Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Do “central sensitization” questionnaires reflect measures of nociceptive sensitization or psychological constructs? A systematic review and meta-analyses

Adams, Greig R.^a; Gandhi, Wiebke^a; Harrison, Richard^a; van Reekum, Carien M.^a; Wood-Anderson, Desmond^b; Gilron, Ian^c; Salomons, Tim V.^a,b,*

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^aSchool of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom

^bDepartment of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada

^cDepartment of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada

^*Corresponding author. Address: Department of Psychology, Queen's University, 354 Humphrey Hall, 62 Arch St, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Tel.: (613) 533-2065. E-mail address: [email protected] (T. V. Salomons).

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PAIN 164(6):p 1222-1239, June 2023. | DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002830

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Abstract

Central sensitization (CS) is defined as an increased nociceptive responsiveness due to sensitization of neurons in the central nervous system, usually the result of prolonged nociceptive input or a disease state associated with noxious inputs (eg, polyarthritis). The concept of CS has recently been adopted in clinical assessments of chronic pain, but its diagnosis in humans may now include a wide range of hypervigilant responses. The purpose of this review is to ascertain whether self-report questionnaires linked with CS are associated with enhanced nociceptive responses or whether they measure sensitivity in a broader sense (ie, emotional responses). According to our published, PROSPERO-registered review protocol (CRD42021208731), a predefined search of studies that involve the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) or Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ), correlated with either nociceptive sensory tests or emotional hypervigilance was conducted on MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Correlations between the CSI or PSQ with our primary outcomes were extracted and meta-analysed. A review of 66 studies totalling 13,284 participants found that the CSI (but not the PSQ) strongly correlated with psychological constructs: depression, anxiety, stress, pain catastrophising, sleep, and kinesiophobia. The CSI and PSQ showed weak or no correlations with experimental measures of nociceptive sensitivity: pain thresholds, temporal summation, or conditioned pain modulation. The PSQ did, however, correlate strongly with phasic heat and tonic cold pain tests. The studies reviewed did not provide sufficient evidence that self-report measures reflect a canonical understanding of CS. The CSI more closely reflects psychological hypervigilance than increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons.