Searching for Belonging – An Analytical Framework
Marco Antonsich
School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham
Search for more papers by this authorMarco Antonsich
School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Belonging is a notion both vaguely defined and ill-theorized. Scholars in various social disciplines often take this notion for granted, as if its meaning is somewhat self-explanatory. Others tend to equate it with the notion of identity, citizenship, or both. By relying on a critical reading of an extensive literature across academic disciplines, this study aims to offer an analytical framework for the study of belonging. I argue that belonging should be analyzed both as a personal, intimate, feeling of being ‘at home’ in a place (place-belongingness) and as a discursive resource that constructs, claims, justifies, or resists forms of socio-spatial inclusion/exclusion (politics of belonging). The risk of focusing only on one of these two dimensions is to fall in the trap of either a socially de-contextualized individualism or an all-encompassing social(izing) discourse. The open question is whether the increasing cultural and ethnic diversification of contemporary societies can lead to the formation of communities of belonging beyond communities of identity.
References
- Ager, A. and Strang, A. (2004). The Experience of Integration: A Qualitative Study of Refugee Integration in the Local Communities of Pollokshaws and Islington. London: Home Office Online Report 55/04. [Online]. Retrieved on 28 October 2009 from: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs04/rdsolr5504.pdf
- Alexander, C. L. (2008). Safety, fear and belonging: the everyday realities of civic identity formation in Fenham, Newcastle upon Tyne. ACME 7 (2), pp. 173–198.
- Ameli, S. R. and Merali, A. (2004). British Muslims’ Expectations of the Government. Wembley: Islamic Human Rights Commission.
- Amin, A. (2002). Ethnicity and the multicultural city: living with diversity. Environment and Planning A 34, pp. 959–980.
- Amin, A. (2005). Take the White out of the Union Jack. Paper delivered at the conference on Politics and Ethnicity, Merton College, Oxford: Oxford University.
- Anderson, K. and Smith, S. J. (2001). Emotional geographies. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 26, pp. 7–10.
- Anderson, K. and Taylor, A. (2005). Exclusionary politics and the question of national belonging: Australian ethnicities in ‘multiscalar’ focus. Ethnicities 5 (4), pp. 460–485.
- Anthias, F. (2006). Belongings in a globalising and unequal world: rethinking translocations. In: N. Yuval-Davis, K. Kannabiran and U. Vieten (eds) The Situated Politics of Belonging. London: Sage Publications, pp. 17–31.
10.4135/9781446213490.n2 Google Scholar
- Antonsich, M. (2009). On territory, the nation-state and the crisis of the hyphen. Progress in Human Geography 33 (6) (forthcoming).
- Antonsich, M. (2010). Meanings of place and aspects of the Self: an interdisciplinary and empirical account. GeoJournal (forthcoming).
10.1007/s10708-009-9290-9 Google Scholar
- Arcidiacono, C., Procentese, F. and I. Di Napoli (2007). Youth, community belonging, planning and power. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 17, pp. 280–295.
- Armstrong, W. (1998). Belonging, Ethnic Diversity and Everyday Experience: Co-Existing Identities on the Italo-Slovene Frontier. Montreal: McGill University. [Online]. Retrieved on 28 December 2009 from: http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/Armstrong.PDF
- Back, L., Cohen, P., et al. (1999). Between Home and Belonging: Cultural Ethnographies of Race, Place and Identity. Dagenham: Center for New Ethnicities Research.
- Bauböck, R. (2005). Theorizing identity politics, belonging modes and citizenship. In: H. G. Sicakkan and Y. Lithman (eds) Preface. New York: Edwin Mellen Press, pp. iii–vii.
- Baumeister, R. F. and Leary, M. R. (1995). Need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin 117 (3), pp. 497–529.
- Beck, U. (2003). The analysis of global inequality: from national to cosmopolitan perspective. In: M. Kaldor, H. Anheier and M. Glasius (eds) Global Civil Society 2003. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 45–55.
- Bell, A. (2009). Dilemmas of settler belonging: roots, routes and redemption in New Zealand national identity claims. The Sociological Review 57 (1), pp. 145–162.
- V. Bell (ed.) (1999a). Performativity and Belonging. London: Sage.
- Bell, V. (1999b). Performativity and belonging. An introduction. Theory, Culture & Society 16 (2), pp. 1–10.
- Bhabha, J. (1999). Belonging in Europe: citizenship and post-national rights. International Social Science Journal 51 (1), pp. 11–23.
- Bhambra, G. K. (2006). Culture, identity and rights: challenging contemporary discourses of belonging. In: N. Yuval-Davis, K. Kannabiran and U. Vieten (eds) The Situated Politics of Belonging. London: Sage Publications, pp. 32–41.
10.4135/9781446213490.n3 Google Scholar
- Bhimji, F. (2008). Cosmopolitan belonging and diaspora: second-generation British Muslim women travelling to South Asia. Citizenship Studies 12 (4), pp. 413–427.
10.1080/13621020802184259 Google Scholar
- Blunt, A. and Dowling, R. M. (2006). Home. London: Routledge.
10.4324/9780203401354 Google Scholar
- Bond, R. (2006). Belonging and becoming: national identity and exclusion. Sociology 40 (4), pp. 609–626.
- Brettell, C. B. (2006). Political belonging and cultural belonging. Immigration status, citizenship, and identity among four immigrant populations in a Soutwestern city. American Behavioral Scientist 50 (1), pp. 70–99.
- Bromley, R. (2000). Narratives for a New Belonging. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Buonfino, A. and Thomson, L. (2007). Belonging in Contemporary Britain. London: Commission on Integration and Cohesion.
- A. Buttimer and D. Seamon (eds) (1980). The Human Experience of Space and Place. London: Croom Helm.
- Calhoun, C. (2003). ‘Belonging’ in the cosmopolitan imaginary. Ethnicities 3 (4), pp. 531–568.
10.1177/1468796803003004005 Google Scholar
- Carrillo Rowe, A. (2005). Be longing: toward a feminist politics of relation. NWSA Journal 17 (2), pp. 15–37.
10.2979/NWS.2005.17.2.15 Google Scholar
- Castles, S. and Davidson, A. (2000). Citizenship and Migration. Globalization and the Politics of Belonging. New York: Routledge.
- Chow, H. P. H. (2007). Sense of belonging and life satisfaction among Hong Kong adolescent immigrants in Canada. Journal of Ethic and Migration Studies 33 (3), pp. 511–520.
- F. Christiansen and U. Hedetoft (eds) (2004). The Politics of Multiple Belonging: Ethnicity and Nationalism in Europe and East Asia. London: Ashgate.
- Clark, J. (2009). Nation-state belonging among Asian Australians and the question of transnationalism. Current Sociology 57 (1), pp. 27–46.
- A. P. Cohen (ed.) (1982a). Belonging. Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Cohen, A. P. (1982b). Belonging: the experience of culture. In: A. P. Cohen (eds) Belonging. Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures. Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 1–17.
- Colombo, E., Leonini, L., et al. (2009). Different but not stranger: everyday collective identifications among adolescent children of immigrants in Italy. Journal of Ethic and Migration Studies 35 (1), pp. 37–59.
- Conradson, D. (2005). Freedom, space and perspective: moving encounters with other ecologies. In: J. Davidson, L. Bondi and M. Smith (eds) Emotional Geographies. Aldershot: Ashgate, pp. 103–116.
- Conway, D., Potter, R. B., et al. (2008). Dual citizenship or dual identity? Does ‘transnationalism’ supplant ‘nationalism’ among returning Trinidadians? Global Networks 8 (4), pp. 373–397.
- Croucher, S. L. (2004). Globalization and Belonging. The Politics of Identity in a Changing World. Boulder: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Crowley, J. (1999). The politics of belonging: some theoretical considerations. In: A. Geddes and A. Favell (eds) The Politics of Belonging: Migrants and Minorities in Contemporary Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate, pp. 15–41.
- Cuba, L. and Hummon, D. M. (1993). A place to call home: identification with dwelling, community, and region. The Sociological Quarterly 34 (1), pp. 111–131.
- J. Davidson, L. Bondi and M. Smith (eds) (2005). Emotional Geographies. Aldershot: Ashgate.
- Diener, A. (2007). Negotiating territorial belonging: a transnational social field perspective on Mongolia’s Kazakhs. Geopolitics 12 (3), pp. 459–487.
- Diprose, R. (2008). “Where’ your people from, girl?”: belonging to Race, Gender, and Place Beneath Clouds. Differences-a Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 19 (3), pp. 28–58.
- Dixon, J. and Durrheim, K. (2000). Displacing place-identity: a discursive approach to locating self and other. British Journal of Social Psychology 39, pp. 27–44.
- Dixon, J. and Durrheim, K. (2004). Dislocating identity: desegregation and the transformation of place. Journal of Environmental Psychology 24, pp. 455–473.
- Dorling, D., Vickers, D., et al. (2008). Changing UK. The Way We Live Now. Sheffield: University of Sheffield.
- Dragojlovic, A. (2008). Reframing the nation: migration, borders and belonging. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 9 (4), pp. 279–284.
- Duruz, J. (2002). Rewriting the village: geographies of food and belonging in Clovelly, Australia. Cultural Geographies 9 (4), pp. 373–388.
- Ehrkamp, P. (2005a). Placing identities: transnational practices and local attachments of Turkish immigrants in Germany. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31 (2), pp. 345–364.
- Ehrkamp, P. (2005b). “We Turks are no Germans’’: assimilation discourses and the dialectical construction of identities in Germany. Environment and Planning A 38, pp. 1673–1692.
- Ehrkamp, P. and Leitner, H. (2006). Rethinking immigration and citizenship: new spaces of migrant transnationalism and belonging. Environment and Planning A 38, pp. 1591–1597.
- Environment and Planning A (2009). Geographies of belonging. Environment and Planning A 41 (4), pp. 772–858.
- Ervine, J. (2008). Citizenship and belonging in suburban France: the music of Zebda. ACME 7 (2), pp. 199–213.
- Fahrmeir, A. and Jones, H. S. (2008). Space and belonging in modern Europe: citizenship(s) in localities, regions, and states. European Review of History 15 (3), pp. 243–253.
- Fenster, T. (2004). Belonging, memory and the politics of planning in Israel. Social & Cultural Geography 4 (3), pp. 403–417.
- Fenster, T. (2005). Gender and the city: the different formations of belonging. In: L. Nelson and J. Seager (eds) A Companion to Feminist Geography. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 242–257.
10.1002/9780470996898.ch17 Google Scholar
- Fenster, T. and Vizel, I. (2006). Practices of belonging in a reality of deportation: African churches in Tel Aviv Jaffa’. Hagar: Studies in Culture, Polity and Identities 7 (1), pp. 7–24.
- Fortier, A.-M. (1997). Re-membering places and the performance of belonging(s). Theory, Culture & Society 16 (2), pp. 41–64.
- Fortier, A.-M. (2000). Migrant Belongings. Memory, Space, Identity. Oxford: Berg.
- Fox, J. E. (2006). Consuming the nation: holidays, sports, and the production of collective belonging. Ethnic and Racial Studies 29 (2), pp. 217–236.
- Game, A. (2001). Belonging: experience in sacred time and space. In: J. May and N. Thrift (eds) Timespace: Geographies of Temporality. London: Routledge, pp. 226–240.
- A. Geddes and A. Favell (eds) (1999). The Politics of Belonging: Migrants and Minorities in Contemporary Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate.
- Getrich, C. M. (2008). Negotiating boundaries of social belonging. Second-generation Mexican youth and the immigrant rights protests of 2006. American Behavioral Scientist 52 (4), pp. 533–556.
- Gilmartin, M. (2008). Migration, identity, belonging. Geography Compass 2 (6), pp. 1837–1852.
10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00162.x Google Scholar
- Giuliani, M. V. and Feldman, R. (1993). Place attachment in a developmental and cultural context. Journal of Environmental Psychology 13, pp. 267–274.
- D. Gregory, R. J. Johnston, et al. (eds) (2009). Dictionary of Human Geography. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Gubert, R. (2000). Territorial belonging. In: E. F. Borgatta and R. J. V. Montgomery (eds) Encyclopedia of Sociology. New York: Macmillan, vol. 5, pp. 3128–3137.
- Gustafson, P. (2009). Mobility and territorial belonging. Environment and Behavior 41 (4), pp. 490–508.
- Hampshire, J. (2005). Citizenship and Belonging. Immigration and the Politics of Demographic Governance in Postwar Britain. London: Palgrave.
- Hartnell, H. E. (2006). Belonging: citizenship and migration in the European Union and in Germany. Berkeley Journal of International Law 24 (1), pp. 330–400.
- Hay, R. (1998). Sense of place in developmental context. Journal of Environmental Psychology 18, pp. 5–29.
- Hernandez, B., Hidalgo, C. M., et al. (2007). Place attachment and place identity in natives and non-natives. Journal of Environmental Psychology 27, pp. 310–319.
- Hickman, M., et al. (2008). Immigration and Social Cohesion in the UK. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
- Ho, E. L.-E. (2006). Negotiating belonging and perceptions of citizenship in a transnational world: Singapore, a cosmopolis? Social & Cultural Geography 7 (3), pp. 385–401.
- Ho, E. L.-E. (2009). Constituting citizenship through the emotions: Singaporean transmigrants in London. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99 (4), pp. 788–804.
- Hooks, B. (2009). Belonging: A Culture of Place. New York: Routledge.
10.4324/9780203888018 Google Scholar
- Ignatieff, M. (1994). Blood and Belonging. Journeys Into the new Nationalism. London: Vintage.
- Ilcan, S. (2002). Longing in Belonging. The Cultural Politics of Settlement. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
- Instone, L. (2009). Northern belongings: frontiers, fences, and identities in Australia’s urban north. Environment and Planning A 41 (4), pp. 827–841.
- Jayaweera, H. and Choudhury, T. (2008). Immigration, Faith and Cohesion. Immigration and Inclusion. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
- Johnston, R. (2005). Book review: boundaries and belonging. Progress in Human Geography 29, pp. 109–110.
- Jones, P. R. and Krzyzanowski, M. (2007). Identity, belonging and migration: beyond describing ‘others’. In: G. Delanty, R. Wodak and P. R. Jones (eds) Identity, Belonging and Migration. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
- Kannabiran, K., Vieten, U. M., et al. (2006). Boundaries, identities and borders: exploring the cultural production of belonging - Introduction. Patterns of Prejudice 40 (3), pp. 189–195.
- W. Kaplan (ed.) (1993). Belonging: The Meaning and Future of Canadian Citizenship. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
- Kiely, R., Bechhofer, F., et al. (2005). Birth, blood and belonging: identity claims in post-devolution Scotland. Sociological Review 53 (1), pp. 150–171.
- Krzyzanowski, M. and Wodak, R. (2007). Multiple identities, migration and belonging: ‘Voices of migrants’. In: C. Caldas-Coulthard and R. Iedema (eds) Identity Troubles. Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 95–119.
- Kumsa, M. K. (2005). Between home & exile: dynamics of negotiatin be-longing among young Oromos living in Toronto. In: W. J. Tettey and K. P. Puplampu (eds) The African Diaspora in Canada: Negotiating Identity & Belonging. Calgary: Calgary University Press, pp. 175–203.
- Loader, I. (2006). Policing, recognition, and belonging. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605(May), pp. 202–221.
- Lovell, N. (1998a). Introduction. In: N. Lovell (eds) Locality and Belonging. London: Routledge, pp. 1–24.
- N. Lovell (ed.) (1998b). Locality and Belonging. London: Routledge.
- Lovell, N. (1998c). Wild gods, containing wombs and moving pots. Emplacement and transience in Watchi belonging. In: N. Lovell (eds) Locality and Belonging. London: Routledge, pp. 53–77.
- Mackenzie, A. F. D. (2004). Place and the art of belonging. Cultural Geographies 11, pp. 115–137.
- Madsen, K. D. and Van Naerssen, T. (2003). Migration, identity, and belonging. Journal of Borderlands Studies 18 (1), pp. 61–75.
10.1080/08865655.2003.9695602 Google Scholar
- Malhotra, S. and Pérez, K. (2005). Belonging, Bridges, and Bodies. NWSA Journal 17 (2), pp. 47–69.
10.2979/NWS.2005.17.2.47 Google Scholar
- Malone, G. (2007). Ways of belonging: reconciliation and Adelaide’s public space indigenous cultural markers. Geographical Research 45 (2), pp. 158–166.
- Manning, P. (2004). Owning and belonging: a semiotic investigation of the affective categories of a bourgeois society. Comparative Studies in Society and History 46 (2), pp. 300–325.
- Markova, E. and Black, R. (2007). East European Immigration and Community Cohesion. Immigration and Inclusion. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
- Marshall, J. and Foster, N. (2002). “Between Belonging”: habitus and the migration experience. Canadian Geographer 46 (1), pp. 63–83.
- Mason, A. (2000). Community, Solidarity and Belonging: Levels of Community and Their Normative Significance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Mavroudi, E. (2008). Palestinians and pragmatic citizenship: negotiating relationships between citizenship and national identity in diaspora. Geoforum 39, pp. 307–318.
- McNevin, A. (2006). Political belonging in a noeliberal era: the struggle of the sans-papiers. Citizenship Studies 10 (2), pp. 135–151.
10.1080/13621020600633051 Google Scholar
- Mee, K. (2009). A space to care, a space of care: public housing, belonging, and care in inner Newcastle, Australia. Environment and Planning A 41 (4), pp. 842–858.
- Mee, K. and Wright, S. (2009). Guest editorial. Environment and Planning A 41 (4), pp. 772–779.
- Meinhof, U. H. and Galsinski, D. (2005). The Language of Belonging. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
10.1057/9780230504301 Google Scholar
- Mellor, D., Stokes, M., et al. (2008). Need for belonging, relationship satisfaction, loneliness, and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences 45 (3), pp. 213–218.
- Menzies, D. and Davidson, B. (2002). Authenticity and belonging: the experience of being known in the group. Group Analysis 35 (1), pp. 43–55.
10.1177/053331602400934016 Google Scholar
- J. S. Migdal (ed.) (2004). Boundaries and Belonging. States and Societies in the Struggle to Shape Identities and Local Practices. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Morley, D. (2001). Belongings: place, space and identity in a mediated world. European Journal of Cultural Studies 4 (4), pp. 425–448.
10.1177/136754940100400404 Google Scholar
- Mulgan, G. (2009). Feedback and Belonging: Explaining the Dynamics of Diversity. MPI. [Online]. Retrieved on 5 July 2009 from: http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=718
- Muller, S., Power, E. R., et al. (2009). “Quarantine matters!’’: quotidian relationships around quarantine in Australia’s northern borderlands. Environment and Planning A 41 (4), pp. 780–795.
- Munro, R. (1998). Belonging on the move: market rhetoric and the future as obligatory passage. The Sociological Review 46 (2), pp. 208–243.
- Nagel, C. R. and Staeheli, L. (2005). “We’re just like the Irish”: narratives of assimilation, belonging and citizenship amongst Arab-American activists. Citizenship Studies 9 (5), pp. 485–498.
10.1080/13621020500301262 Google Scholar
- Nagel, C. R. and Staeheli, L. A. (2008). Integration and the negotiation of ‘here’ and ‘there’: the case of British Arab activists. Social & Cultural Geography 9 (4), pp. 415–430.
- Nelson, L. (2007). Farmworker housing and spaces of belonging in Woodburn, Oregon. Geographical Review 97 (4), pp. 520–541.
- Nelson, L. and Hiemstra, N. (2008). Latino immigrants and the renegotiation of place and belonging in small town America. Social & Cultural Geography 9 (3), pp. 319–342.
- Nordberg, C. (2006). Claiming citizenship: marginalised voices on identity and belonging. Citizenship Studies 10 (5), pp. 523–539.
10.1080/13621020600954952 Google Scholar
- Pattie, S. P. (1999). Longing and Belonging: Issues of Homeland in the Armenian Diaspora. London: UCL. [Online]. Retrieved on 28 October 2009 from: http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/pattie.pdf
- Perry, J. (2008). The Housing and Neighbourhood Impact of Britain’s Changing Ethnic mix. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
- Pollini, G. (2005). Elements of a theory of place attachment and socio-territorial belonging. International Review of Sociology 15 (3), pp. 497–515.
10.1080/03906700500272483 Google Scholar
- Pratt, G. and Yeoh, B. (2003). Transnational (counter) topographies. Gender, Place and Culture 10 (2), pp. 159–166.
10.1080/0966369032000079541 Google Scholar
- Price, P. (2004). Dry Place: Landscapes of Belonging and Exclusion. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minneapolis Press.
- Probyn, E. (1996). Outside Belonging. London: Routledge.
- Prodgers, A. (1999). Identity and the belonging group. Group Analysis 32 (1), pp. 125–137.
10.1177/0533316499032001010 Google Scholar
- Proshansky, H. M., Fabian, A. K., et al. (1983). Place-identity: physical world socialization of the self. Journal of Environmental Psychology 3, pp. 57–83.
10.1016/S0272-4944(83)80021-8 Google Scholar
- Raj, D. S. (2003). Where Are You From? Middle-Class Migrants in the Modern World. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
10.1525/9780520928671 Google Scholar
- Ramji, H. (2006). British Indians ‘returning home’: an exploration of transnational belongings. Sociology 40 (4), pp. 645–662.
- Relph, E. (1976). Place and Placelessness. London: Pion.
- Rosaldo, R. (1994). Cultural citizenship and educational democracy. Cultural Anthropology 9 (3), pp. 402–411.
- Rouchy, J. C. (1995). Identification and groups of belonging. Group Analysis 28 (2), pp. 129–141.
10.1177/0533316495282003 Google Scholar
- Runnymede, T. (2000). The Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain: Report of the Commission on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain (Parekh Report). London: Profile Books.
- Savage, M., Bagnall, G., et al. (2004). Globalization and Belonging. Thousands Oaks: SAGE.
- Scheibelhofer, P. (2007). His-stories of belonging: young second-generation Turkish men in Austria. Journal of Intercultural Studies 28 (3), pp. 317–330.
10.1080/07256860701429733 Google Scholar
- Schein, R. E. (2009). Belonging through land/scape. Environment and Planning A 41 (4), pp. 811–826.
- Schueth, S. and O’Loughlin, J. (2008). Belonging to the world: cosmopolitanism in geographic contexts. Geoforum 39 (2), pp. 926–941.
- Secor, A. (2004). “There is an Istanbul that belongs to me”: citizenship, space, and identity in the city. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94 (2), pp. 352–368.
- Sicakkan, H. G. and Lithman, Y. (2005a). Politics of identity, modes of belonging and citizenship: an overview of conceptual and theoretical challenges. In: H. G. Sicakkan and Y. Lithman (eds) Changing the Basis of Citizenship in the Modern State. Political Theory and Political Diversity. New York: Edwin Mellen Press, pp. 1–35.
- Sicakkan, H. G. and Lithman, Y. (2005b). Theorizing identity politics, belonging modes and citizenship. In: H. G. Sicakkan and Y. Lithman (eds) Changing the Basis of Citizenship in the Modern State. Political Theory and Political Diversity. New York: Edwin Mellen Press, pp. 197–225.
- Sidaway, J. D., Bunnell, T., et al. (2004). Translating political geographies. Political Geography 23 (8), pp. 1037–1049.
- Skrbiš, Z., Baldassar, L., et al. (2007). Introduction - Negotiating belonging: migrations and generations. Journal of Intercultural Studies 28 (3), pp. 261–269.
10.1080/07256860701429691 Google Scholar
- Sporton, D. and Valentine, G. (2007). Identities on the Move: the Integration Experiences of Somali Refugee and Asylum Seeker Young People. University of Sheffield-University of Leeds-ESRC. [Online]. Retrieved on 28 October 2009 from: http://www.identities.group.shef.ac.uk/pdfs/Somali_report_with_cover.pdf
- Stratford, E. (2009). Belonging as a resource: the case of Ralphs Bay, Tasmania, and the local politics of place. Environment and Planning A 41 (4), pp. 796–810.
- Taylor, C. (1989). Sources of the Self. The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge, MS: Harvard University Press.
- Theodosiou, A. (2003). ‘Be-longing’ in a ‘doubly occupied place’: the Parakalamos Gypsy musicians. Romani Studies 14 (2), pp. 25–58.
- Theory, Culture & Society (2001). ‘Recognition. Theory, Culture & Society 18 (2/3), pp. 1–277.
- Therborn, G. (1991). Cultural Belonging, Structural Location and Human Action - Explanation in Sociology and in Social-Science. Acta Sociologica 34 (3), pp. 177–191.
- Threadgold, T., et al. (2008). Immigration and Inclusion in South Wales. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
- Trudeau, D. (2006). Politics of belonging in the construction of landscapes: place-making, boundary-drawing and exclusion. Cultural Geographies 13, pp. 421–443.
- Tuan, Y.-F. (1974). Space and place: humanistic perspective. Progress in Geography 6, pp. 211–252.
- Tuan, Y.-F. (1980). Rootedness versus sense of place. Landscape 24 (1), pp. 3–8.
- Valentine, G. (2008). Living with difference: reflections on geographies of encounter. Progress in Human Geography 32 (3), pp. 323–337.
- Valentine, G., Sporton, D., et al. (2008). Language use on the move: sites of encounter, identities and belonging. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 33 (3), pp. 376–387.
- Varley, A. (2008). A place like this? Stories of dementia, home, and the self. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 26, pp. 47–67.
- Varsanyi, M. W. (2005). The paradox of contemporary immigrant political mobilization: organized labor, undocumented migrants, and electoral participation in Los Angeles. Antipode 37 (4), pp. 775–795.
- P. Van Der Veer (ed.) (1995). Nation and Migration. The Politics of Space in the South Asian Diaspora. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Veronis, L. (2007). Strategic spatial essentialism: Latin Americans’ real and imagined geographies of belonging in Toronto. Social & Cultural Geography 8 (3), pp. 455–473.
- Vieten, U. M. (2006). ‘Out in the blue of Europe’: modernist cosmopolitan identity and the deterritorialization of belonging. Patterns of Prejudice 40 (3), pp. 259–279.
- Volcic, Z. (2005). Belgrade vs. Serbia: spatial re-configurations of belonging. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31 (4), pp. 639–658.
- Walsh, K. (2006). ‘Dad says I’m tied to a shooting star’! Grounding (research on) British expatriate belonging. Area 38 (3), pp. 268–278.
- Warriner, D. S. (2007). Language learning and the politics of belonging: Sudanese women refugees Becoming and Being “American”. Anthropology & Education Quarterly 38 (4), pp. 343–359.
- Westood, S. and Phizacklea, A. (2000). Trans-Nationalism and the Politics of Belonging. London: Routledge.
- White, A. and Gilmartin, M. (2008). Critical geographies of citizenship and belonging in Ireland. Womens Studies International Forum 31 (5), pp. 390–399.
- Winders, J. (2007). Bringing back the (B)order: post-9/11 politics of immigration, borders, and belonging in the contemporary US South. Antipode 39 (5), pp. 920–942.
- Wong, L. L. (2007). Transnationalism, active citizenship, and belonging in Canada. International Journal 63 (1), pp. 79–99.
- Yuval-Davis, N. (2006). Belonging and the politics of belonging. Patterns of Prejudice 40 (3), pp. 197–214.
- Yuval-Davis, N. and Kaptani, E. (2008). Identity, Performance and Social Action: Participatory Theatre Among Refugees. London: ‘Identities and social action’ ESRC.
- Yuval-Davis, N., Anthias, F., et al. (2005). Secure borders and safe haven and the gendered politics of belonging: beyond social cohesion. Ethnic and Racial Studies 28 (3), pp. 513–535.
- Zevallos, Z. (2008). ‘You Have to be Anglo and Not Look Like Me’: identity and belonging among young women of Turkish and Latin American backgrounds in Melbourne, Australia. Australian Geographer 39 (1), pp. 21–43.