On the basis of a comparison of Nearctic and Neotropical ants, social insects have been proposed to show a latitudinal gradient in colony size. Further, the “fasting endurance hypothesis,” which predicts larger colonies in areas with extended periods of low food availability, was proposed as the mechanism driving the gradient. To test the generality of the pattern and its mechanism, we examined the relationships between termite colony size and both latitude and annual evapotranspiration, a measure of plant productivity. We found no evidence that colony size increases with increasing latitude or decreasing plant productivity. We conclude that the pattern identified for ants cannot be generalized to include social insects as a whole. As is the case for ecogeographic gradients in insect body sizes, a pattern that is reported for one taxon may not be consistent for other taxa at the global level.