Kin Support among Blacks and Whites: Race and Family Organization
Abstract
This article addresses two central debates in the scholarship on black families: the disorganization versus superorganization debate and the culture versus structure debate. Focusing on kin support as a measure of family integration and using the National Survey of Families and Households (1992-1994), this article challenges the assumptions about black and white families in both debates. It shows that blacks and whites have different patterns of kin support involvement. Whereas blacks are more involved in practical support (help with transportation, household work, and child care), whites report greater involvement in financial and emotional kin support. This article also shows that gender is crucial for understanding racial differences. Black men and white men are very much alike, whereas there are many significant differences between black women and white women. Furthermore, in understanding kin support, diversity within racial groups appears to matter more than race itself. Social structure explains most of the racial differences in kin support, though cultural differences between whites and blacks do exist and help to explain kin support.
Get full access to this article
View all access and purchase options for this article.
REFERENCES
Allen Walter R. 1979. “Class, Culture and Family Organization: The Effects of Class and Race on Family Structure in Urban America.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 10: 301–13.
Ambert Anne-Marie. 1992. The Effect of Children on Parents. New York: Hawthorne.
Anderson Elijah. 1990. Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Aschenbrenner Joyce. 1975. Lifelines: Black Families in Chicago. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Baca Zinn Maxine. 1994. “Feminist Rethinking from Racial-Ethnic Families.” Pp. 303–14 in Women of Color in U.S. Society, edited by Baca Zinn M., Thornton Dill B. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Baca Zinn Maxine, Wells Barbara 2000. “Diversity within Latino Families: New Lessons for Family Social Science.” Pp. 252–73 in Handbook of Family Diversity, edited by Demo D. H., Allen K. R., Fine M. A. New York: Oxford University Press.
Barrett Michele. 1980. The Anti-Social Family. London, UK: Verso.
Beauboeuf-Lafontant Tamara. 2003. “Strong and Large Black Women? Exploring Relationships between Deviant Womanhood and Weight.” Gender and Society 17: 111–21.
Bengtson Vern L., Roberts Robert E. L. 1991. “Intergenerational Solidarity in Aging Families: An Example of Formal Theory Construction.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 53: 856–70.
Benin Mary, Keith Verna M. 1995. “The Social Support of Employed Black and Anglo Mothers.” Journal of Family Issues 16: 275–97.
Billingsley Andrew. 1968. Black Families in White America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Billingsley Andrew. 1992. Climbing Jacob's Ladder: The Enduring Legacy of Black Families. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Blau Peter M. 1964. Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: Wiley.
Bookwala, Jamila Jennifer Yee, Schulz Richard 2000. “Caregiving and Detrimental Mental and Physical Health Outcomes.” Pp. 93–131 in Physical Illness and Depression in Older Adults: A Handbook of Theory, Research and Practice, edited by Williamson G., Shafer D., Parmelee P. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Brewster Karin L., Padavic Irene 2002. “No More Kin Care? Change in Black Mothers' Reliance on Relatives for Child Care, 1977-94.” Gender and Society 16: 546–63.
Cancian Francesca, Oliker Stacey 1999. Caring and Gender. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
Cantor M. H. 1979. “The Informal Support System of New York's Inner City Elderly: Is Ethnicity a Factor?” Pp. 153–74 in Ethnicity and Aging: Theory, Research and Policy, edited by Gelfand D.E., Kutzik A.J. New York: Springer.
Carson Emmett. 1989. “The Evolution of Black Philanthropy.” Pp. 92–102 in Philanthropic Giving: Studies in Varieties and Goals, edited by Magat R. New York: Oxford University Press.
Collins Patricia Hill. 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. 2d ed. New York: Routledge.
Cooney Teresa M., Uhlenberg Peter 1992. “Support from Parents over the Life Course: The Adult Child's Perspective.” Social Forces 71: 63–84.
Coser Lewis, Coser Rose 1974. Greedy Institutions. New York: Free Press.
Eggebeen David J. 1992. “Family Structure and Intergenerational Exchange.” Research on Aging 14: 427–47.
Fischer Judith L., Sollie Donna L., Sorell Gwendolyn T., Green Shelley K. 1989. “Marital Status and Career Stage Influences on Social Networks of Young Adults.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 51: 521–34.
Frazier E. Franklin. 1939. The Negro Family in America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Gallagher Sally, Gerstel Naomi 2001. “Connections and Constraints: The Effects of Children on Caregiving.” Journal of Marriage and Family 63: 265–75.
Gerstel Naomi. 1988. “Divorce, Gender, and Social Integration.” Gender and Society 2: 343–63.
Gerstel Naomi. 2000. “The Third Shift: Gender, Employment, and Care Work outside the Home.” Qualitative Sociology 23: 467–83.
Gerstel Naomi, Gallagher Sally 1994. “Caring for Kith and Kin.” Social Problems 41: 519–38.
Goldstein Joshua R., Robert Warren John 2000. “Socioeconomic Reach and Heterogeneity in the Extended Family: Contours and Consequences.” Social Science Research 29: 382–404.
Gouldner Alvin W. 1960. “The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement.” American Sociological Review 25: 161–78.
Haley William E., West Constance A. C., Wadley Virginia G., Ford Greg R., White Faye A., Barrett John J., Harrell Lindy E., Roth David L. 1995. “Psychological, Social, and Health Impact of Caregiving: A Comparison of Black and White Dementia Family Caregivers and Noncaregivers.” Psychology and Aging 10: 540–52.
Hansen Karen. 2005. Not-So-Nuclear Families: Class, Gender, and Networks of Care. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Hatch Laurie Russell. 1991. “Informal Support Patterns of Older African-American and White Women: Examining Effects of Family, Paid Work, and Religious Participation.” Research on Aging 13: 144–70.
Hays William C., Mindel Charles H. 1973. “Extended Kinship Relations in Black and White Families.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 35: 51–57.
Heaton Tim B., Chadwick Bruce A., Jacobson Cradell K. 2000. Statistical Handbook on Racial Groups in the United States. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx.
Hicks-Bartlett Sharon. 2000. “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Labyrinth of Working and Parenting in a Poor Community.” Pp. 27–51 in Coping with Poverty: The Social Contexts of Neighborhood, Work, and Family in the Black Community, edited by Danziger S., Chih Lin A. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Higginbotham Elizabeth, Weber Lynn 1992. “Moving Up with Kin and Community: Upward Social Mobility for Black and White Women.” Gender and Society 6: 416–40.
Hill Robert B. 1999. The Strengths of Black Families: Twenty-five Years Later. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Hofferth Sandra L. 1984. “Kin Networks, Race, and Family Structure.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 46: 791–806.
Hogan Dennis P., Eggebeen David J., Clogg Clifford C. 1993. “The Structure of Intergenerational Exchanges in American Families.” American Journal of Sociology 98: 1428–58.
Hogan Dennis P., Ling-Xin Hao, Parish William L. 1990. “Race, Kin Networks, and Assistance to Mother-Headed Families.” Social Forces 68: 797–812.
hooks bell. 1981. Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism. Boston, MA: South End.
Jayakody Rukmalie. 1998. “Race Differences in Intergenerational Financial Assistance: The Needs of Children and the Resources of Parents.” Journal of Family Issues 19: 508–33.
Jayakody Rukmalie, Chatters Linda M., Taylor Robert J. 1993. “Family Support to Single and Married African American Mothers: The Provision of Financial, Emotional, and Child Care Assistance.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 55: 261–76.
Jewell K. Sue. 1988. Survival of the Black Family: The Institutional Impact of U.S. Social Policy. New York: Praeger.
Johnson Colleen L. 2000. “Perspectives on American Kinship in the Later 1990s.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 62: 623–39.
Johnson Colleen L., Barer Barbara M. 1995. “Childlessness and Kinship Organization: Comparisons of Very Old Whites and Blacks.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 10: 289–306.
Kaplan Elaine Bell. 1997. Not Our Kind of Girl: Unraveling the Myths of Black Teenage Motherhood. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Laditka James N., Laditka Sarah B. 2001. “Adult Children Helping Older Parents: Variations in the Likelihood and Hours by Gender, Race, and Family Role.” Research on Aging 23: 429–56.
Ladner Joyce. 1972. Tomorrow's Tomorrow: The Black Woman. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Lee Yean-Ju, Aytac Isik A. 1998. “Intergenerational Financial Support among Whites, Blacks, and Latinos.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 60: 426–41.
Lempert Lora Bex. 1999. “Other Fathers: An Alternative Perspective on Black Community Caring.” Pp. 189–201 in The Black Family: Essays and Studies, edited by Staples R. Belmont. CA: Wadsworth.
Marks Nadine F. 1998. “Does It Hurt to Care? Caregiving, Work-Family Conflict, and Midlife Well-Being.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 60: 951–66.
Mauss Marcel. 1967. The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies. New York: Norton.
McAdoo Harriett Pipes. 1980. “Black Mothers and the Extended Family Support Network.” Pp. 125–44 in The Black Woman, edited by Rodgers-Rose L. F. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
McDonald Katrina Bell, Armstrong Elizabeth M. 2001. “De-Romanticizing Black Intergenerational Support: The Questionable Expectations of Welfare Reform.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 63: 213–23.
McDonald Katrina Bell, Richards Bedelia N. 2004. “Residential Mobility in Gender/Ethnic Context: The Case of Disadvantaged Black Mothers.” Presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, August 13–17, San Francisco, CA.
Milardo Robert M. 1987. “Changes in Social Networks of Women and Men following Divorce.” Journal of Family Issues 8: 78–96.
Moore Gwen. 1990. “Structural Determinants of Men's and Women's Personal Networks.” American Sociological Review 55: 726–35.
Moynihan Daniel P. 1965. The Negro Family: A Case for National Action. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Murray Charles. 1984. Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980. New York: Basic Books.
Musick Marc A., Wilson John, Bynum William B. Jr. 2000. “Race and Formal Volunteering: The Differential Effects of Class and Religion.” Social Forces 78: 1539–71.
Mutran Elizabeth. 1985. “Intergenerational Support among Blacks and Whites: Response to Culture or to Socioeconomic Differences.” Journal of Gerontology 40: 382–89.
Nelson Margaret K. 2000. “Single Mothers and Social Support: The Commitment to, and Retreat from, Reciprocity.” Qualitative Sociology 23: 291–317.
Newman Katherine S. 1999. No Shame in My Game: The Working Poor in the Inner City. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, and Russell Sage Foundation.
Nobles Wade W. 1978. “Toward an Empirical and Theoretical Framework for Def ining Black Families.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 40: 679–90.
Nunnally Jum C. 1978. Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Oliker Stacey J. 2000. “Examining Care at Welfare's End.” Pp. 167–85 in Care Work: Gender, Labor, and Welfare State, edited by Harrington Meyer M. London, UK: Routledge.
Oliver Melvin L., Shapiro Thomas M. 1997. Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality. New York: Routledge.
Parish William L., Hao Lingxin, Hogan Dennis P. 1991. “Family Support Networks, Welfare, and Work among Young Mothers.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 53: 203–15.
Patterson Orlando. 1998. Rituals of Blood: Consequences of Slavery in Two American Centuries. Washington, DC: Civitas/Counterpoint.
Pattillo-McCoy Mary. 1999. Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril among the Black Middle Class. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Peterson Debra F. 1996. “The Effect of Race on Kinship Support: A Meta-Analysis.” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE.
Putnam Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Rainwater Lee. 1970. Behind Ghetto Walls: Black Families in a Federal Slum. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company.
Raley R. Kelly. 1995. “Black-White Differences in Kin Contact and Exchange among Never-Married Adults.” Journal of Family Issues 16: 77–103.
Roschelle Anne R. 1997. No More Kin: Exploring Race, Class, and Gender in Family Networks. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Rossi Alice S., Rossi Peter H. 1990. Of Human Bonding: Parent-Child Relations across the Life Course. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Sahlins Marshall David. 1972. Stone Age Economics. Chicago, IL: Aldine and Atherton.
Sarkisian, Natalia Mariana Gerena, Gerstel Naomi 2004. Detecting Distinctions: Extended Family Integration among Latinos/as and Euro Americans. Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA. Unpublished manuscript available from the authors.
Sarkisian Natalia, Gerstel Naomi 2004a. “Explaining the Gender Gap in Help to Parents: The Importance of Employment.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 66: 431–51.
Sarkisian Natalia. 2004b. “The Nuclear Family as a Greedy Institution: Race, Gender and Caregiving to Parents.” Presented at the Bridging Carework Research, Advocacy, and Policy Conference, August 13, San Francisco, CA.
Scott Joseph W., Black Albert 1999. “Deep Structures of Black Family Life: Female and Male Kin Networks.” Pp. 232–40 in The Black Family: Essays and Studies, edited by Staples R. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Sewell William H. Jr. 1992. “A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation.” American Journal of Sociology 98: 1–29.
Silverstein Merril, Waite Linda J. 1993. “Are Blacks More Likely Than Whites to Receive and Provide Social Support in Middle and Old Age? Yes, No, and Maybe So.” Journal of Gerontology 48: 212–22.
Spreitzer, Elmer Rober Schoeni, Rao K.V. 1996. “Tracing Intergenerational Relations through Reports of Transfers of Time and Money: A Comparative Study of Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 16: 11–34.
Stack Carol B. 1974. All Our Kin: Strategies for Survival in a Black Community. New York: Harper & Row.
Staples Robert. 1981. “The Myth of the Black Matriarchy.” Pp. 335–48 in The Black Women Cross-Culturally, edited by Chioma Steady F. Cambridge, MA: Schenkmann.
Sudarkasa Niara. 1996. The Strength of Our Mothers: African and African-American Women and Families: Essays and Speeches. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Sweet James A., Bumpass Larry L. 1996. The National Survey of Families and Households? —Waves 1 and 2: Data Description and Documentation. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison, Center for Demography and Ecology. (http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/nsfh/home.htm).
Taylor Robert Joseph. 1988. “Structural Determinants of Religious Participation among Black Americans.” Review of Religious Research 30: 114–25.
Taylor Robert Joseph, Chatters Linda M., Jackson James S. 1997. “Changes over Time in Support Network Involvement among Black Americans.” Pp. 293–316 in Family Life in Black America, edited by Taylor R. J., Jackson J. S., Chatters L. M. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Taylor Robert Joseph, Tucker Belinda M., Chatters Linda M., Jayakody Rukmalie 1997. “Recent Demographic Trends in African American Family Structure.” Pp. 14–62 in Family Life in Black America, edited by Taylor R. J., Jackson J. S., Chatters L. M. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Taylor Ronald L. 2000. “Diversity within Black Families.” Pp. 232–51 in Handbook of Family Diversity, edited by Demo D. H., Allen K. R., Fine M. A. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tucker Belinda M., Mitchell-Kernan Claudia 1995. “Trends in African American Family Formation: A Theoretical and Statistical Overview.” Pp. 3–26 in The Decline of Marriage among African Americans: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Implications, edited by Tucker B. M., Mitchell-Kernan C. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Turner R. Jay, Marino Franco 1994. “Social Support and Social Structure: A Descriptive Epidemiology.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 35: 193–212.
Waite Linda J., Harrison Scott C. 1992. “Keeping in Touch: How Women in Midlife Allocate Social Contacts among Kith and Kin.” Social Forces 70: 637–55.
Wallerstein Judith S., Berlin Kelly Joan 1980. Surviving the Breakup. New York: Basic Books.
White Lynn K., Riedmann Agnes 1992. “Ties among Adult Siblings.” Social Forces 71: 85–102.
Wilson William J. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
- asr6900604_online_supplement.pdf
- 98.95 KB
Cite article
Cite article
Cite article
OR
Download to reference manager
If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice
Information, rights and permissions
Information
Published In
Article first published: December 2004
Issue published: December 2004
Authors
Metrics and citations
Metrics
Journals metrics
This article was published in American Sociological Review.
VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICSArticle usage*
Total views and downloads: 1277
*Article usage tracking started in December 2016
Altmetric
See the impact this article is making through the number of times it’s been read, and the Altmetric Score.
Learn more about the Altmetric Scores
Articles citing this one
Receive email alerts when this article is cited
Web of Science: 297 view articles Opens in new tab
Crossref: 288
-
“Just Trying to Make it Through”: Understanding Transitions Into Mothe...
-
Race and ethnic differences in step‐ versus biological parent support ...
-
Precarious Transitions: How Precarious Employment Shapes Parental Core...
-
Defining and measuring family: Lessons learned from LGBT...
-
An Examination of Racial and Ethnic Variation in the Effect of Prison ...
-
The Conditional Context Governing Informal Care Provision
-
Adapting to the gig economy: Determinants of financial resilience amon...
-
National Estimates of Incremental Work Absenteeism Costs Associated Wi...
-
Geographic relocation in response to parents' health shocks: Who moves...
-
Who Cares? Unpaid Caregiving by Sexual Identity, Gender, and Partnersh...
-
Do social networks affect household financial vulnerability? Evidence ...
-
Poverty from fetal life onward and child brain morphology
-
Pathways of Intergenerational Support between Parents and Children thr...
-
Black–White Differences in Offspring Educational Attainment and Older ...
-
Institutional theory and institutional racism: barriers to business su...
-
Kinship and socio-economic status: Social gradients in frequencies of ...
-
Working from home as an economic and social change: A review
-
Severe and persistent housing instability: examining low-income househ...
-
Are in‐laws substituting or supplementing? Mothers' receipt of support...
-
Identity Theft, Trust Breaches, and the Production of Economic Insecur...
-
Young Black Women’s Perceptions of Otherfather Involvement
-
Employment Dynamics Among Adult Children at the Onset of Parental Deme...
-
Singlehood during later life: Theoretical considerations for health an...
-
Neighborhood Social Cohesion and Loneliness in Mid- and Later Life: Ar...
-
Intrusive social support among Black and White individuals with type 2...
-
Network Financial Transfers and Psychological Distress Among Unmarried...
-
Keeping kin close? Geographies of family networks by race and income, ...
-
Families and Financial Support: Comparing Black and Asian American Col...
-
Links of daily shared appraisal and collaboration to support, mood, an...
-
Understanding the perceptions of low-income American working mothers i...
-
The Impact of Legal-Financial Obligations on Relationships With Family...
-
Financial Behavioral Health and Investment Risk Willingness: Implicati...
-
Parent–Child Relationships from Adolescence to Adulthood: An Examinati...
-
Why mothers double up: The role of demographic, economic, and family c...
-
Beyond the Binary: Intraracial Diversity in Family Organization and Bl...
-
Childhood Family Instability and Young-Adult Union Experiences: Black–...
-
Under Different Roofs? Coresidence With Adult Children and Parents' Me...
-
Negotiating Unequal Exchange: Relational Work in Cross‐C...
-
Who Gets Help? A National Longitudinal Study of Personal Networks and ...
-
Black adolescents’ support to the family and educational outcomes: Dif...
-
Bringing Family Demography Back In: A Life Course Approach to the Gend...
-
Roles, Relationships, Resources, and Renal Exchange: Applying Social C...
-
Family Demography and Personal Life
-
Communication with Kin in the Wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic
-
Intergenerational support and retirement timing among older men and wo...
-
Relational Work in the Family: The Gendered Microfoundation of Parents...
-
How the Earned Income Tax Credit Sustains Informal Child-Care Arrangem...
-
Minority stressors and suicidal ideation in sexual and gender minority...
-
The Impact of Social and Material Resources on Resilience Communicatio...
-
Familial Financial Assistance and Body Mass Index in Black College Gra...
-
State work–family contexts and the wage gap by gender and parenthood
-
The Role of Kinship in Racial Differences in Exposure to Unemployment
-
Growth in positive relationship quality with mothers, fathers, and sib...
-
Racial/ethnic variation in family support: African Americans, Black Ca...
-
Black–White disparities in nuclear family trajectories and parents' po...
-
The Cost of Culture
-
And It’ll Come Back Real Baby Fine: Black Women’s Experiences With Hai...
-
Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation by Family Structure and the ...
-
“How I Can Help Me”: Self-Care Priorities and Structural Pressures Amo...
-
Mothers’ Functional Limitations and Relationship Quality With Adult Ch...
-
Variations in Safe Sleep Practices and Beliefs: Knowledge is not Enoug...
-
Child-to-Parent Intergenerational Transfers, Social Security, and Chil...
-
African American marital confiding relationships: A national survey an...
-
Credit Cards and the Receipt of Financial Assistance from Friends and ...
-
Race and Ethnic Differences in Financial Dependency of Coresident Youn...
-
Family and household sources of poverty for Black, Hispanic, and White...
-
Time, money, and entry into parenthood: The role of (grand)parental su...
-
Kin Support of the Black Middle Class: Negotiating Need, Norms, and Cl...
-
Patterns in Receiving Informal Help with Childcare Among US Parents Du...
-
Credit Card Debt and the Provision of Financial Support to Kin in the ...
-
Taking diversity seriously: Within‐group h...
-
Financial distress and COVID-19: evidence from working individuals in ...
-
Proximity to mother over the life course in the United States: Overall...
-
Race/Ethnicity, Cumulative Midlife Loss, and Carotid Atherosclerosis i...
-
“That’s How Family Is: We Take, Give, and Give Back”: Low-Income Mothe...
-
Child placement after parental incarceration: The roles of parents’ ra...
-
Inequality in the Time of COVID-19: Evidence from Mortgage Delinquency...
-
Fictive Kinship Networks in Postsecondary Education
-
Racial Battle Fatigue and Mental Health in Black Men
-
Informal Borrowers and Financial Exclusion: The Invisible Unbanked at ...
-
Family Ties and Aging in a Multiethnic Cohort
-
Giving (Money) Back To Parents: Racial/Ethnic and Immigrant–Native Var...
-
Mitigating Poverty through the Formation of Extended Family Households...
-
Tapped Out? Racial Disparities in Extrahousehold Kin Resources and the...
-
An Investigation into Interchange between Elderly Women and their Sepa...
-
Mothers, Fathers, Daughters, and Sons: Gender Differences in Adults’ I...
-
The contextual effect of trust on perceived support: Evidence from Rom...
-
Intergenerational Relationships, Family Caregiving Policy, and COVID-1...
-
Parenting and child-caretaking among black men who have sex with men a...
-
The comforts of home: The association between coresidence with parents...
-
Grandparents’ wealth and the body mass index trajectories of grandchil...
-
Race/Ethnic Differences in Spatial Distance Between Adult Children and...
-
Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Association Between Family Structure ...
-
Spatial Distance Between Parents and Adult Children in the United Stat...
-
Parents’ financial assistance for college and black-white disparities ...
-
Kinship Reconsidered: Research on a Neglected Topic
-
Variety Is the Spice of Late Life: Social Integration and Daily Activi...
-
“Bubble wrapping vs. helping him learn his way”: gender and definition...
-
The effect of social assistance on kin relationships: evidence from Ro...
-
Gender and Race Perspectives on Relationship Maintenance
-
Household Extension and Earnings Among Foreign-Born Asian and Non-Hisp...
-
Patterns and correlates of racial/ethnic disparities in posttraumatic ...
-
Social Support in America: Stratification and Trends in Access over Tw...
-
Kin location and racial disparities in exiting and entering poor neigh...
-
Family Turbulence and Child Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors:...
-
Race and Objective Social Isolation: Older African Americans, Black Ca...
-
Cultural Preferences or Financial Constraints? Understanding Racial an...
-
Racial/ethnic disparities in depression: Investigating how sources of ...
-
Ain’t nobody got time for dad? Racial-ethnic disproportionalities in c...
-
Social support from friends and depression among African Americans: Th...
-
The Family Safety Net of Black and White Multigenerational Families
-
Variations of wealth resemblance by family relationship types in moder...
-
Low-Income Black Mothers Parenting Adolescents in the Mass Incarcerati...
-
Changes in Household Composition and Children’s Educational Attainment
-
“You’ve Gotta be Careful”: Familial Messages Regarding Sexual Behavior...
-
When Social Media Yields More than “Likes”: Black Girls’ Digital Kinsh...
-
Intermarriage and mother-child relationships
-
The Demography of Multigenerational Caregiving: A Critical Aspect of t...
-
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Determinants of Trauma Symptomatology amo...
-
Racial Battle Fatigue and Mental Health in Black Men
-
Protective Factors as an Explanation for the “Paradox” of Black–White ...
-
“I Love You, Not Your Friends”...
-
Conflict with Mothers and Siblings During Caregiving: Differential Cos...
-
Who Deserves to Work? How Women Develop Expectations of Child Care Sup...
-
Ties That Bind? Comparing Kin Support Availability for Mothers of Mixe...
-
Control over Time: Employers, Workers, and Families Shaping Work Sched...
-
Family Instability and Exposure to Violence in the Early Life Course
-
Ethnic and Gender Differences in Family Social Support among Black Ado...
-
Correlates of Objective Social Isolation from Family and Friends among...
-
Difficult People: Who Is Perceived to Be Demanding in Personal Network...
-
Changes in Individual Sibling Relationships in Response to Life Events
-
A Qualitative Study of Black Married Couples’ Relationships With Their...
-
Calling on Kin: The Place of Parents and Adult Children in Egocentric ...
-
African American Families: Historical and Contemporary Forces Shaping ...
-
Mass Imprisonment and the Extended Family
-
Family Structure and the Well-Being of Immigrant Children in Four ...
-
Black Deaths Matter: Race, Relationship Loss, and Effects on Survivors
-
Healthy Grandparenthood: How Long Is It, and How Has It Changed?
-
Projections of white and black older adults without living kin in the ...
-
Coresident and Noncoresident Emerging Adults’ Daily Experiences With P...
-
Instability of Work and Care: How Work Schedules Shape Child-Care Arra...
-
Disadvantaged Status and Health Matters Networks among Low-Income Afri...
-
Influence of Proximity to Kin on Residential Mobility and Destination ...
-
Who Helps Single Mothers in Nairobi? The Role of Kin Support
-
Variations in Social Network Type Membership Among Older African Ameri...
-
A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health
-
Brothermothering: Gender, Power, and the Parenting Strategies of Low-I...
-
The influence of family process and structure on delinquency in adoles...
-
Social Network Typologies of Black and White Married Couples in Midlif...
-
Unmarried Mothers and Children’s Social-Emotional Development: The Rol...
-
Family Transfers with Retirement-Aged Adults in the United States: Kin...
-
Reciprocal Family, Friendship and Church Support Networks of African A...
-
Diverging Mobility Trajectories: Grandparent Effects on Educational At...
-
Capturing Between- and Within-Family Differences in Parental Support t...
-
Making mothers: parenting classes in a women’s jail
-
Childhood Adversity and Men’s Relationships in Adulthood: Life Course ...
-
Kin Count(s): Educational and Racial Differences in Extended Kinship i...
-
Residential Instability, Family Support, and Parent–Child Relationship...
-
Greedy Spouse, Needy Parent: The Marital Dynamics of Gay, Lesbian, and...
-
Life Course Pathways to Racial Disparities in Cognitive Impairment amo...
-
Kinship Support and Academic Efficacy Among College Students: A Cross-...
-
Social support, psychological vulnerability, and HIV risk among Africa...
-
Reexamining Race When Studying the Consequences of Criminal Justice Co...
-
It Takes a Family...
-
O cuidado como elemento de sustentabilidade em situações de crise. Por...
-
Tenuous Ties: The Nature and Costs of Kin Support among Low-income Rur...
-
Explaining African-American Cell Phone Usage Through the Social Shapin...
-
Do Women Still Care? Cohort Changes in US Women's Care for the Ill or ...
-
Distressing Mother–Adolescent Relations and Psychological Well-Being i...
-
Caring for Them Like Family...
-
Heterogeneity in Research on African American Boys and Men: Focusing o...
-
How Does Race and Ethnicity Affect Persistence in Immature Ventures?
-
Racial and ethnic differences in leaving and returning to the parental...
-
Mixed Methods Approaches
-
Parent–Child Relations
-
The Role of Race/Ethnicity and Acculturation in the Functioning of Dis...
-
Role of Perceived Maternal Favoritism and Disfavoritism in Adult Child...
-
Family Structure Transitions and Child Development...
-
Family Obligation Across Contexts...
-
“I'll Give You the World”: Socioeconomic Differences in Parental Suppo...
-
Adult Children’s Serious Health Conditions and the Flow of Support Bet...
-
“Pushed Out on My Own”...
-
Gender Differentiation in Paid and Unpaid Work during the Transition t...
-
Racial/ethnic disparities in midlife depressive symptoms: The role of ...
-
Forgiveness of Others, Race/Ethnicity, and Health: A Nascent Area of I...
-
The impact of kin support on urban A meric...
-
A Social Network Comparison of Low‐Income Black and White Newlywed Cou...
-
Housework, children, and women’s wages across racial–ethnic groups
-
Perceptions of Equity, Balance of Support Exchange, and Mother–Adult C...
-
SES and race-ethnic differences in the stress-buffering effects of cop...
-
Race, Gender, and Chains of Disadvantage...
-
Whither Fictive Kin? Or, What’s in a Name?
-
Women of Color in the Workplace: Supports, Barriers, and Interventions
-
Health Inequalities
-
How Widowhood Shapes Adult Children's Responses to Mothers' Preference...
-
Children’s union status and contact with mothers: A cross-national stu...
-
Fictive Kin, Families We Choose, and Voluntary Kin: What Does the Disc...
-
FEELING SAFE: INTERGENERATIONAL CONNECTIONS AND NEIGHBORHOOD DISORGANI...
-
Family Transitions, Conduct Problems, and Self-Esteem in Elementary Sc...
-
Cohabitation Duration and Transient Domesticity
-
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Extended Family, Friendship, Fictive ...
-
Contextualizing ‘networked individualism’: The interplay of social cat...
-
Closing the Wealth Gap: A Review of Racial and Ethnic Inequalities in ...
-
Can Family Relationships Explain the Race Paradox in Mental Health?
-
Early Family Ties and Marital Stability Over 16 Years: The Context of ...
-
Fast life histories, not pathogens, account for state-level variation ...
-
Ethnicity as a Determining Factor for Instrumental Support in Mid and ...
-
Gender and Mental Health
-
How does race get “under the skin”?: Inflammation, weathering, and met...
-
Puerto Rican Parenting and Acculturation in Families Experiencing Subs...
-
Depleting Capital? Race, Wealth and Informal Financial Assistance
-
The burden of reciprocity: Processes of exclusion and withdrawal from ...
-
Social support in single parents' transition from welfare to work: Ana...
-
Poverty Status and the Effects of Family Structure on Child Well-Being
-
Extended Family Support and Relationship Satisfaction Among Married, C...
-
Economic Insecurity and Social Stratification
-
Helicopter Parents and Landing Pad Kids: Intense Parental Support of G...
-
Racial Differences in Exposure and Reactivity to Daily Family Stressor...
-
Gender, Work Time, and Care Responsibilities Among Faculty ...
-
Barriers to social support among low‐income mothers
-
Disposable Ties and the Urban Poor
-
Extending and Expanding Parenthood: Parental Support to Young Adult Ch...
-
Can We Capture the Intersections? Older Black Women, Education, and He...
-
E-mail's Use and Perceived Effect on Family Relationship Quality: Vari...
-
Forgiveness of Others and Health: Do Race and Neighborhood Matter?
-
Private Transfers, Race, and Wealth
-
Semiotic Ideologies of Race: Racial Profiling and Retroduction
-
Displaced Older Adults’ Reactions to and Coping With the Aftermath of ...
-
Stress and Support in Family Relationships After Hurricane Katrina
-
Does a House Divided Stand? Kinship and the Continuity of Shared Livin...
-
Reintegration or stigmatization? Offenders’ expectations of community ...
-
The Gender-Equality Paradox: Class and Incongruity Between Work-Family...
-
Support to Aging Parents and Grown Children in Black and White Familie...
-
Who Matters for Children’s Early Development? Race/Ethnicity and Exten...
-
Relationship Status and Activated Kin Support: The Role of Need and No...
-
A longitudinal study of household change on African American adolescen...
-
Kin connection: Kin involvement while growing up and marriage in adult...
-
Rethinking Families and Community: The Color, Class, and Centrality of...
-
Exchanging value within individuals’ networks: Social support implicat...
-
Intergenerational Transmission of Chronic Illness Self-care: Results F...
-
Intergenerational Relations in Later-Life Families
-
The Midlife Financial Squeeze: Intergenerational Transfers of Financia...
-
Relationships between Adults and their Aging Parents
-
ADDRESSING RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH USING LIFE COURSE PERSPECTIVES
-
Financially Fragile Households: Evidence and Implications
-
Improving Work-Life Fit in Hourly Jobs: An Underutilized Cost-Cutting ...
-
Social Ties and Depression: An Intersectional Examination of Black and...
-
A Mechanism Describing How Low-income Women Exchange Support in Their ...
-
Unintended Births: Patterns by Race and Ethnicity And Relationship Typ...
-
Race Matters, Even in Marriage: Identifying Factors Linked to Marital ...
-
Ethnic differences in intergenerational solidarity in the Netherlands
-
Race/Ethnic Differences in Effects of Family Instability on Adolescent...
-
Chronic Illness Self-care and the Family Lives of Older Adults: A Synt...
-
“We call it the badlands”: How Social‐Spatial Geographies Influence So...
-
Agency-Based Support: A âLast-Resortâ Strategy for Low-Income Families...
-
Giving to the Good and the Needy: Parental Support of Grown Children
-
The Role of Perceived Maternal Favoritism in Sibling Relations in Midl...
-
Community Violence, Social Support Networks, Ethnic Group Differences,...
-
Assessing the Private Safety Net: Social Support among Minority Immigr...
-
Racial and Gender Differences in Kin Support...
-
Intergenerational Family Relations in Adulthood: Patterns, Variations,...
-
Understanding Older Men and Their Male Friendships: A Comparison of Af...
-
Husbands' and Wives' Education and Divorce in the United States and Ja...
-
Gender Ideology Construction...
-
More Than Motherhood: Reasons for Becoming a Family Day Care Provider
-
Norms About Nonmarital Pregnancy and Willingness to Provide Resources ...
-
Through the Lens of Race: Black and White Women's Perceptions of Woman...
-
Race, social relationships, and mental health
-
Till Marriage Do Us Part: Adult Children’s Relationships With Their Pa...
-
Consequences of Parental Divorce for Adult Children’s Support of Their...
-
Political and Civic Participation Among Disadvantaged Urban Mothers: T...
-
Marriage and the Motherhood Wage Penalty Among African Americans, Hisp...
-
Within-Family Differences in Mothers' Support to Adult Children in Bla...
-
Negotiating Inequality Among Adult Siblings: Two Case Studies
-
Family Instability and Child Well-Being
-
The Family Structure Trajectory and Adolescent School Performance...
-
BOOK REVIEW
-
More Kin, Less Support: Multipartnered Fertility and Perceived Support...
-
Extended Family Integration Among Euro and Mexican Americans: Ethnicit...
-
When Mothers Have Favourites: Conditions under Which Mothers Different...
-
Intergenerational Care and the Greediness of Adult Children's Marriage...
-
Family leaves, the FMLA and gender neutrality: The intersection of rac...
-
“Doing Family Ambivalence”: Nuclear and Extended Families in Single Mo...
-
Extended Family Ties Among Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Whites: Superi...
-
A lifetime of caring: Dimensions and dynamics in late‐life close relat...
-
Widowhood and Race
-
Nonspousal Family Loss among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Figures and tables
Figures & Media
Tables
View Options
Get access
Access options
If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:
loading institutional access options
ASA members can access this journal content using society membership credentials.
ASA members can access this journal content using society membership credentials.
Alternatively, view purchase options below:
Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.
Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.
