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Correlated Evolution of Dichogamy and Self‐Incompatibility: A Phylogenetic Perspective

Matthew B. Routley

1Author for correspondence; current address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada; fax 403‐2899311; e‐mail [email protected].

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Robert I. Bertin

*Department of Botany, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; and †Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610‐2395, U.S.A.

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, and

Brian C. Husband

*Department of Botany, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; and †Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610‐2395, U.S.A.

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*Department of Botany, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; and †Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610‐2395, U.S.A.

Abstract

Historically, dichogamy, the temporal separation of male and female function in flowering plants, has been interpreted as a mechanism for avoiding inbreeding. However, a comparative survey found that many dichogamous species are self‐incompatible (SI), indicating dichogamy evolved for other reasons. Here we reexamined the association between dichogamy and SI in a phylogenetic framework and tested the hypothesis that dichogamy evolved to reduce interference between male and female function. Using paired comparison and maximum likelihood correlation analyses, we found that protandry (male function first) is positively correlated with the presence of SI and protogyny (female function first) with self‐compatibility (SC). In addition, estimates of transition‐rate parameters indicated strong selection for the evolution of SC in protogynous taxa and a constraint against transitions from protandry to protogyny in SC taxa. We interpret these results as support for protandry evolving to reduce interference and protogyny to reduce inbreeding.

International Journal of Plant Sciences

Volume 165, Number 6November 2004

Article DOI

https://doi.org/10.1086/423881

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History

Received December 2003
June 2004

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