Skip to main content
Intended for healthcare professionals
Restricted access
Research article
First published online May 21, 2021

Emotional distress among police academy recruits: Humor and coping

Abstract

Police work, beginning as early as academy training, is inherently stressful and carries risks for officer wellbeing. Humor has been cited as useful way for officers to handle stress. This study investigated the relationship between humor and emotional distress among a sample of 101 police recruits from Phase 1 of the National Police Research Platform. Findings indicated that reliance on humor as a coping strategy increased among recruits during the police academy and hierarchical regression analyses showed that greater levels of use of humor as a coping strategy in the academy predicted a decrease in emotional distress upon academy graduation.

Get full access to this article

View all access and purchase options for this article.

References

Aaron J (2000) Stress and coping in police officers. Police Quarterly 3(4): 438–450.
Atkinson-Tovar L (2003) The impact of repeated exposure to trauma. Law & Order 51(9): 118–123.
Braswell R, Steinkopf M, Beamer M (2016) Law enforcement chaplains: defining their roles. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. Available at: https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/law-enforcement-chaplains-defining-their-roles (acccessed 1 December 2019).
Burns C, Morley J, Bradshaw R, et al. (2008) The emotional impact on and coping strategies employed by police teams investigating internet child exploitation. Traumatology 14(2): 20–31.
Chappell A, Lanza-Kaduce L (2010) Police academy socialization: understanding the lessons learned in a paramilitary-bureaucratic organization. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 39(2): 187–214.
Chopko BA (2011) Walk in balance: training crisis intervention team police officers as compassionate warriors. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health 6(4): 315–328.
Cross LC, Ashley L (2004) Police trauma and addiction: coping with the dangers of the job. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 73(10): 24–32. Available at: http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/2013/june/archive (acccessed 1 December 2019).
Darensburg T, Andrew ME, Hartley TA, et al. (2006) Gender and age differences in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among Buffalo police officers. Traumatology 12(3): 220–228.
Dean R, Gregory D (2005) More than trivial: strategies for using humor in palliative care. Cancer Nursing 28(4): 292–300. Available at: http://search.proquest.com/docview/1818797865?accountid=3320 (acccessed 1 December 2019).
Folkman S, Lazarus RS (1980) An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health & Social Behavior 21(3: 219–239.
Folkman S, Lazarus R (1991) Coping and emotion. In: Lazarus RS, Monat A (eds) Stress and Coping: An Anthology. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 207–227.
Galovski T, Peterson Z, Fox-Galalis A (2018) Trajectories of posttraumatic stress and depression in police and community members following the violence during civil unrest in Ferguson, Missouri. American Journal of Community Psychology 62(3–4): 433–448.
Garrick J (2006) The humor of trauma survivors. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 12(1–2): 169–182.
Gayadeen S, Phillips S (2016) Donut time: the use of humor across the police work environment. Journal of Organizational Ethnography 5(1): 44–59.
Godfrey R (2016) Soldiering on: exploring the role of humour as a disciplinary technology in the military. Organization 23(2): 164–183.
Lazarus R, Folkman S (1987) Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. European Journal of Personality 1: 149–169.
Lazarus R, Folkman S (1991) The concept of coping. In: Lazarus RS, Monat A (eds) Stress and Coping: An Anthology. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 189–206.
Lefcourt H (2001) Experiencing humor in everyday life. In: Humor. Boston, MA: Springe, pp. 15–29.
Martin R (2007) The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. Burlington, MA: Elsevier.
McCarty W, Lawrence D (2016) Coping, confidence, and change within the academy: a longitudinal look at police recruits. Police Practice and Research 17(3): 263–278.
National Police Research Platform, Phase 1 [United States]. (2009-2011) Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2016-08-31. DOI: 10.3886/ICPSR34518.v1.
Ménard K, Arter M, Glazer S (2013) Police officer alcohol use and trauma symptoms: associations with critical incidents, coping, and social stressors. International Journal of Stress Management 20(1): 37–56.
Miller L (2005) Police officer suicide: causes, prevention, and practical intervention strategies. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 7: 101–114.
Moran L, Roth G (2013) Humor in context: fire service and joking culture. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development 25(3): 14–26.
Newman A, Donohue R, Eva N (2017) Psychological safety: a systematic review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review 27(3): 521–535.
Papazoglou K (2013) Conceptualizing police complex spiral trauma and its applications in the police field. Traumatology 19(3): 196.
Radloff LS (1977) The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement 1(3): 385–401.
Reiser M, Geiger SP (1984) Police officer as victim. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 15(3): 315–323.
Roth G, Vivona B (2010) Mirth and murder: crime scene investigation as a work context for examining humor applications. Human Resource Development Review 9(4): 314–332.
Rutter M (2012) Resilience as a dynamic concept. Development and Psychopathology 24(2): 335–344.
Saroglou V, Anciaux L (2004) Liking sick humor: coping styles and religion as predictors. Humor-International Journal of Humor Research 17(3): 257–277.
Schaper D (2016) Many cops under tremendous stress after high-profile killings. All Things Considered. Available at: https://www.npr.org/2016/07/18/485281311/many-cops-under-tremendous-stress-after-high-profile-killings (accessed 5 January 2021).
Smoktunowicz E, Baka L, Cieslak R, et al. (2015) Explaining counterproductive work behaviors among police officers: the indirect effects of job demands are mediated by job burnout and moderated by job control and social support. Human Performance 28(4): 332–350.
Stone A, Greenberg M, Kennedy-Moore E, et al. (1991) Self-report, situation-specific coping questionnaires: what are they measuring? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61(4): 648–658.
Thorson J (1993) Have you ever seen a hearse go by? Some thoughts on gallows humor. Journal of American Culture 16(2): 17–24.
Thorson J, Powell F (1993) Development and validation of a multidimensional sense of humor scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology 49(1): 13–23.
Tuttle BM, Giano Z, Merten M (2018) Stress spillover in policing and negative relationship functioning for law enforcement marriages. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families 26(2): 246–252.
Violanti J (1992) Coping strategies among police recruits in a high-stress training environment. The Journal of Social Psychology 132(6): 717–729.
Violanti J (1993) What does high stress training teach recruits? An analysis of coping. Journal of Criminal Justice 21(4): 411–417.
Violanti J, Aron F (1993) Sources of police stressors, job attitudes, and psychological distress. Psychological Reports 72(3): 899–904.
Violanti J, Fekedulegn D, Hartley T, et al. (2013) Life expectancy in police officers: a comparison with the U.S. general population. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 15: 217–228.
Vivona B (2014) Humor functions within crime scene investigations: group dynamics, stress, and the negotiation of emotions. Police Quarterly 17(2): 127–149.
Williams V, Ciarrochi J, Deane FP (2010) On being mindful, emotionally aware, and more resilient: longitudinal pilot study of police recruits. Australian Psychologist 45(4): 274–282.

Cite article

Cite article

Cite article

OR

Download to reference manager

If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice

Share options

Share

Share this article

Share with email
EMAIL ARTICLE LINK
Share on social media

Share access to this article

Sharing links are not relevant where the article is open access and not available if you do not have a subscription.

For more information view the Sage Journals article sharing page.

Information, rights and permissions

Information

Published In

Article first published online: May 21, 2021
Issue published: September 2022

Keywords

  1. Police recruits
  2. police stress
  3. humor
  4. stress and coping

Rights and permissions

© The Author(s) 2021.
Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Brooke McQuerrey Tuttle
Human Development & Family Science, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA
Michael J Merten
Child Youth & Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
Brandt Gardner
Human Development & Family Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
Alex J Bishop
Human Development & Family Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
Julie M Croff
Rural Health, University-Center for Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA

Notes

Brooke McQuerrey Tuttle, Human Development & Family Science, Oklahoma State University-Tulsa, Main Hall 1101 700 N. Greenwood Ave. Tulsa, OK Oklahoma 74106, USA. Email: [email protected]

Metrics and citations

Metrics

Journals metrics

This article was published in The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles.

VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICS

Article usage*

Total views and downloads: 625

*Article usage tracking started in December 2016


Articles citing this one

Receive email alerts when this article is cited

Web of Science: 0

Crossref: 0

  1. Work overload, role conflict and emotional distress as predictors of b...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar

Figures and tables

Figures & Media

Tables

View Options

Get access

Access options

If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:


Alternatively, view purchase options below:

Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.

Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.

View options

PDF/ePub

View PDF/ePub

Full Text

View Full Text