Original Article
Phylogeny, character evolution and tribal classification in Crambinae and Scopariinae (Lepidoptera, Crambidae)
Théo Léger,
Bernard Landry,
Matthias Nuss,
Corresponding Author
Théo Léger
Senckenberg Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstr., Dresden, Germany
Correspondence: Théo Léger, Senckenberg Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstr, Dresden, Germany. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorBernard Landry
Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Route de Malagnou, Genève, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorMatthias Nuss
Senckenberg Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstr., Dresden, Germany
Search for more papers by this author
Théo Léger,
Bernard Landry,
Matthias Nuss,
Corresponding Author
Théo Léger
Senckenberg Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstr., Dresden, Germany
Correspondence: Théo Léger, Senckenberg Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstr, Dresden, Germany. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorBernard Landry
Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Route de Malagnou, Genève, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorMatthias Nuss
Senckenberg Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstr., Dresden, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Crambinae (2047 spp.) and Scopariinae (577 spp.) are two major groups of pyraloid moths with a worldwide distribution. Their larvae feed predominantly on Poales and Bryophyta, with many cereal crop pests. We present the first molecular phylogeny of the two groups based on five nuclear genes and one mitochondrial gene (total = 4713 bp) sampled for 58 crambine species representing 56 genera and all tribes, 33 scopariine species representing 12 genera, and species in several other crambid lineages. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of the molecular data resolve suprageneric relationships in Crambinae and Scopariinae, whereas relationships between these and other subfamilies remain ambiguous. Crambinae and Scopariinae are each recovered as monophyletic groups, and Erupini, formerly regarded as an ingroup of Midilinae, is recovered as a possible sister group of Crambinae. The tree topology suggests the following two major changes within Crambinae: Prionapterygini Landry syn.n. of Ancylolomiini Ragonot stat. rev. and Myelobiini Minet syn.n. of Chiloini Heinemann. Argyriini Munroe is monophyletic after the transfer of Pseudocatharylla Bleszynski and Vaxi Bleszynski to Calamotrophini. Crambini, Diptychophorini and Haimbachiini are monophyletic after the exclusion of Ancylolomia Hübner, Euchromius Guenée, Micrelephas Dognin and Miyakea Marumo from Crambini, as well as Microchilo Okano from Diptychophorini. Euchromiini tribe n. is described for Euchromius. Microcramboides Bleszynski syn.n. and Tortriculladia Bleszynski syn.n. are synonymized with Microcrambus Bleszynski. In Scopariinae, Caradjaina Leraut syn.n. and Cholius Guenée syn.n. are synonymized with Scoparia Haworth, and, in addition, Dasyscopa Meyrick syn.n., Dipleurinodes Leraut syn.n. and Eudipleurina Leraut syn.n. are synonymized with Eudonia Billberg. Micraglossa melanoxantha (Turner) (Scoparia) comb.n. is proposed as a new combination. We analysed 27 morphological characters of wing venation, tympanal organs, male and female genitalia, as well as host plant data and egg-laying behaviour. The ancestral character-state reconstructions confirmed previous apomorphies and highlighted new apomorphies for some of the newly recovered clades. The derived, nonadhesive egg-dropping behaviour is found to have evolved at least twice in Crambinae and is associated with the use of Pooideae as host plants.
This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1A84282D-930A-4C32-8340-D681BFF27A12.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| syen12353-sup-0001-FigureS1.epsPS document, 4.7 MB | Fig. S1. Uncorrected p-distances of the third codon position for each gene plotted against the distance on the best-scoring ML tree of conc6genes. |
| syen12353-sup-0002-FigureS2.tiffTIFF image, 400.3 KB | Fig. S2. Best-scoring ML tree of the whole dataset with best partitionfinder model applied and bootstrap support values from 1000 replicates displayed on nodes. |
| syen12353-sup-0003-FigureS3.tiffTIFF image, 405 KB | Fig. S3. Best-scoring ML tree of the conc6genes_COI1+2 dataset with the best partitionfinder model applied. Bootstrap support (1000 replicates) displayed above the nodes, posterior probabilities displayed below. |
| syen12353-sup-0004-FigureS4.tiffTIFF image, 161.8 KB | Fig. S4. Node numbers used for ‘ace’ analyses (Table S6) plotted on best-scoring ML tree of the conc6genes dataset with best partitionfinder model applied. |
| syen12353-sup-0005-FileS1.rplain text document, 1.2 KB | File S1. r script of the ‘ace’ analysis (ape package; Paradis et al., 2004). |
| syen12353-sup-0006-FileS2.rplain text document, 1.1 KB | File S2. r script of the ‘fastAnc’ analysis (phytools package; Revell, 2012) |
| syen12353-sup-0007-FileS3.rplain text document, 11.9 KB | File S3. r script of the ‘ace’ function modified by E. Paradis to take uncertain states into account. |
| syen12353-sup-0008-TableS1.xlsxExcel 2007 spreadsheet , 18.9 KB | Table S1. List of the 111 taxa sampled along with their access numbers at the European Nucleotide Archive ( https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena) for each gene. Subfamilial and tribal assignments follow the current classification (prior to this study) according to GLOBIZ (Nuss et al., 2019). The institute acronyms stand as follows: Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Genève (MHNG), Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität Berlin (ZMHB), Senckenberg Museum für Tierkunde Dresden (SMTD), Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck (TLMF), Zoologische Staatsammlung München (ZSM). |
| syen12353-sup-0009-TableS2.xlsxExcel 2007 spreadsheet , 7.2 KB | Table S2. PCR primers used. PCR product length for newly designed nested primers refer to the PCR product obtained with the corresponding standard primer from Wahlberg & Wheat (2008). |
| syen12353-sup-0010-TableS3.xlsExcel spreadsheet, 7 KB | Table S3. PCR mix adapted from Wahlberg & Wheat (2008). |
| syen12353-sup-0011-TableS4.xlsxExcel 2007 spreadsheet , 6.1 KB | Table S4. PCR programmes adapted from Wahlberg & Wheat (2008) and Regier (2007). |
| syen12353-sup-0012-TableS5.xlsxExcel 2007 spreadsheet , 13.8 KB | Table S5. Character states matrix. |
| syen12353-sup-0013-TableS6.xlsxExcel 2007 spreadsheet , 66.9 KB | Table S6. Scores from the ‘ace’ analysis (ape package) for each node (see Fig. S4). |
| syen12353-sup-0014-TableS7.xlsxExcel 2007 spreadsheet , 715.7 KB | Table S7. Egg-laying behavior, host plant data and larval life habits in Crambinae, Scopariinae and other Crambidae subfamilies. |
| syen12353-sup-0015-TableS8.xlsxExcel 2007 spreadsheet , 7.5 KB | Table S8. Revised systematic classification of genera of Crambinae and Scopariinae investigated in this study. Support for systematic positions are provided by the analysis of the morphology only (*), or by the analyses of the morphology and molecular (**). |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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