.; Lechner, M.-C.; Smulski, C.; Zeder-Lutz, G.; Altschuh, D.; Gronemeyer, H.; Fournel, S.; Odaert, B.; Guichard, G. ChemBioChem 2015, 16, 293 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402485Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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58Upert, G.; Mourier, G.; Pastor, A.; Verdenaud, M.; Alili, D.; Servent, D.; Gilles, N. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 8408 DOI: 10.1039/C4CC02679AGoogle ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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59Salamanca, S.; Chang, J.-Y. Protein J. 2006, 25, 275 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-006-9011-xGoogle Scholar59https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XhtVagsr3P&md5=9c0a035d27c6e634d2900ad7c0989923Pathway of oxidative folding of a 3-disulfide α-lactalbumin may resemble either BPTI model or hirudin modelSalamanca, Silvia; Chang, Jui-YoaProtein Journal (2006), 25 (4), 275-287CODEN: PJROAH; ISSN:1572-3887. (Springer)Pathways of oxidative folding of disulfide proteins display a high degree of diversity and vary among two extreme models. The BPTI model is defined by limited species of folding intermediates adopting mainly native disulfide bonds. The hirudin model is characterized by highly heterogeneous folding intermediates contg. mostly non-native disulfide bonds. The αLA-IIIA protein is a 3-disulfide variant of α-lactalbumin (αLA) with a 3-dimensional conformation essentially identical to that of intact αLA. The αLA-IIIA protein contains 3 native disulfide bonds of αLA, 2 of them are located at the Ca2+-binding β-subdomain (Cys61-Cys77 and Cys73-Cys91) and the 3rd bridge is located within the α-helical domain of the mol. (Cys28-Cys111). Here, the authors investigated the pathway of oxidative folding of fully reduced αLA-IIIA with and without stabilization of its β-subdomain by Ca2+ binding. In the absence of Ca2+, the folding pathway of αLA-IIIA was shown to resemble that of the hirudin model. Upon stabilization of the β-sheet domain by Ca2+ binding, the folding pathway of αLA-IIIA exhibited a striking similarity to that of the BPTI model. Three predominant folding intermediates of αLA-IIIA contg. exclusively native disulfide bonds were isolated and structurally characterized. The results further demonstrate that stabilization of subdomains in a protein may dictate its folding pathway and represent a major cause for the existing diversity in the folding pathways of the disulfide-contg. proteins.
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60Chang, J.-Y.; Li, L. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2005, 437, 85 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.02.031Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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61Lajoie, D. M.; Roberts, S. A.; Zobel-Thropp, P. A.; Delahaye, J. L.; Bandarian, V.; Binford, G. J.; Cordes, M. H. J. J. Biol. Chem. 2015, 290, 10994 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M115.636951Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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29Shcherbatko, A.; Rossi, A.; Foletti, D.; Zhu, G.; Bogin, O.; Casas, M. G.; Rickert, M.; Hasa-Moreno, A.; Bartsevich, V.; Crameri, A.; Steiner, A. R.; Henningsen, R.; Gill, A.; Pons, J.; Shelton, D. L.; Rajpal, A.; Strop, P. J. Biol. Chem. 2016, 291, 13974 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M116.725978There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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31Ferrat, G.; Darbon, H. Toxin Rev. 2005, 24, 361 DOI: 10.3109/1556954050916265931https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2MXhtVKitr3J&md5=72d2e4c136f20b5df727c96653ec867cAn overview of the three dimensional structure of short spider toxinsFerrat, G.; Darbon, H.Toxin Reviews (2005), 24 (3-4), 361-383CODEN: TROEC6; ISSN:1556-9543. (Taylor & Francis, Inc.)A review. Arthropods are one of the most diverse animal groups on the Earth. Spiders belong to this phylum and they are ancient animals with a history going back some three hundred million years. They are abundant, widespread, and natural controllers of insect populations. They use their venom to capture prey or to fight against predators. This venom is constituted of various peptides and enzymes with different activities. Among these proteins, toxic peptides are responsible for the macroscopic effect of the venom. Most of the toxins are known to interact with ion channels (mainly potassium channels, sodium channels, and calcium channels). These transmembrane mols. are ubiquitous in the cells. They underlie a broad range of the most basic biol. processes, from excitation and signaling to secretion and absorption. Like enzymes they are diverse and ubiquitous macromol. catalysts with high substrate specificity and subject to strong regulation. Animal toxins and, more specifically, spider toxins are effectors of these channels. Depending on the peptide, they have ability to block the channel by plugging into its pore of conduction, or by modifying the opening and closing capacity of the channels, binding on a few specific sites along the structure of the channel. Most of these peptides fold according to the overall same pattern, the inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) scaffold. Basically, it consists of a ring formed by a part of the backbone of the peptide and two disulfide bridges, penetrated by a third disulfide bridge. An addnl. disulfide bridge might be found in some toxins. Another fold has been found in a few toxins and has been described as the DDH scaffold. This motif lacks the knot and comprises an antiparallel β-hairpin stabilized by two conserved disulfide bridges. This paper will try to summarize the structural characteristics of the spider toxins for which the fold has been described in the literature.
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32Schmalhofer, W. A.; Calhoun, J.; Burrows, R.; Bailey, T.; Kohler, M. G.; Weinglass, A. B.; Kaczorowski, G. J.; Garcia, M. L.; Koltzenburg, M.; Priest, B. T. Mol. Pharmacol. 2008, 74, 1476 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.047670There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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33Cox, J. J.; Reimann, F.; Nicholas, A. K.; Thornton, G.; Roberts, E.; Springell, K.; Karbani, G.; Jafri, H.; Mannan, J.; Raashid, Y.; Al-Gazali, L.; Hamamy, H.; Valente, E. M.; Gorman, S.; Williams, R.; McHale, D. P.; Wood, J. N.; Gribble, F. M.; Woods, C. G. Nature 2006, 444, 894 DOI: 10.1038/nature05413There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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34Yang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Li, S.; Xu, Z.; Li, H.; Ma, L.; Fan, J.; Bu, D.; Liu, B.; Fan, Z.; Wu, G.; Jin, J.; Ding, B.; Zhu, X.; Shen, Y. J. Med. Genet. 2004, 41, 171 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2003.01215334https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2cXjtFCgsrw%253D&md5=bf4ca6710278dd25a4de4ac5d8fdab2fMutations in SCN9A, encoding a sodium channel alpha subunit, in patients with primary erythermalgiaYang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Li, S.; Xu, Z.; Li, H.; Ma, L.; Fan, J.; Bu, D.; Liu, B.; Fan, Z.; Wu, G.; Jin, J.; Ding, B.; Zhu, X.; Shen, Y.Journal of Medical Genetics (2004), 41 (3), 171-174CODEN: JMDGAE; ISSN:0022-2593. (BMJ Publishing Group)Primary erythermalgia is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by intermittent burning pain with redness and heat in the extremities. A previous study established the linkage of primary erythermalgia to a 7.94 cM interval on chromosome 2q, but the causative gene was not identified. We performed linkage anal. in a Chinese family with primary erythermalgia, and screened the mutations in the two candidate genes, SCN9A and GCA, in the family and a sporadic patient. Linkage anal. yielded a max. lod score of 2.11 for both markers D2S2370 and D2S2330. Based on crit. recombination events in two patients in the family, we further limited the genetic region to 5.98 cM between D2S2370 and D2S2345. We then identified two missense mutations in SCN9A in the family (T2573A) and the sporadic patient (T2543C). Our data suggest that mutations in SCN9A cause primary erythermalgia. SCN9A, encoding a voltage-gated sodium channel alpha subunit predominantly expressed in sensory and sympathetic neurons, may play an important role in nociception and vasomotor regulation.
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35Henriques, S. T.; Deplazes, E.; Lawrence, N.; Cheneval, O.; Chaousis, S.; Inserra, M.; Thongyoo, P.; King, G.; Mark, A. E.; Vetter, I.; Craik, D. J.; Schroeder, C. I. J. Biol. Chem. 2016, 291, 17049 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M116.729095There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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36Park, J. H.; Carlin, K. P.; Wu, G.; Ilyin, V. I.; Musza, L. L.; Blake, P. R.; Kyle, D. J. J. Med. Chem. 2014, 57, 6623 DOI: 10.1021/jm500687uThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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37Smith, J. J.; Cummins, T. R.; Alphy, S.; Blumenthal, K. M. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282, 12687 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M610462200There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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38Xiao, Y.; Blumenthal, K.; Jackson, J. O.; Liang, S.; Cummins, T. R. Mol. Pharmacol. 2010, 78, 1124 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.066332There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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39Flinspach, M.; Xu, Q.; Piekarz, A. D.; Fellows, R.; Hagan, R.; Gibbs, A.; Liu, Y.; Neff, R. A.; Freedman, J.; Eckert, W. A.; Zhou, M.; Bonesteel, R.; Pennington, M. W.; Eddinger, K. A.; Yaksh, T. L.; Hunter, M.; Swanson, R. V.; Wickenden, A. D. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 39662 DOI: 10.1038/srep3966239https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXkslGquw%253D%253D&md5=1da5e9d488eec322b2f771e9b21e731bInsensitivity to pain induced by a potent selective closed-state Nav1.7 inhibitorFlinspach, M.; Xu, Q.; Piekarz, A. D.; Fellows, R.; Hagan, R.; Gibbs, A.; Liu, Y.; Neff, R. A.; Freedman, J.; Eckert, W. A.; Zhou, M.; Bonesteel, R.; Pennington, M. W.; Eddinger, K. A.; Yaksh, T. L.; Hunter, M.; Swanson, R. V.; Wickenden, A. D.Scientific Reports (2017), 7 (), 39662CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)Pain places a devastating burden on patients and society and current pain therapeutics exhibit limitations in efficacy, unwanted side effects and the potential for drug abuse and diversion. Although genetic evidence has clearly demonstrated that the voltage-gated sodium channel, Nav1.7, is crit. to pain sensation in mammals, pharmacol. inhibitors of Nav1.7 have not yet fully recapitulated the dramatic analgesia obsd. in Nav1.7-null subjects. Using the tarantula venom-peptide ProTX-II as a scaffold, we engineered a library of over 1500 venom-derived peptides and identified JNJ63955918 as a potent, highly selective, closed-state Nav1.7 blocking peptide. Here we show that JNJ63955918 induces a pharmacol. insensitivity to pain that closely recapitulates key features of the Nav1.7-null phenotype seen in mice and humans. Our findings demonstrate that a high degree of selectivity, coupled with a closed-state dependent mechanism of action is required for strong efficacy and indicate that peptides such as JNJ63955918 and other suitably optimized Nav1.7 inhibitors may represent viable non-opioid alternatives for the pharmacol. treatment of severe pain.
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40Deuis, J. R.; Dekan, Z.; Wingerd, J. S.; Smith, J. J.; Munasinghe, N. R.; Bhola, R. F.; Imlach, W. L.; Herzig, V.; Armstrong, D. A.; Rosengren, K. J.; Bosmans, F.; Waxman, S. G.; Dib-Hajj, S. D.; Escoubas, P.; Minett, M. S.; Christie, M. J.; King, G. F.; Alewood, P. F.; Lewis, R. J.; Wood, J. N.; Vetter, I. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 40883 DOI: 10.1038/srep4088340https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsFams74%253D&md5=8b98535d8a9f5652f25391993c78d82ePharmacological characterisation of the highly NaV1.7 selective spider venom peptide Pn3aDeuis, Jennifer R.; Dekan, Zoltan; Wingerd, Joshua S.; Smith, Jennifer J.; Munasinghe, Nehan R.; Bhola, Rebecca F.; Imlach, Wendy L.; Herzig, Volker; Armstrong, David A.; Rosengren, K. Johan; Bosmans, Frank; Waxman, Stephen G.; Dib-Hajj, Sulayman D.; Escoubas, Pierre; Minett, Michael S.; Christie, Macdonald J.; King, Glenn F.; Alewood, Paul F.; Lewis, Richard J.; Wood, John N.; Vetter, IrinaScientific Reports (2017), 7 (), 40883CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)Human genetic studies have implicated the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of pain. A novel peptide, μ-theraphotoxin-Pn3a, isolated from venom of the tarantula Pamphobeteus nigricolor, potently inhibits NaV1.7 (IC50 0.9 nM) with at least 40-1000-fold selectivity over all other NaV subtypes. Despite on-target activity in small-diam. dorsal root ganglia, spinal slices, and in a mouse model of pain induced by NaV1.7 activation, Pn3a alone displayed no analgesic activity in formalin-, carrageenan- or FCA-induced pain in rodents when administered systemically. A broad lack of analgesic activity was also found for the selective NaV1.7 inhibitors PF-04856264 and phlotoxin 1. However, when administered with subtherapeutic doses of opioids or the enkephalinase inhibitor thiorphan, these subtype-selective NaV1.7 inhibitors produced profound analgesia. Our results suggest that in these inflammatory models, acute administration of peripherally restricted NaV1.7 inhibitors can only produce analgesia when administered in combination with an opioid.
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41Pedersen, S. L.; Tofteng, A. P.; Malik, L.; Jensen, K. J. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 1826 DOI: 10.1039/C1CS15214AThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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42Machauer, R.; Waldmann, H. Chem. - Eur. J. 2001, 7, 2933 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010702)7:13<2933::AID-CHEM2933>3.0.CO;2-EThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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43Mothia, B.; Appleyard, A. N.; Wadman, S.; Tabor, A. B. Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 4216 DOI: 10.1021/ol201548mThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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44Albericio, F.; Cases, M.; Alsina, J.; Triolo, S. A.; Carpino, L. A.; Kates, S. A. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 4853 DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4039(97)01011-3There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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45Wilson-Stanford, S.; Kalli, A.; Håkansson, K.; Kastrantas, J.; Orugunty, R. S.; Smith, L. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 75, 1381 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01864-08There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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46Johnson, T.; Quibell, M.; Sheppard, R. C. J. Pept. Sci. 1995, 1, 11 DOI: 10.1002/psc.31001010446https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2MXitFGgtLo%253D&md5=cfe7911391d6b59dac9bdaa81d4ff300N,O-bisFmoc derivatives of N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-amino acids: useful intermediates in peptide synthesisJohnson, Tony; Quibell, Martin; Sheppard, Robert C.Journal of Peptide Science (1995), 1 (Launch Issue), 11-25CODEN: JPSIEI; ISSN:1075-2617. (Wiley)2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl amino acid residues inhibit interchain assocn. in solid phase peptide synthesis. They are easily introduced through their N,O-bis-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) derivs. I (R = amino acid side chain). The prepn. of a range of these derivs. is described.
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47Postma, T. M.; Albericio, F. Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 616 DOI: 10.1021/ol303428dThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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48Park, J. H.; Carlin, K. P.; Wu, G.; Ilyin, V. I.; Kyle, D. J. J. Pept. Sci. 2012, 18, 442 DOI: 10.1002/psc.240748https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XntFSksLc%253D&md5=8366e12953625ccbca09d385caaae18bCysteine racemization during the Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis of the Nav1.7-selective peptide - protoxin IIPark, Jae H.; Carlin, Kevin P.; Wu, Gang; Ilyin, Victor I.; Kyle, Donald J.Journal of Peptide Science (2012), 18 (7), 442-448CODEN: JPSIEI; ISSN:1075-2617. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)Protoxin II is a biol. active peptide contg. the inhibitory cystine knot motif. A synthetic version of the toxin was generated with std. Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. If N-methylmorpholine was used as a base during synthesis of the linear protoxin II, it was found that a significant amt. of racemization (approx. 50%) was obsd. during the process of cysteine residue coupling. This racemization could be suppressed by substituting N-methylmorpholine with 2,4,6-collidine. The crude linear toxin was then air oxidized and purified. Electrophysiol. assessment of the synthesized protoxin II confirmed its previously described interactions with voltage-gated sodium channels. Eight other naturally occurring inhibitory knot peptides were also synthesized using this same methodol. The inhibitory potencies of these synthesized toxins on Nav1.7 and Nav1.2 channels are summarized. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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49Annis, I.; Hargittai, B.; Barany, G. Methods Enzymol. 1997, 289, 198 DOI: 10.1016/S0076-6879(97)89049-0There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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50Steiner, A. M.; Bulaj, G. J. Pept. Sci. 2011, 17, 1 DOI: 10.1002/psc.128350https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhsFyjtbzI&md5=ce1eb2f4f5b9989278a4c14e897a3cadOptimization of oxidative folding methods for cysteine-rich peptides: a study of conotoxins containing three disulfide bridgesSteiner, Andrew M.; Bulaj, GrzegorzJournal of Peptide Science (2011), 17 (1), 1-7CODEN: JPSIEI; ISSN:1075-2617. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)The oxidative folding of small, cysteine-rich peptides to selectively achieve the native disulfide bond connectivities is crit. for discovery and structure-function studies of many bioactive peptides. As the propensity to acquire the native conformation greatly depends on the peptide sequence, numerous empirical oxidn. are employed. The context-dependent optimization of these methods has thus far precluded a generalized oxidative folding protocol, in particular for peptides contg. more than two disulfides. Herein, the authors compare the efficacy of optimized soln.-phase and polymer-supported oxidn. using three disulfide-bridged conotoxins, namely μ-SIIIA, μ-KIIIA and ω-GVIA. The use of diselenide bridges as proxies for disulfide bridges is also evaluated. The authors propose the ClearOx-assisted oxidn. of selenopeptides as a fairly generalized oxidative folding protocol. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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51Khoo, K. K.; Gupta, K.; Green, B. R.; Zhang, M.-M.; Watkins, M.; Olivera, B. M.; Balaram, P.; Yoshikami, D.; Bulaj, G.; Norton, R. S. Biochemistry 2012, 51, 9826 DOI: 10.1021/bi301256sThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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52Shu, Q.; Lu, S.-H.; Gu, X.-C.; Liang, S.-P. Protein Sci. 2002, 11, 245 DOI: 10.1110/ps.3050252https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38XosFylsQ%253D%253D&md5=e03407bd8c527a573a1333fc75828b82The structure of spider toxin huwentoxin-II with unique disulfide linkage: evidence for structural evolutionShu, Qin; Lu, Shan-Yun; Gu, Xiao-Cheng; Liang, Song-PingProtein Science (2002), 11 (2), 245-252CODEN: PRCIEI; ISSN:0961-8368. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press)The three-dimensional structure of huwentoxin-II (HWTX-II), an insecticidal peptide purified from the venom of spider Selenocosmia huwena with a unique disulfide bond linkage as I-III, II-V, and IV-VI, has been detd. using 2D 1H-NMR. The resulting structure of HWTX-II contains two β-turns (C4-S7 and K24-W27) and a double-stranded antiparallel β-sheet (W27-C29 and C34-K36). Although the C-terminal double-stranded β-sheet cross-linked by two disulfide bonds (II-V and IV-VI in HWTX-II, II-V and III-VI in the ICK mols.) is conserved both in HWTX-II and the ICK mols., the structure of HWTX-II is unexpected absence of the cystine knot because of its unique disulfide linkage. It suggests that HWTX-II adopts a novel scaffold different from the ICK motif that is adopted by all other spider toxin structures elucidated thus far. Furthermore, the structure of HWTX-II, which conforms to the disulfide-directed β-hairpin (DDH) motif, not only supports the hypothesis that the ICK is a minor elaboration of the more ancestral DDH motif but also suggests that HWTX-II may have evolved from the same structural ancestor.
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53Thalassinos, K.; Grabenauer, M.; Slade, S. E.; Hilton, G. R.; Bowers, M. T.; Scrivens, J. H. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 248 DOI: 10.1021/ac801916hThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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54Santos, L. F.; Iglesias, A. H.; Pilau, E. J.; Gomes, A. F.; Gozzo, F. C. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2010, 21, 2062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.08.017There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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55Scarff, C. A.; Thalassinos, K.; Hilton, G. R.; Scrivens, J. H. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2008, 22, 3297 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.373755https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXhtleiu73F&md5=0bfffb5c5476f8ff3811113db6ce7ebcTravelling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry studies of protein structure: biological significance and comparison with X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurementsScarff, Charlotte A.; Thalassinos, Konstantinos; Hilton, Gillian R.; Scrivens, James H.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry (2008), 22 (20), 3297-3304CODEN: RCMSEF; ISSN:0951-4198. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)The three-dimensional conformation of a protein is central to its biol. function. The characterization of aspects of three-dimensional protein structure by mass spectrometry is an area of much interest as the gas-phase conformation, in many instances, can be related to that of the soln. phase. Traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry (TWIMS) was used to investigate the biol. significance of gas-phase protein structure. Protein stds. were analyzed by TWIMS under denaturing and near-physiol. solvent conditions and cross-sections estd. for the charge states obsd. Ests. of collision cross-sections were obtained with ref. to known stds. with published cross-sections. Estd. cross-sections were compared with values from published x-ray crystallog. and NMR spectroscopy structures. The cross-section measured by ion mobility mass spectrometry varies with charge state, allowing the unfolding transition of proteins in the gas phase to be studied. Cross-sections estd. exptl. for proteins studied, for charge states most indicative of native structure, are in good agreement with measurements calcd. from published x-ray and NMR structures. The relative stability of gas-phase structures has been investigated, for the proteins studied, based on their change in cross-section with increase in charge. These results illustrate that the TWIMS approach can provide data on three-dimensional protein structures of biol. relevance.
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56Murray, J. K.; Ligutti, J.; Liu, D.; Zou, A.; Poppe, L.; Li, H.; Andrews, K. L.; Moyer, B. D.; McDonough, S. I.; Favreau, P.; Stöcklin, R.; Miranda, L. P. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 2299 DOI: 10.1021/jm501765vThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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57Pulka-Ziach, K.; Pavet, V.; Chekkat, N.; Estieu-Gionnet; Rohac, R.; Lechner, M.-C.; Smulski, C.; Zeder-Lutz, G.; Altschuh, D.; Gronemeyer, H.; Fournel, S.; Odaert, B.; Guichard, G. ChemBioChem 2015, 16, 293 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402485There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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58Upert, G.; Mourier, G.; Pastor, A.; Verdenaud, M.; Alili, D.; Servent, D.; Gilles, N. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 8408 DOI: 10.1039/C4CC02679AThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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59Salamanca, S.; Chang, J.-Y. Protein J. 2006, 25, 275 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-006-9011-x59https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XhtVagsr3P&md5=9c0a035d27c6e634d2900ad7c0989923Pathway of oxidative folding of a 3-disulfide α-lactalbumin may resemble either BPTI model or hirudin modelSalamanca, Silvia; Chang, Jui-YoaProtein Journal (2006), 25 (4), 275-287CODEN: PJROAH; ISSN:1572-3887. (Springer)Pathways of oxidative folding of disulfide proteins display a high degree of diversity and vary among two extreme models. The BPTI model is defined by limited species of folding intermediates adopting mainly native disulfide bonds. The hirudin model is characterized by highly heterogeneous folding intermediates contg. mostly non-native disulfide bonds. The αLA-IIIA protein is a 3-disulfide variant of α-lactalbumin (αLA) with a 3-dimensional conformation essentially identical to that of intact αLA. The αLA-IIIA protein contains 3 native disulfide bonds of αLA, 2 of them are located at the Ca2+-binding β-subdomain (Cys61-Cys77 and Cys73-Cys91) and the 3rd bridge is located within the α-helical domain of the mol. (Cys28-Cys111). Here, the authors investigated the pathway of oxidative folding of fully reduced αLA-IIIA with and without stabilization of its β-subdomain by Ca2+ binding. In the absence of Ca2+, the folding pathway of αLA-IIIA was shown to resemble that of the hirudin model. Upon stabilization of the β-sheet domain by Ca2+ binding, the folding pathway of αLA-IIIA exhibited a striking similarity to that of the BPTI model. Three predominant folding intermediates of αLA-IIIA contg. exclusively native disulfide bonds were isolated and structurally characterized. The results further demonstrate that stabilization of subdomains in a protein may dictate its folding pathway and represent a major cause for the existing diversity in the folding pathways of the disulfide-contg. proteins.
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60Chang, J.-Y.; Li, L. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2005, 437, 85 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.02.031There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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61Lajoie, D. M.; Roberts, S. A.; Zobel-Thropp, P. A.; Delahaye, J. L.; Bandarian, V.; Binford, G. J.; Cordes, M. H. J. J. Biol. Chem. 2015, 290, 10994 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M115.636951There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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Supporting Information
Supporting Information
ARTICLE SECTIONS
The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06506. The X-ray crystal structure of ProTx-II has been deposited in the Protein Data Bank with accession code 5O0U.
X-ray crystallographic data for ProTx-II (CIF)
Experimental procedures for the multigram-scale synthesis of protected lanthionine 1 and for the synthesis of peptides 2b, 3b, 4b, and 5b; 1H NMR spectra for key synthetic intermediates and for 1; mass spectral and HPLC data for all peptides after purification; crystallization and diffraction methods for ProTx-II; complete materials and methods, and full data from the patch clamp assays (PDF)
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