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First published October 2004

Implicit and Explicit Ethnocentrism: Revisiting the Ideologies of Prejudice

William A. Cunningham, John B. Nezlek, and Mahzarin R. BanajiView all authors and affiliations
Volume 30, Issue 10
https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264654

Abstract

Two studies investigated relationships among individual differences in implicit and explicit prejudice, right-wing ideology, and rigidity in thinking. The first study examined these relationships focusing on White Americans’ prejudice toward Black Americans. The second study provided the first test of implicit ethnocentrism and its relationship to explicit ethnocentrism by studying the relationship between attitudes toward five social groups. Factor analyses found support for both implicit and explicit ethnocentrism. In both studies, mean explicit attitudes toward out groups were positive, whereas implicit attitudes were negative, suggesting that implicit and explicit prejudices are distinct; however, in both studies, implicit and explicit attitudes were related (r = .37, .47). Latent variable modeling indicates a simple structure within this ethnocentric system, with variables organized in order of specificity. These results lead to the conclusion that (a) implicit ethnocentrism exists and (b) it is related to and distinct from explicit ethnocentrism.

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1.
1. It should be noted there are likely multiple processes that comprise each “form” of attitude (see Brauer, Wasel, & Niedenthal, 2000; Cunningham, Raye, & Johnson, in press).
2.
2. For ease of reference we will refer to the White + good/Black + bad trials as White + good. Likewise, we will refer to the White + bad/Black + good trials as White + bad. The data reported in each case will contain both White and Black trial data.
3.
3. Results using log-transformed data were nearly identical. Because the difference scores based on the raw data were normally distributed, we chose to use the nontransformed data (see Cunningham, Preacher, & Banaji, 2001).
4.
4. Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI) and Comparative Fit Index (CFI) greater than .90 (Bentler, 1990) and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) less than 0.08 (Browne & Cudeck, 1992) suggest acceptable fit.
5.
5. In all reported models, the Need for Closure subscale measuring decisiveness was dropped from the Rigid Thinking construct. This indicator did not load on the Rigidity construct and did not load on any other constructs. Structural models retaining this measure on the rigidity construct were similar, although model fit was reduced. It is possible that decisiveness may be a component of both right-wing and left-wing ideologies and may simply predict extremity in ideological views.
6.
6. When using structural equation modeling, it is common to present alternative models for statistical and conceptual comparison. We have not done so here. The models presented here do not significantly differ from a model in which the relationships among all latent variables are estimated. As such, no other model with this degree of parsimony can fit the data as well. Further information regarding other models can be obtained from the authors.
7.
7. Demographic information regarding sexual orientation was not collected because it was felt that this violation of privacy was not justified for this project.
8.
8. The 1981 scale was used for comparison with the results of Study 1.
9.
9. Only a subset of original items was used.
10.
10. It is possible that the implicit ethnocentrism factor was found because of shared measurement error. We find this explanation to be unlikely for two reasons. First, our control bird-trees Implicit Association Test (IAT) did not load on this factor. Moreover, if this factor was systematic measurement error alone, this method factor would not likely generate a correlation between implicit and explicit ethnocentrism.
11.
11. We do not suggest that implicit and explicit attitudes are necessary opposed in valence, rather that they can be, and often are, for attitudes toward disadvantaged social groups in populations that consciously endorse egalitarian goals. For other attitudes, such as attitudes toward political candidates, it is possible to find both agreement in overall valence of attitude and very strong correspondence between implicit and explicit attitudes (see Nosek, Banaji, & Greenwald, 2002).

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Published In

Volume 30, Issue 10
Pages: 1332 - 1346
Article first published: October 2004
Issue published: October 2004

Keywords

  1. ethnocentrism
  2. ideology
  3. prejudice
  4. implicit attitudes
  5. explicit attitudes

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PubMed: 15466605

Authors

Affiliations

William A. Cunningham
Yale University, [email protected]
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John B. Nezlek
College of William & Mary
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Mahzarin R. Banaji
Harvard University
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