http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1337-5827
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ABSTRACT
The Paris Agreement contains a separate article for loss and damage – an outcome that aligns with a central demand of many nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) at COP21. By shifting to a justice framing of loss and damage, NGOs were able to expand their mobilization and, in turn, enhance their influence. While it is not claimed that NGO advocacy was sufficient to produce the outcome, pathways by which issue framing can support increased NGO influence via persuasion and coercion are illustrated. First, the justice frame garnered additional media attention and raised the stakes should states fail to include the issue in the Paris Agreement. Second, the climate justice frame helped forge alliances with vulnerable countries and within civil society that enhanced bargaining. The findings contribute to theory building in NGO politics, connecting framing shifts to important outcomes in the global governance of climate change.
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Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1. For example, while human rights discourse may be a productive way to push for climate action as Nicholson and Chong (Citation2011) argue, those linking climate change and human rights may have used the term climate justice but were unrelated to the early climate justice movement.
2. This is based on NGOs’ statements to high-level segments of COP 18, 19, 20 and 21 available at: http://unfccc.int/meetings/paris_nov_2015/meeting/8926.php.
3. See, for example, The Guardian, ‘Green Groups Walk Out of the UN Climate Talks.’ Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/nov/21/mass-walk-out-un-climate-talks-warsaw.