Implicit Attitude Measures: Consistency, Stability, and Convergent Validity
Abstract
In recent years, several techniques have been developed to measure implicit social cognition. Despite their increased use, little attention has been devoted to their reliability and validity. This article undertakes a direct assessment of the interitem consistency, stability, and convergent validity of some implicit attitude measures. Attitudes toward blacks and whites were measured on four separate occasions, each 2 weeks apart, using three relatively implicit measures (response-window evaluative priming, the Implicit Association Test, and the response-window Implicit Association Test) and one explicit measure (Modern Racism Scale). After correcting for interitem inconsistency with latent variable analyses, we found that (a) stability indices improved and (b) implicit measures were substantially correlated with each other, forming a single latent factor. The psychometric properties of response-latency implicit measures have greater integrity than recently suggested.
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The Validity of Implicit Association Test (IAT) Measures of Sexual Att...
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Implicit Nativist Attitudes, Social Desirability, and Immigration Poli...
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Context and culture in the socialization and development of personal a...
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Implicit gambling attitudes in problem gamblers: Positive but not nega...
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The Social Context of Racism
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Defining, Measuring, and Scaling Affective Constructs
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Values, Attitudes, and Ideologies: Explicit and Implicit Constructs Sh...
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Effects of emotional body language on rapid out-group judgments
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Reaction Time Measures in Implicit Attitudes Research
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Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem among adolesce...
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Implicit and Explicit Anti-Fat Bias among a Large Sample of Medical Do...
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Sequential Priming Measures of Implicit Social Cognition...
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Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking ...
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The Effect of Mortality Salience on Implicit Bias
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The Affect Misattribution Task Impacts Future Implicit and Explicit Ju...
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Do negative implicit associations indicate negative attitudes? Social ...
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Reply to Burchett, T.S. and Glenn, L.L. ‘Measurement validity of tests...
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Reliability of the Go/No Go Association Task
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Do Payment Mechanisms Change the Way Consumers Perceive Products?
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Bias in White: A Longitudinal Natural Experiment Measuring Changes in ...
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Policy Implications of Implicit Social Cognition
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Implicit Science Stereotypes Mediate the Relationship between Gender a...
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Combining Implicit and Explicit Methods for the Evaluation of an Ambie...
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The Assessment of Happiness in Adults and Children
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Not all implicit measures of attitudes are created equal: Evidence fro...
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Stakeholderpartizipation und Priorisierung – eine Betrachtung des norm...
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A Comparative Investigation of Seven Implicit Measures of Social Cogni...
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The When and How of Evaluative Readiness: A Social Cognitive Neuroscie...
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Induction of implicit evaluation biases by approach–avoidance training...
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Implicit Motivation to Control Prejudice and Exposure to Counterstereo...
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Drinking for relief: Negative affect increases automatic alcohol motiv...
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Development and validation of the Alcohol Identity Implicit Associatio...
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A Study on Consumers’ Brand Attitude on Private Brand(PB): The Role of...
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Are we really measuring what we think we're measuring? Assessing attit...
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Different Attitudes toward Humor between Chinese and American Students...
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An Overview of Implicit Measures of Attitudes: Methods, Mechanisms, St...
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Implicit Measures and Media Effects Research: Challenges and Opportuni...
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Conscious and Unconscious Information Processing with Implications for...
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The influence of general mental ability, self-esteem and family socioe...
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Reliability of Implicit Self–Esteem Measures Revisited
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Sexy But Often Unreliable: The Impact of Unreliability on the Replicab...
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Implicit Puritanism in American moral cognition
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Affective Focus Increases the Concordance Between Implicit and Explici...
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Policy Implications of Implicit Social Cognition
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Sex Matters: Gender and Prejudice in the Mutual Fund Industry
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Dynamiczna Teoria Postaw. O relacji postaw jawnych i utajonych
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Teacher Attitudes Toward Dyslexia: Effects on Teacher Expectations and...
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The language of implicit preferences
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An Assessment of Chronic Regulatory Focus Measures
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Response Conflict and Affective Responses in the Control and Expressio...
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Measurement of implicit and explicit attitudes toward Barack Obama
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Attitudes
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The Implicit Prejudiced Attitudes of Teachers...
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With a little help from my friends: Self‐interested and prosocial beha...
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Cognitive Inertia and the Implicit Association Test
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Narcissistic Fragility: Rethinking Its Links to Explicit and Implicit ...
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Implicit beliefs about self and nature: Evidence from an IAT game
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A social neuroscience approach to self and social categorisation: A ne...
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The Scientific Impotence Excuse: Discounting Belief‐Threatening Scient...
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Picture ‐IAT versus Word ‐IA...
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Gender Stereotyping and Affective Attitudes Towards Science in Chinese...
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The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure: Exploring the Impact of ...
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Three Indirect Tasks Assessing Implicit Threat Associations and Behavi...
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Using Community Data to Test the Discriminant Validity of Ethnic/Racia...
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Ingroup Identity Moderates the Impact of Social Explanations on Interg...
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Understanding the relation between explicitly and implicitly measured ...
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An implicit measure of anti-gay attitudes: Prospective associations wi...
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Development of an Implicit Overall Well-Being Measure Using the Implic...
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Measuring Child Molesters' Implicit Cognitions about Self and Children
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Effects of Intravenous Ketamine on Explicit and Implicit Measures of S...
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Fear Conditioning and Social Groups: Statistics, Not Genetics
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An integrated threat model of explicit and implicit attitudes
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A Meta-Analysis on the Malleability of Automatic Gender Stereotypes
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Implicit Measurement of Sexual Associations in Child Sex Abusers...
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On Assessing the Political Effects of Racial Prejudice
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The Nature of Contemporary Prejudice: Insights from Aversive Racism
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Self-Categorization With a Novel Mixed-Race Group Moderates Automatic ...
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Explicit Reasons for Examining the Implicit Motive System
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Accessibility of salient beliefs about the outcomes of physical activi...
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Implicit Attitudes Towards Feminism
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The role of implicit and explicit components of exerciser self-schema ...
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The Sorting Paired Features Task
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Whiteness as Pathological Narcissism
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Affect Misattribution Procedure as an Implicit Goal Measure :
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The Influence of Religious Fundamentalism, Right-Wing Authoritarianism...
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Assessing the impact of replication on implicit association test effec...
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Implicit Perceptions of Risk and Anxiety and Pilot Involvement in Haza...
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Empathy, Prejudice, and Fostering Tolerance
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When and why do implicit measures predict behaviour? Empirical evidenc...
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Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Enhancement in Self-Recognition
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Varieties of Social Cognition
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Reliability and validity of the Single‐Target IAT (ST‐IAT): assessing ...
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The Rorschach in the Context of Performance-Based Personality Assessme...
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Implicit and Explicit Measurements of Sexual Preference in Gay and Het...
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The Role of Parenthood and College Education in the Self-Concept of Co...
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Unconscious Racism: A Concept in Pursuit of a Measure
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Can Evaluative Conditioning Change Attitudes toward Mature Brands? New...
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Is Kate Winslet more American than Lucy Liu? The impact of construal p...
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Predicting the Vote: Implicit Attitudes as Predictors of the Future Be...
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A paper-format group performance test for measuring the implicit assoc...
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Racial Cognition and the Ethics of Implicit Bias
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Automatic attitudes and alcohol: Does implicit liking predict drinking...
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Attitudes and the Study of Human Dimensions of Wildlife
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Implicit motivation to control prejudice
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Response Interference as a Mechanism Underlying Implicit Measures
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13 Ethical Decision Making: Where We’ve Been and Where We’re Going
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13 Ethical Decision Making: Where We’ve Been and Where We’re Going
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Implicit attitudes to smoking are associated with craving and dependen...
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Implicit Social Cognition and Law
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Mindfulness as a moderator of the effect of implicit motivational self...
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Is there a general task switching ability?
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Testing for effects of racial attitudes and visual contrast on the spe...
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Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes
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The Influence of Multicultural Training on Perceived Multicultural Cou...
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Influence of motherhood on the implicit academic self-concept of femal...
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Implicit stereotypes and women’s math performance: How implicit gender...
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Characterizing sequence knowledge using online measures and hidden Mar...
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Implicit Identification with Academic Achievement among Latino College...
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Discrimination and the Implicit Association Test
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What Do Implicit Measures Tell Us?: Scrutinizing the Validity of Three...
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Self, Identity, and the Natural Environment: Exploring Implicit Connec...
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Editorial: Implicit representations and personality
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Direct and Indirect Assessment of Gender Role Identification
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Faulty assumptions: A comment on Blanton, Jaccard, Gonzales, and Chris...
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Implicit Attitudes Toward Arab-Muslims and the Moderating Effects of S...
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Indirect Assessment of Cognitions of Child Sexual Abusers With the Imp...
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Contact, Perspective Taking, and Anxiety as Predictors of Stereotype E...
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Children and social groups: A developmental analysis of implicit consi...
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College education and motherhood as components of self-concept: Discre...
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Measuring Fear of Movement/(Re)injury in Chronic Low Back Pain Using I...
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Attentional re‐training decreases attentional bias in heavy drinkers w...
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Automatic and controlled processes and the development of addictive be...
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Chapter 18 Antidiscrimination Law
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A Multitrait-Multimethod Validation of the Implicit Association Test
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Cognitive Processes in the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task
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Implicit Infantilizing Attitudes About Disability
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Implicit and Explicit Occupational Gender Stereotypes
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Agreeableness and the prolonged spatial processing of antisocial and p...
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Pay attention! Attention to the primes increases attitude assessment a...
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Implicit Measurement of Attitudes, Stereotypes, and Self-Concepts in O...
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Development and initial validation of an implicit measure of humility ...
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Individual Differences in Automatic and Controlled Regulation of Emoti...
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Positive Associations Among Interpersonal Contact, Motivation, and Imp...
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Are “implicit” attitudes unconscious?
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THE COST OF BEING BLACK: White Americans' Perceptions and the Question...
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Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative ...
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Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: Conceptual, emp...
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Measuring Responses to Commercials: A Projective-elicitation Approach
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Beauty in the "I" of the Beholder: Effects of Idealized Media Portraya...
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From American City to Japanese Village: A Cross‐Cultural Investigation...
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Loving, Hating, Vacillating: Agreeableness, Implicit Self‐Esteem, and ...
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Implicit Attitudes Toward Nuclear Power and Mobile Phone Base Stations...
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Are members of low status groups perceived as bad, or badly off? Egali...
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Implicit bicultural identity among Mexican American and Asian American...
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The inferiority complex in paranoia readdressed: A study with the Impl...
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L’IAT (Implicit Association Test) ou la mesure des cognitions sociales...
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Attitudes to fluorosis and dental caries by a response latency method
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Culture and Cultural Worldviews: Do Verbal Descriptions about Culture ...
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Do features of stimuli influence IAT effects?
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Black and White: The Role of Color Bias in Implicit Race Bias
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Discrepancies Between Implicit and Explicit Self‐Esteem: Implications ...
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Indirect Assessment of Attitudes with Response-Time-Based Measures
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Moderatoren der Konsistenz implizit und explizit erfasster Einstellung...
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A Test of the Salience Asymmetry Interpretation of the Alcohol-IAT
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The development and psychometric validation of the Disability Attitude...
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Unresolved problems with the “I”, the “A”, and the “T”: A logical and ...
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Consumer Action
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MEASURING SOCIAL STEREOTYPES WITH THE PHOTO PROJECTIVE METHOD
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Can Television Change Anti‐Fat Attitudes and Behavior?1
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Faking the IAT: Aided and Unaided Response Control on the Implicit Ass...
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Moderators of the Relationship Between Implicit and Explicit Evaluatio...
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A Meta-Analysis on the Correlation Between the Implicit Association Te...
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Separating Multiple Processes in Implicit Social Cognition: The Quad M...
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Conceptualizing Control in Social Cognition: How Executive Functioning...
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Extraversion, Threat Categorizations, and Negative Affect: A Reaction ...
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An inkblot for attitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measuremen...
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Smoking and the Implicit Association Test: When the Contrast Category ...
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L'effet du statut du groupe d'appartenance sur les attitudes ethniques...
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White Selves: Conceptualizing and Measuring a Dominant-Group Identity.
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Indirectly measuring evaluations of several attitude objects in relati...
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Présentation et applications des mesures implicites de restitution mém...
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The impact of implicit prejudice about the elderly on the reaction to ...
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Gender Picture Priming: It Works with Denotative and Connotative Prime...
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Does the compatibility effect in the race Implicit Association Test re...
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The relationship between parental racial attitudes and children’s impl...
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A Tale of Two Visions: Can a New View of Personality Help Integrate Ps...
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On the predictive validity of implicit attitude measures: The moderati...
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Social Norms and Self‐Presentation: Children's Implicit and Explicit I...
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Patterns and Personality Correlates of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes...
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Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method Vari...
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At first sight: how do restrained eaters evaluate high-fat palatable f...
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Temporal Stability of the Implicit Association Test-Anxiety
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How Dissociated Are Implicit and Explicit Racial Attitudes? A Bogus Pi...
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Over Thirty Years Later: A Contemporary Look at Symbolic Racism
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A Latent State-Trait Analysis of Implicit and Explicit Personality Mea...
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American = White?
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Measuring Affective Clarity Indirectly: Individual Differences in Resp...
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What moderates implicit—explicit consistency?
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Separable Neural Components in the Processing of Black and White Faces
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The Implicit Association Test's D Measure ...
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Tracking the Timecourse of Social Perception: The Effects of Racial Cu...
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Implicit and Explicit Ethnocentrism: Revisiting the Ideologies of Prej...
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TARGET ARTICLE: Attributions of Implicit Prejudice, or "Would Jesse Ja...
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Does the Implicit Association Test for assessing anxiety measure trait...
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Assessment of multiple implicit self‐concept dimensions using the Extr...
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Effects of External and Internal Motivation to Control Prejudice on Im...
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Implicit Attitudes as Potential Protection From Risky Sex: Predicting ...
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Increasing Implicit Self-Esteem Through Classical Conditioning
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Der Implizite Assoziationstest als Maß automatisch aktivierter Assozia...
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Contextual Moderation of Racial Bias: The Impact of Social Roles on Co...
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Reducing the Influence of Extrapersonal Associations on the Implicit A...
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Gendered Language and Sexist Thought
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GENDERED LANGUAGE AND SEXIST THOUGHT
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RESEARCH: The Automatic Activation of Religious Concepts: Implications...
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RESEARCH: Christian Orthodoxy, Religious Fundamentalism, and Right-Win...
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Implicit connections with nature
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Implicit cognition and the maintenance and treatment of major depressi...
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Expanding the Scope of the Social Response Context Model
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Using Partially Structured Attitude Measures to Enhance the Attitude-B...
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Measuring Self-Esteem using the Implicit Association Test: The Role of...
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On the Automatic Evaluation of Social Exemplars.
-
How to Change Implicit Drug Use-Related Cognitions in Prevention: A Tr...
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The development of the measurement of Individual Differences in Implic...
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On Using Questionnaires to Measure Attitudes
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Is the Implicit Association Test a Valid and Valuable Measure of Impli...
-
Relations Between Implicit Measures of Prejudice...
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The Persuasiveness of Racial Arguments as a Subtle Measure of Racism
-
Alcohol-related motivational tendencies in hazardous drinkers: assessi...
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Biased Against “Them” More Than “Him”: Stereotype Use In Group-Directe...
-
Gender differences in implicit weight identity
-
Gender differences in implicit prejudice
-
Perceiving ingroup members who use stereotypes: implicit conformity an...
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Implicit Measures in Social Cognition Research: Their Meaning and Use
-
Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Cigarette Smoking: the Effects ...
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Black Americans' Implicit Racial Associations And Their Implications f...
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The Palm IAT: A portable version of the implicit association task
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Intact performance on an indirect measure of race bias following amygd...
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Implicit Association Test: Separating Transsituationally Stable and Va...
-
The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychologic...
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Method-Specific Variance in the Implicit Association Test.
-
A justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of ...
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Predictive validity of an implicit association test for assessing anxi...
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A Cognitive Skill Confound on the Implicit Association Test
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Implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in heavy and light dr...
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What Does the Implicit Association Test Measure? A Test of the Converg...
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What Does the Implicit Association Test Measure? A Test of the Converg...
-
Math = male, me = female, therefore math ≠ me.
-
The Implicit Association Test as a tool for studying dysfunctional ass...
-
Subgroup Prejudice Based on Skin Color Among Hispanics in the United S...
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To Parcel or Not to Parcel: Exploring the Question, Weighing the Merit...
-
Intergroup Bias
-
Double dissociation between implicit and explicit personality self-con...
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A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and ...
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Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration w...
-
Implicit anxiety measure predicts cardiovascular reactivity to an eval...
-
The Go/No-Go Association Task
-
Taking a Look Underground: Detecting, Interpreting, and Reacting to Im...
-
Angewandte Sozialpsychologie
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