Veterinaria Italiana
ISTITUTO ZOOPROFILATTICO CAPORALE, Veterinaria Italiana Journal, Department Member
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A quarterly journal devoted to veterinary public health, veterinary science and medicine, published by the Istituto Z... moreA quarterly journal devoted to veterinary public health, veterinary science and medicine, published by the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale" in Teramo, Italy edit
Objective To validate the Italian translation of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale – Short Form (ICMPS‑SF) in order to assess acute pain in dogs. The original English‑version of the scale (the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale –... more
Objective To validate the Italian translation of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale
– Short Form (ICMPS‑SF) in order to assess acute pain in dogs. The original English‑version
of the scale (the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale – Short Form ‑ CMPS‑SF) was
translated into Italian according to a standard protocol to ensure linguistic and cultural
validity. Nine Italian veterinary surgeons then recorded pain scores in dogs undergoing
orthopaedic or soft tissue surgery using the ICMPS‑SF at 2, 6, and 24 hours post‑extubation.
Construct validity was demonstrated using hypothesis testing. A total of 95 dogs were
recruited into the study. Thirty‑seven dogs underwent orthopaedic procedures and 58 dogs
underwent soft tissue procedures. Twenty‑three, 45, and 27 procedures were classified as
mild, moderate, and severe, respectively. Statistically significant differences in the median
pain scores were demonstrated between orthopaedic and soft tissue cases as well as among
mild, moderate, and severe cases. Median pain scores decreased with time and changes were
statistically significant. The ICMPS‑SF demonstrated construct validity similar to the original
English‑language scale, resulting in a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of
acute pain in dogs by Italian veterinarians.
– Short Form (ICMPS‑SF) in order to assess acute pain in dogs. The original English‑version
of the scale (the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale – Short Form ‑ CMPS‑SF) was
translated into Italian according to a standard protocol to ensure linguistic and cultural
validity. Nine Italian veterinary surgeons then recorded pain scores in dogs undergoing
orthopaedic or soft tissue surgery using the ICMPS‑SF at 2, 6, and 24 hours post‑extubation.
Construct validity was demonstrated using hypothesis testing. A total of 95 dogs were
recruited into the study. Thirty‑seven dogs underwent orthopaedic procedures and 58 dogs
underwent soft tissue procedures. Twenty‑three, 45, and 27 procedures were classified as
mild, moderate, and severe, respectively. Statistically significant differences in the median
pain scores were demonstrated between orthopaedic and soft tissue cases as well as among
mild, moderate, and severe cases. Median pain scores decreased with time and changes were
statistically significant. The ICMPS‑SF demonstrated construct validity similar to the original
English‑language scale, resulting in a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of
acute pain in dogs by Italian veterinarians.
Research Interests:
Zika Virus (ZIKV) is a RNA virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. This virus is transmitted through bite of Aedes mosquitoes, in particular Ae. aegypti. On February 1st 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) has... more
Zika Virus (ZIKV) is a RNA virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. This virus
is transmitted through bite of Aedes mosquitoes, in particular Ae. aegypti. On February 1st 2016,
the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared ZIKV a Public Health Emergency of
International Concern. Successively, considering the establishment of Ae. albopictus, WHO
has classified Italy as having a moderate likelihood of local transmission of ZIKV, preceded
in Europe only by France. For this reason an entomological surveillance plan was been
activated in Sardinia in 2016. BG Sentinel Mosquito Traps have been positioned in 29 sites,
comprising urban areas and points of entry, as ports and airports. Mosquitoes were collected
fortnightly from April to December. A total of 3,089 mosquitoes were collected belonging
to 10 species. The most numerous species have been Cx. pipiens s.l. and Ae. albopictus. All
mosquitoes sampled have been assayed by real time reverse transcriptase PCR for detection
of ZIKV RNA. A total of 584 pool have been analyzed and have been reported no evidence
of ZIKV. A permanent entomological surveillance should be implemented principally in the
urban areas and points of entry, as ports and airports, because Ae. albopictus, susceptible to
ZIKV, is established in Sardinia and also know the recent introduction of invasive mosquitoes
species Ae. koericus and Ae. japonicus in Italy.
is transmitted through bite of Aedes mosquitoes, in particular Ae. aegypti. On February 1st 2016,
the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared ZIKV a Public Health Emergency of
International Concern. Successively, considering the establishment of Ae. albopictus, WHO
has classified Italy as having a moderate likelihood of local transmission of ZIKV, preceded
in Europe only by France. For this reason an entomological surveillance plan was been
activated in Sardinia in 2016. BG Sentinel Mosquito Traps have been positioned in 29 sites,
comprising urban areas and points of entry, as ports and airports. Mosquitoes were collected
fortnightly from April to December. A total of 3,089 mosquitoes were collected belonging
to 10 species. The most numerous species have been Cx. pipiens s.l. and Ae. albopictus. All
mosquitoes sampled have been assayed by real time reverse transcriptase PCR for detection
of ZIKV RNA. A total of 584 pool have been analyzed and have been reported no evidence
of ZIKV. A permanent entomological surveillance should be implemented principally in the
urban areas and points of entry, as ports and airports, because Ae. albopictus, susceptible to
ZIKV, is established in Sardinia and also know the recent introduction of invasive mosquitoes
species Ae. koericus and Ae. japonicus in Italy.
Research Interests:
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a systemic zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania, an intracellular macrophage parasite, transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sandflies. In dogs, the clinical disease is mostly characterised... more
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a systemic zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania,
an intracellular macrophage parasite, transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sandflies. In dogs,
the clinical disease is mostly characterised by symptoms associated with viscerocutaneous
lesions such as lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, skin lesions, and renal and ocular disease
caused by the deposition of immune complexes. The parasite may provoke mucosal lesions
which cause atypical clinical signs. The aim of this study is to describe an atypical nostril mass
in a dog infected by Leishmania. Clinical examination did not show any systemic clinical signs,
while haematological, biochemical, and urinary parameters demonstrated a mild disease
stage. Diagnosis was confirmed through the isolation of cultured live parasites by biopsy. The
dog was treated with a combination of miltefosine and allopurinol, showing full remission of
clinical symptoms after 2 months. The authors outline the importance of considering CanL in
the differential diagnosis of mucous and tumour-like lesions.
an intracellular macrophage parasite, transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sandflies. In dogs,
the clinical disease is mostly characterised by symptoms associated with viscerocutaneous
lesions such as lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, skin lesions, and renal and ocular disease
caused by the deposition of immune complexes. The parasite may provoke mucosal lesions
which cause atypical clinical signs. The aim of this study is to describe an atypical nostril mass
in a dog infected by Leishmania. Clinical examination did not show any systemic clinical signs,
while haematological, biochemical, and urinary parameters demonstrated a mild disease
stage. Diagnosis was confirmed through the isolation of cultured live parasites by biopsy. The
dog was treated with a combination of miltefosine and allopurinol, showing full remission of
clinical symptoms after 2 months. The authors outline the importance of considering CanL in
the differential diagnosis of mucous and tumour-like lesions.
Research Interests:
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination on the levels of viremia, the number of viremic-positive pigs, and production performance [i.e. nursery mortality, post-weaning... more
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)
vaccination on the levels of viremia, the number of viremic-positive pigs, and production
performance [i.e. nursery mortality, post-weaning mortality, and average daily weight
gain (ADWG)] under field conditions. There were 140 farrow-to-finish pig herds involved in
this study. The vaccination of piglets was implemented in 82 of the 140 herds. In each herd
blood samples were collected from sows and pigs in different age category. In addition, a
questionnaire regarding the production performance was provided for each herd. Results
demonstrate that the vaccination of piglets prevented the development of viremia in 23.2% of
herds. Significant decreases in the levels of PCV2 DNA in serum and in the number of viremic
pigs were also noted. These results indicate that the vaccination of piglets against PCV2 is a
useful tool in controlling the PCV2 infection in herds with a high risk of a wide range of viral
and bacterial agents, poor management strategies, and a low level of biosecurity practices.
vaccination on the levels of viremia, the number of viremic-positive pigs, and production
performance [i.e. nursery mortality, post-weaning mortality, and average daily weight
gain (ADWG)] under field conditions. There were 140 farrow-to-finish pig herds involved in
this study. The vaccination of piglets was implemented in 82 of the 140 herds. In each herd
blood samples were collected from sows and pigs in different age category. In addition, a
questionnaire regarding the production performance was provided for each herd. Results
demonstrate that the vaccination of piglets prevented the development of viremia in 23.2% of
herds. Significant decreases in the levels of PCV2 DNA in serum and in the number of viremic
pigs were also noted. These results indicate that the vaccination of piglets against PCV2 is a
useful tool in controlling the PCV2 infection in herds with a high risk of a wide range of viral
and bacterial agents, poor management strategies, and a low level of biosecurity practices.
Research Interests:
Contagious agalactia (CA) is a serious disease of small ruminants that occurs in many countries, and is usually characterized by mastitis, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, pleuropneumonia, and septicemia. Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) is the... more
Contagious agalactia (CA) is a serious disease of small ruminants that occurs in many countries, and is usually characterized by mastitis, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, pleuropneumonia, and septicemia. Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) is the main causative agent in sheep and goats but other pathogens including Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc, which incorporates the former M. mycoides subsp. mycoides Large Colony type), Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcc), and Mycoplasma putrefaciens (Mp) might be involved. They are all usually associated with infections in goats and may cause similar clinical signs. A total of 116 sheep and 16 goats suffering from the acute form of the disease were included in this study. They were recruited following a number of outbreaks suspected to be CA in the Ardebil province of Iran. Milk, lachrymal or synovial fluid were collected exclusively from the affected animals in order to identify the pathogen involved. Of the 132 collected samples, 33 (25%) were positive for Mycoplasma species by culture in PPLO broth and agar. The polymerase chain reaction followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR/DGGE) method identified 18 (12 sheep and 6 goats) of the 33 Mycoplasma positive samples with mixed Mycoplasma population. In particular, 25 Ma (47.2%), 23 Mp (43.4%), 4 Mcc (7.5%), and 1 Mmc (1.9%) were identified. This confirms that the several Mycoplasma species rather than the Ma only are in circulation, and are able to cause CA in sheep and goats in Iran. This is the first report on the isolation and identification of Mp, Mmc and Mcc in infected small ruminant flocks in Iran.
Research Interests:
In this study 252 poultry samples comprised of poultry meat (n = 228) and poultry eggs (n = 24) were screened for the isolation of Escherichia coli (E. coli). A total of 62 E. coli isolates were recovered from poultry meat. The E. coli... more
In this study 252 poultry samples comprised of poultry meat (n = 228) and poultry eggs
(n = 24) were screened for the isolation of Escherichia coli (E. coli). A total of 62 E. coli isolates
were recovered from poultry meat. The E. coli isolates belonged to different serogroups
based on ‘O’ serotyping of the isolates viz O29 (10.8%), O8 (7.7%), O40 (6.15%), O2 (4.61%),
O60 (3.08%), O106 (3.08%), 42 (1.54%), O 87 (1.54%), and 01 serotypes of O1, O7, O30, O45,
O59, O66, O105, O1116, O136, O141, O147, O148, O166, and O172. Sixteen (24.62%) of the
isolates were UT (untypable) and 6 (9.23 %) were rough types. Molecular characterisation of
the isolates was performed, targeting stx1 and stx2 virulence gene fragment. Out of 62 E. coli
isolates, 10 (16.12%) were carrying virulence gene stx2, whereas none of the isolate was
carrying stx1 gene. The E. coli isolates showed wide variation in resistance pattern against
the antimicrobial agents that we used (9-90%). Among E. coli isolates, maximum resistance
was observed against cefuroxime (89.1%) and penicillin (89.4%), followed by ampicillin
(80.43%), vancomycin (74.1%), co-trimoxazole (73.1%), cephalothin (60.8%), ceftriaxone
(28.2%), tetracycline (17.4%), gentamicin (13%), amikacin (13.04%), ofloxacin (13%), and
ciprofloxacin (6.5%). A high degree of susceptibility was observed against amikacin (84.7%)
and ciprofloxacin (76%) followed by gentamicin (71.73) and ofloxacin (60.86%). High multiple
antibiotic resistances were observed and a total of 34 resistance patterns were identified.
(n = 24) were screened for the isolation of Escherichia coli (E. coli). A total of 62 E. coli isolates
were recovered from poultry meat. The E. coli isolates belonged to different serogroups
based on ‘O’ serotyping of the isolates viz O29 (10.8%), O8 (7.7%), O40 (6.15%), O2 (4.61%),
O60 (3.08%), O106 (3.08%), 42 (1.54%), O 87 (1.54%), and 01 serotypes of O1, O7, O30, O45,
O59, O66, O105, O1116, O136, O141, O147, O148, O166, and O172. Sixteen (24.62%) of the
isolates were UT (untypable) and 6 (9.23 %) were rough types. Molecular characterisation of
the isolates was performed, targeting stx1 and stx2 virulence gene fragment. Out of 62 E. coli
isolates, 10 (16.12%) were carrying virulence gene stx2, whereas none of the isolate was
carrying stx1 gene. The E. coli isolates showed wide variation in resistance pattern against
the antimicrobial agents that we used (9-90%). Among E. coli isolates, maximum resistance
was observed against cefuroxime (89.1%) and penicillin (89.4%), followed by ampicillin
(80.43%), vancomycin (74.1%), co-trimoxazole (73.1%), cephalothin (60.8%), ceftriaxone
(28.2%), tetracycline (17.4%), gentamicin (13%), amikacin (13.04%), ofloxacin (13%), and
ciprofloxacin (6.5%). A high degree of susceptibility was observed against amikacin (84.7%)
and ciprofloxacin (76%) followed by gentamicin (71.73) and ofloxacin (60.86%). High multiple
antibiotic resistances were observed and a total of 34 resistance patterns were identified.
Research Interests:
The virulence gene profile of 26 rabbit enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains, isolated from 17 colibacillosis outbreaks located in two regions of Northern Italy, was determined using an Echerichia coli virulence DNA microarray. All... more
The virulence gene profile of 26 rabbit enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains, isolated from 17 colibacillosis outbreaks located in two regions of Northern Italy, was determined using an Echerichia coli virulence DNA microarray. All strains were classified according to their determined biotype, sero-and phylo-group. The distribution of virulence genes encoding for the Locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), LEE type III secretion system (T3SS), non-LEE T3SS translocated proteins and adherence factors was also determined. All strains but one belonged to phylogroups A and B1. A prevalent association between the O103 serogroup with the rhamnose-negative phenotype (biotype 12 or 14) was found. The most prevalent LEE profile found in tested strains was ler/cesT/espA-1/espB-3/tir-1/eae(beta)/espD-2/escN/eprJ. All strains possessed either the adhesive factor rabbit-2 (afr/2) or the plasmid Rabbit adherence locus (ral) gene and 24 of them an additional individual or combined set of colonization factors efa1/lifA, lpfA and paa genes. Finally, the combined or single presence of a set of LEE and/or non-LEE effector proteins encoding genes, namely espG, cif, map and nle family genes, attested to the genetic potential of investigated strains to induce pathologic lesions to the host. The application of microarray-based technologies in assessing the genetic profile of rabbit E. coli is a reliable, cost-effective candidate for large scale investigations in monitoring programs aimed to survey the circulation of pathogenic strains within rabbit production units, their zoonotic genetic potential and to select E. coli strains eligible for vaccinal prophylaxis in fattening rabbit production.
Research Interests:
Large game animals play an important role as carriers and transmitters of O157:H7 and non‑O157:H7 Shiga toxin‑producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in nature. Fresh meat obtained from game animals has been identified as an important source of... more
Large game animals play an important role as carriers and transmitters of O157:H7 and non‑O157:H7 Shiga toxin‑producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in nature. Fresh meat obtained from game animals has been identified as an important source of food‑borne STEC infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of the top 6 non‑O157 STEC strains (serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) in Namibian game meat based on testing for stx, eae, and O‑group‑specific genes. Meat samples from gemsboks (Oryx gazella) (n = 75), springboks (Antidorcas marsupialis) (n = 41), greater kudus (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) (n = 5), and wildebeests (Connochaetes taurinus) (n = 5) were collected from 2 Namibian abattoirs and tested for STEC using real‑time PCR techniques. Both Shiga toxin (stx) and intimin (eae) virulence genes were detected in 94 out of 126 samples (74.6%). Five of the top 6 STEC serogroup‑specific genes were also detected in samples that were positive for both the stx and eae genes. The results of this study show a high incidence of non‑O157 STEC O‑group genes in Namibian game meat, which suggests that further scrutiny and testing may be necessary to avoid foodborne outbreaks.
Research Interests:
According to European Union (EU) regulations, the serological tests for the eradication of bovine and ovine brucellosis are the Rose Bengal Test, Complement Fixation Test, and i‑ELISA. These methods, also recommended by the World... more
According to European Union (EU) regulations, the serological tests for the eradication of bovine and ovine brucellosis are the Rose Bengal Test, Complement Fixation Test, and i‑ELISA. These methods, also recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) for international trades, have limitations related to the use of suspensions of smooth Brucellae or LPS extracts. Limitations include false‑positive serological reactions to brucellosis, which in turn impedes accurate diagnosis in some herds. False positive reactions should be considered carefully during the final stages of an eradication programme and for surveillance purposes in brucellosis‑free areas. In this study, we produced specific sera through the experimental infection of sheep with Y. enterocolitica O:9 and E. coli O157:H7. These are the most important cross‑reactive bacteria with Brucella. We then evaluated the antibody response of groups of sheep that had been immunised towards homologous antigens and official antigens for brucellosis, in order to identify a differential diagnostic protocol to distinguish cross‑reaction in Brucella‑infected animals. Cross‑reactivity in serological tests for brucellosis: a comparison of immune response of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 vs Brucella spp.
Research Interests:
The present case study concerns a case of predation of 4 individuals of captive pink flamingo in Emilia Romagna Region, Northeastern Italy. The pink flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) is a species included in the Red List of Threatened... more
The present case study concerns a case of predation of 4 individuals of captive pink flamingo in Emilia Romagna Region, Northeastern Italy. The pink flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) is a species included in the Red List of Threatened Species established by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) which lists species in danger of extinction. During the Winter of 2013, 4 flamingos (2 in the Comacchio area, and 2 from Argenta and Codigoro oases – Ferrara province) were found dead some of them headless, with their bodies severely bitten. At first, a fox (Vulpes vulpes) was suspected to be the predator responsible for the killing and the birds were taken to the laboratory for further investigations. The investigations included: field observations, study of the predator behaviour, necropsy examinations, assessment of the intercanine distance, and genetic analysis on the predator's traces. The intercanine distance indicated that the predator could not have been a fox. The analysis of salivary DNA samples enabled us to establish that the predator was in fact a dog. This case highlights the importance of co‑operation among the various branches of forensic sciences and the great usefulness of the roles filled by other veterinary forensic experts involved in solving crime. Veterinary forensic sciences to solve a fatal case of predation on flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus)
Research Interests:
Reproductive disorders are responsible for significant economic losses in canary aviculture due to embryo and newborn chick mortality. Most of the time, deaths are caused by bacterial pathogens, however little published data exist about... more
Reproductive disorders are responsible for significant economic losses in canary aviculture due to embryo and newborn chick mortality. Most of the time, deaths are caused by bacterial pathogens, however little published data exist about the prevalence of bacterial isolates that are identified during diagnostic protocols. This study reports on data collected from previous investigations carried out on cloacal swabs (n 456), unhatched eggs (n 52), and dead newborn chicks (n 68) collected from canary aviaries with a history of reproductive disorders. Of the examined samples, 41% were positive for the presence of pathogenic or potentially pathogenic bacteria, with particular regard to Gram negative species during bacteriological investigations. The most prevalent microorganisms were Gram‑negative (55%). A predominance of Klebsiella, Escherichia, and Pantoea genera was observed. These are usually associated to pathological conditions in pet birds. Among Gram‑positive bacteria, Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were most prevalent. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing carried out on bacterial isolates showed a multiple resistance, especially against amoxycillin, erythromycin, spiramycin, tiamulin, and tylosin. This study represents a first attempt to provide an update on microbial causes of embryonic and neonatal mortality in canary aviaries in Italy; in addition, it provides further understandings about the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy. Reproductive disorders in domestic canaries (Serinus canarius domesticus): a retrospective study on bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial resistance in Italy from 2009 to 2012
Research Interests:
In this study we examined macroscopic and microscopic lesions in the mitral valves of 50 regularly slaughtered horses in Italy. Macroscopically the results were minor. Microscopic lesions to the valve were found in both young and elderly... more
In this study we examined macroscopic and microscopic lesions in the mitral valves of 50 regularly slaughtered horses in Italy. Macroscopically the results were minor. Microscopic lesions to the valve were found in both young and elderly subjects, confirming that there is no correlation between age and onset of lesions. We set out to evaluate whether the lesions correspond to valve disorder during the life of the animal.
Research Interests:
Pteropine Orthoreoviruses (PRVs) are fusogenic bat‑borne orthoreoviruses that cause flu‑like upper respiratory tract infections in humans. The presence of this group of viruses in bats and humans has been well documented in areas where... more
Pteropine Orthoreoviruses (PRVs) are fusogenic bat‑borne orthoreoviruses that cause flu‑like upper respiratory tract infections in humans. The presence of this group of viruses in bats and humans has been well documented in areas where their biological reservoirs – fruit bats (family Pteropodidae) – live densely. In the present study, a serum neutralization (SN) assay to detect neutralizing antibodies against PRV Indonesia/2010 isolate was set up and used to assess the seroprevalence of this virus in Italian domestic animals. The new developed assay was able of detecting PRV neutralizing antibodies in the hyper‑immune polyclonal serum produced in rabbits (titer of 1:160). The negative serum was negative at all tested dilutions. No cross‑reactions have been evidenced neither against reference MRVs nor against their respective hyper‑immune sera. Eight hundred and fifty‑three serum samples collected from 524 bovines, 271 small ruminants, and 58 horses (all used as sentinel animals in the Bluetongue and West Nile disease National surveillance program) were also tested with the new developed SN assay. According to the results of this survey, neither PRV nor PRV cross‑reacting viruses antibodies have been demonstrated in Italian domestic animals. However, the new developed SN assay could be a very valuable diagnostic tool to detect infection in animals and humans.
Research Interests:
The healing of wounds located on the equine distal limbs can often be impaired, which can result in exuberant granulation tissue and its associated aesthetic alteration and functional failures. Although a number of therapies have been... more
The healing of wounds located on the equine distal limbs can often be impaired, which can result in exuberant granulation tissue and its associated aesthetic alteration and functional failures. Although a number of therapies have been developed and assessed, the treatment of these wounds still presents challenges. This report describes the treatment of exuberant granulation tissue in a horse using an intra‑lesional injection of 4% formaldehyde solution. The successful outcome of this treatment suggests that further investigations are required in order to better evaluate its efficacy, as well as the incidence and the severity of any adverse reaction.
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Noroviruses and hepatitis A virus are the pathogens most frequently involved in non‑bacterial gastroenteritis and hepatitis worldwide. They are mainly transmitted via the faecal–oral route, direct person‑to‑person contact or through the... more
Noroviruses and hepatitis A virus are the pathogens most frequently involved in non‑bacterial gastroenteritis and hepatitis worldwide. They are mainly transmitted via the faecal–oral route, direct person‑to‑person contact or through the consumption of contaminated water and foods. In food virology, detection methods of these viruses are currently based on real‑time reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR). A crucial step in this process is the acid nucleic extraction, since its performance can negatively influence viral detection and thus give false negative results. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of 2 automated extraction systems, MagMAX Express and EZ1 Advanced XL, in recovering hepatitis A virus and norovirus RNA from mussels. In the present study, we used mengovirus as a process control to assess the efficiency of the extraction process. Samples were tested for mengovirus, hepatitis A, and norovirus by real time one‑step RT‑PCR assay. Our data indicates the MagMax Express is the better system to extract hepatitis A and norovirus RNA from mussels since its extraction efficiency was higher (p < 0.05) than EZ1 Advanced XL.
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In the last decades, adverse food reactions have increased considerably in dogs and cats. In this study we report on the possible onset of food intolerances symptoms, including otitis, diarrhoea, generalised anxiety, and dermatitis in a... more
In the last decades, adverse food reactions have increased considerably in dogs and cats. In this study we report on the possible onset of food intolerances symptoms, including otitis, diarrhoea, generalised anxiety, and dermatitis in a cohort of 8 dogs consuming commercial diets. All dogs received an organic chicken‑based diet for 15 days. We performed analysis of blood biochemical parameters, kibble composition, and oxytetracycline (OTC) serum concentration before and after 15 days of organic chicken‑based diet supplementation. We hypothesised that a chronic intake of contaminated food enhanced by the presence of nanoparticle aggregates might be at the base of the onset of pharmacologic or idiopathic food intolerances. At the end of the evaluation period, an overall significant reduction of otitis, diarrhoea, generalised anxiety, and dermatitis was observed. Biochemical analyses indicate a significant increase in the alkaline phosphatase, from 41 to 52.5 U/L, after 15 days (**p < 0.01), while a significant decrease in Gamma‑glutamyl transferase and urea, from 9.37 to 6.25 U/L and from 32.13 ± 8.72 to 22.13 ± 7.8 mg/dL, respectively, was observed (*p < 0.05). A significant decrease, from 0.22 to 0.02 μg/mL, in mean OTC serum concentration was also observed (**p < 0.01). Composition analysis revealed the presence of OTC, calcium, aluminium, silicon, and phosphorous nanoparticle aggregates. Further research on a wider sample size would help to confirm the hypothesis proposed here.
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This study aimed to isolate, define the genetic profile, assess potential pathogenicity and evaluate the seasonal distribution of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus strains isolated from the Vibrata river... more
This study aimed to isolate, define the genetic profile, assess potential pathogenicity and evaluate the seasonal distribution of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus strains isolated from the Vibrata river (Abruzzo Region, Italy) during a monitoring period of one year. Detection was performed according to ISO/TS 21872-1-2:2007. Species identification and characterisation were achieved using molecular methods. Vibrio spp. were detected in 50% (23) of the water samples. In particular, V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus were isolated in 18 (39.1%), 4 (8.7%), and 2 (4.3%) samples, respectively. All V. parahaemolyticus strains were tdh gene negative, 75% were positive for trh gene. In 30 V. cholerae isolates, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for detecting virulence and regulatory genes (ctxA, toxR, tcpA, ompU, hlyA, tcpI, zot, and stn/sto) revealed 6 genotypes associated to different levels of pathogenicity. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) characterisation of the V. cholerae strains identified 13 different pulsotypes. A greater degree of similarity was shown for strains isolated in the same period of the year. Results of our study reveal a potential health risk associated with the waters of the Vibrata river, which are used for irrigation and next to the swimming areas of Abruzzo coastline.
Research Interests:
Widely spread in nature, Yersinia enterocolitica (YE) is a foodborne pathogen of major health and economic significance in developed countries. The aim of this study is to analyse YE strains isolated from 400 slaughtered pigs from the... more
Widely spread in nature, Yersinia enterocolitica (YE) is a foodborne pathogen of major health
and economic significance in developed countries. The aim of this study is to analyse YE strains
isolated from 400 slaughtered pigs from the Abruzzo region, Italy, using biochemical tests
and a multiplex polymerase chain reaction PCR detecting 6 chromosomal genes (ystA, irp2,
16s, ail, inv, hemR) and one plasmid‑borne virulence gene (yadA). Antimicrobial susceptibility
was evaluated and pulsed‑field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was also performed in order to
assess phylogenetic diversity. In total, 56 samples of porcine tonsils (14%) were found to be
positive for the presence of pathogenic YE. All YE belonged to the pathogenic bioserotype
4/O:3. All YE samples were positive for the chromosomal virulence genes ystA, ail, and inv,
whereas results for the presence of yadA and hemR were variable. This study found that YE
isolates were resistant to ampicillin (100%), streptomycin (26.79%), sulfisoxazole (19.65%),
tetracycline (16.08%), nalidixic acid (14.30%), and chloramphenicol (10.72%). The strains
characterised by PFGE showed a high similarity. This study demonstrates the usefulness of
multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) compared with conventional phenotypic assays
for the identification of pathogenic YE isolates and the limitations of PFGE for the molecular
typing of YE bioserotype 4/O:3.
and economic significance in developed countries. The aim of this study is to analyse YE strains
isolated from 400 slaughtered pigs from the Abruzzo region, Italy, using biochemical tests
and a multiplex polymerase chain reaction PCR detecting 6 chromosomal genes (ystA, irp2,
16s, ail, inv, hemR) and one plasmid‑borne virulence gene (yadA). Antimicrobial susceptibility
was evaluated and pulsed‑field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was also performed in order to
assess phylogenetic diversity. In total, 56 samples of porcine tonsils (14%) were found to be
positive for the presence of pathogenic YE. All YE belonged to the pathogenic bioserotype
4/O:3. All YE samples were positive for the chromosomal virulence genes ystA, ail, and inv,
whereas results for the presence of yadA and hemR were variable. This study found that YE
isolates were resistant to ampicillin (100%), streptomycin (26.79%), sulfisoxazole (19.65%),
tetracycline (16.08%), nalidixic acid (14.30%), and chloramphenicol (10.72%). The strains
characterised by PFGE showed a high similarity. This study demonstrates the usefulness of
multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) compared with conventional phenotypic assays
for the identification of pathogenic YE isolates and the limitations of PFGE for the molecular
typing of YE bioserotype 4/O:3.
Research Interests:
In the South Mediterranean and Middle East region, interactions between humans, animals, and the surrounding environment are frequently close. This fact is mainly manifested in traditional farming settings (by sedentary, semi‑sedentary,... more
In the South Mediterranean and Middle East region, interactions between humans, animals, and the surrounding environment are frequently close. This fact is mainly manifested in traditional farming settings (by sedentary, semi‑sedentary, and nomadic communities) as well as where livestock intensification has been introduced. A combination of complex factors in these settings (e.g. challenges in country infrastructures and cross‑sectoral collaboration/ coordination, traditional habits, poor social information, etc.) contribute to the emergence and, occasionally, to the endemic pattern of zoonoses. The phenomenal growth of international travel and trade, population displacement, and unhygienic settlements has increased the speed and ease with which pathogens and vectors can cross continents and cause outbreaks and epidemics. Programmes for the prevention and control of zoonoses have been implemented in several countries in this region; however, the expected results have not always been realised. The conflicts and civil unrest affecting certain countries in this region during the last decade, together with the mass displacement of people seeking refuge, have resulted in serious epidemiological and social impacts. Zoonoses and related food‑borne diseases are, indeed, a worldwide challenge, whose prevention and control mainly depend on the actions of national authorities. Once peace has been established in this region, authorities need to address the burden of these diseases through resource mobilisation, the implementation of international agencies' technical guidance, and inter‑country collaboration.
Research Interests:
Riassunto Lo stronzio‑90 (90 Sr) è un radionuclide artificiale che decade in 90 Y emettendo particelle beta. È un prodotto di fissione nucleare dell'uranio e del plutonio, pertanto può essere presente nell'ambiente soltanto a seguito di... more
Riassunto Lo stronzio‑90 (90 Sr) è un radionuclide artificiale che decade in 90 Y emettendo particelle beta. È un prodotto di fissione nucleare dell'uranio e del plutonio, pertanto può essere presente nell'ambiente soltanto a seguito di incidenti nucleari o di smaltimento non corretto dei rifiuti radioattivi. In questi casi lo 90 Sr può essere assorbito dagli animali attraverso la respirazione o l'alimentazione e, possedendo una spiccata affinità chimica al calcio, può accumularsi nelle ossa e nel midollo osseo dove può provocare osteosarcomi, leucemie e tumori, oltre che fenomeni di decalcificazione e deformazione. Inoltre, questo radionuclide può passare dall'ambiente ai mangimi fino ai prodotti di origine animale particolarmente ricchi in calcio come latte e derivati. In questo studio è stato sviluppato e validato un metodo radiochimico per la determinazione di 90 Sr nelle ossa animali, mediante conteggio in scintillazione liquida ad ultra basso fondo, dopo opportuno trattamento del campione e raggiungimento dell'equilibrio secolare 90 Sr/ 90 Y. L'affidabilità e l'accuratezza di questa procedura analitica sono state verificate mediante una procedura di validazione implementata in‑house, che ha consentito di valutare i più importanti parametri analitici, in accordo con gli attuali riferimenti legislativi, ovvero: selettività, linearità, detection limit e decision threshold, precisione ed esattezza, robustezza e incertezza di misura. Accumulo di radiostronzio nelle ossa animali: sviluppo di un metodo radiochimico mediante conteggio in scintillazione liquida ad ultra basso fondo per la sua quantificazione Summary Strontium‑90 (90 Sr) is a fission product, resulting from the use of uranium and plutonium in nuclear reactors and weapons. Consequently, it may be found in the environment as a consequence of nuclear fallouts, nuclear weapon testing, and not correct waste management. When present in the environment, strontium‑90 may be taken into animal body by drinking water, eating food, or breathing air. The primary health effects are bone tumors and tumors of the blood‑cell forming organs, due to beta particles emitted by both 90 Sr and yttrium‑90 (90 Y). Moreover, another health concern is represented by inhibition of calcification and bone deformities in animals. Actually, radiometric methods for the determination of 90 Sr in animal bones are lacking. This article describers a radiochemical method for the determination of 90 Sr in animal bones, by ultra low‑level liquid scintillation counting. The method precision and trueness have been demonstrated through validation tests (CV% = 12.4%; mean recovery = 98.4%). Detection limit and decision threshold corresponding to 8 and 3 mBecquerel (Bq) kg ‑1 , respectively, represent another strong point of this analytical procedure. This new radiochemical method permits the selective extraction of 90 Sr, without interferences, and it is suitable for radiocontamination surveillance programs, and it is also an improvement with respect to food safety controls.
Research Interests:
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) was detected for the first time in Tunisia and in other Northern African countries in 2006. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether EHDV circulated in Tunisian livestock... more
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) was detected for the first time in Tunisia and in
other Northern African countries in 2006. The objective of the present study was to investigate
whether EHDV circulated in Tunisian livestock before and after the officially‑reported outbreak
of 2006. Thus, serum samples from cattle and dromedaries collected in different time periods
(before and after 2006) and from different regions of Tunisia were screened for the presence
of EHDV antibodies. Serological investigations conducted on cattle and dromedary sera
collected in 2000 and 2001 demonstrated no virus circulation on these dates. However, viral
circulation was evidenced in 2012 and 2013, although no EHDV cases were officially reported
in these years. Serum‑neutralization assessed on few ELISA positive samples, confirmed the
presence of antibodies against EHDV serotype 6, which was the serotype involved in the
EHDV outbreak in the Maghreb region in 2006.
other Northern African countries in 2006. The objective of the present study was to investigate
whether EHDV circulated in Tunisian livestock before and after the officially‑reported outbreak
of 2006. Thus, serum samples from cattle and dromedaries collected in different time periods
(before and after 2006) and from different regions of Tunisia were screened for the presence
of EHDV antibodies. Serological investigations conducted on cattle and dromedary sera
collected in 2000 and 2001 demonstrated no virus circulation on these dates. However, viral
circulation was evidenced in 2012 and 2013, although no EHDV cases were officially reported
in these years. Serum‑neutralization assessed on few ELISA positive samples, confirmed the
presence of antibodies against EHDV serotype 6, which was the serotype involved in the
EHDV outbreak in the Maghreb region in 2006.
Research Interests:
In this study a mink showing hard pad disease like symptoms was euthanised. Heart blood and various tissue samples collected during necroscopy and tested by specific RT-PCR were found positive for CDV. H and F gene segments of the CDV... more
In this study a mink showing hard pad disease like symptoms was euthanised. Heart blood and
various tissue samples collected during necroscopy and tested by specific RT-PCR were found
positive for CDV. H and F gene segments of the CDV strain was also partially sequenced using
the appropriate primers, and subsequently the sequences were analysed and compared with
same gene fragment sequence of other CDV isolates from different countries. The results of
the phylogenetic analysis showed that the Turkish-Mink distemper strain is closely related
to European CDV strains of lineage 1. Additionally, the distemper antigen was also detected
when the tissue samples were examined by histology or immunohistochemistry.
various tissue samples collected during necroscopy and tested by specific RT-PCR were found
positive for CDV. H and F gene segments of the CDV strain was also partially sequenced using
the appropriate primers, and subsequently the sequences were analysed and compared with
same gene fragment sequence of other CDV isolates from different countries. The results of
the phylogenetic analysis showed that the Turkish-Mink distemper strain is closely related
to European CDV strains of lineage 1. Additionally, the distemper antigen was also detected
when the tissue samples were examined by histology or immunohistochemistry.
Research Interests:
Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. are tick‑transmitted bacteria of clinical relevance in European dogs. The diagnosis of infection is often difficult due to the wide spectrum of disease caused by them. During infection, reduction in platelet... more
Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. are tick‑transmitted bacteria of clinical relevance in European dogs. The diagnosis of infection is often difficult due to the wide spectrum of disease caused by them. During infection, reduction in platelet count is considered the most common haematological abnormality, frequently representing the sole alteration in asymptomatic dogs. In this study, the presence of bacteria belonging to the genera Anaplasma and Ehrlichia was investigated in Northern Italy in blood samples from 159 thrombocytopenic dogs using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay amplifying a portion of the heat shock gene (groEL). Obtained amplicons were sequenced and analysed. Two dogs were positive for A. phagocytophilum, while A. platys and E. canis were not detected. None of the PCR‑positive dogs were diagnosed at the time of hospital admission, even in the presence of clinical signs and clinicopathological abnormalities potentially related to A. phagocytophilum infection. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the 2 detected strains belonged to the cluster Europe 1 and were different from each other. This study confirms the presence of A. phagocytophilum infections in dogs of Northern Italy, causing clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities that could not be properly diagnosed and treated.
Research Interests:
Bartonellae are emerging vector‑borne pathogens distributed worldwide that can cause various clinical symptoms in humans and animals, ranging from a mild flu‑like illness to more severe manifestations such as endocarditis, myocarditis,... more
Bartonellae are emerging vector‑borne pathogens distributed worldwide that can cause various clinical symptoms in humans and animals, ranging from a mild flu‑like illness to more severe manifestations such as endocarditis, myocarditis, arthritis, hepatitis, and arthralgia. Numerous mammalian species, including domestic animals such as dogs, cats, as well as humans, serve as reservoir hosts for various Bartonella species. The vectors play a central role in the transmission of these bacteria and pets and their ectoparasites can pose a serious risk of zoonoses. This paper reviews selected literature on important bartonellosis of dogs, cats, and humans with notes on transmission, vectors, pathogenesis, and diagnosis.
Research Interests:
The study described in this paper had the goal to validate the Italian version of the UNESP‑Botucatu multidimensional composite pain scale (UNESP‑Botucatu MCPS) to assess postoperative pain in cats using video analysis and psycometric... more
The study described in this paper had the goal to validate the Italian version of the UNESP‑Botucatu multidimensional composite pain scale (UNESP‑Botucatu MCPS) to assess postoperative pain in cats using video analysis and psycometric testing. The English version of the scale was translated into Italian. Thirty videos of the perioperative period of ovariohysterectomy surgery were analysed by 5 Italian observers with the aim to determine the pain score using the Italian version of the scale and to verify the need for analgesic treatment for each cat. Obtained scores were submitted to psycometric validity, responsiveness, and reliability tests. Of the 3 domains identified by factor analysis, the internal consistency was excellent for 'Psychomotor changes' and 'Protection of the painful area and vocal expressions of pain' , while 'Physiological variables' showed moderate internal consistency. Significant changes in pain scores in response to surgery and analgesics confirmed content and construct validity. The agreement between the 'gold standard' and the blinded observers supported the criterion validity. Inter‑ and intra‑rater reliability ranged from good to very good for all scale items. The cut‑off point for rescue analgesia was > 7. The study concluded that the Italian version of the UNESP‑Botucatu MCPS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing postoperative pain in cats. The cut‑off point for rescue analgesia provides an additional tool for guiding analgesic therapy.
Research Interests:
Strontium‑90 (90 Sr) is a fission product, resulting from the use of uranium and plutonium in nuclear reactors and weapons. Consequently, it may be found in the environment as a consequence of nuclear fallouts, nuclear weapon testing, and... more
Strontium‑90 (90 Sr) is a fission product, resulting from the use of uranium and plutonium in nuclear reactors and weapons. Consequently, it may be found in the environment as a consequence of nuclear fallouts, nuclear weapon testing, and not correct waste management. When present in the environment, strontium‑90 may be taken into animal body by drinking water, eating food, or breathing air. The primary health effects are bone tumors and tumors of the blood‑cell forming organs, due to beta particles emitted by both 90 Sr and yttrium‑90 (90 Y). Moreover, another health concern is represented by inhibition of calcification and bone deformities in animals. Actually, radiometric methods for the determination of 90 Sr in animal bones are lacking. This article describers a radiochemical method for the determination of 90 Sr in animal bones, by ultra low‑level liquid scintillation counting. The method precision and trueness have been demonstrated through validation tests (CV% = 12.4%; mean recovery = 98.4%). Detection limit and decision threshold corresponding to 8 and 3 mBecquerel (Bq) kg ‑1 , respectively, represent another strong point of this analytical procedure. This new radiochemical method permits the selective extraction of 90 Sr, without interferences, and it is suitable for radiocontamination surveillance programs, and it is also an improvement with respect to food safety controls.
Research Interests:
Deer fascioloidosis is a serious and potentially fatal disease caused by the non‑native trematode Fascioloides magna. Infections of red deer with F. magna in Croatia have been reported for the first time in 2000 in the Baranja region.... more
Deer fascioloidosis is a serious and potentially fatal disease caused by the non‑native trematode Fascioloides magna. Infections of red deer with F. magna in Croatia have been reported for the first time in 2000 in the Baranja region. Subsequently, the disease spread throughout the Eastern parts of the country, involving all 3 deer species (red, roe, and fallow) and mouflons. Within the disease control programme (DCP), livers from all shot deer were thoroughly analysed and all detected trematodes and gross lesions were counted and categorized. Prevalence of positive animals, in this study for Spačva region, in the period ranging from 2007 to 2012 was 36.42% (46.39% when fawns are not considered). Epidemiological analysis was applied to evaluate risk factors and disease patterns at the population level with the aim to understand factors with negative influence on therapeutic effect. Each demographic variable was tested at the seasonal, individual and location level. Model for pathological lesions suggested that the likelihood of lesions was dependent on age (p = 0.003). We did not find any locality or sex related significant differences. Finally, environmental characteristics and migratory patterns were analysed using Geographic Information System (GIS) and showed that Spačva region represents an epidemiological unit for red deer fascioloidosis.
Research Interests:
The aim of this study was to investigate kisspeptin (Kp) and sexual hormone blood concentrations in healthy dairy cows (H) and in cows diagnosed with ovarian follicular cysts (FC). Forty dairy cows were enrolled in this study and divided... more
The aim of this study was to investigate kisspeptin (Kp) and sexual hormone blood
concentrations in healthy dairy cows (H) and in cows diagnosed with ovarian follicular cysts
(FC). Forty dairy cows were enrolled in this study and divided in 2 groups of 20 subjects each.
All cows underwent blood collection on the day of diagnosis and on that of heat detection,
respectively. Kisspeptin 10, estradiol, and progesterone blood concentrations were assessed.
All the parameters were higher in Group FC than in Group H. These results suggest that the
higher steroid levels found may have determined the increase in Kp secretion in the cystic
cows. This, in turn, may have directly or indirectly stimulated the sustained Luteinizing
Hormone (LH) release, known to occur in dairy cystic disease.
concentrations in healthy dairy cows (H) and in cows diagnosed with ovarian follicular cysts
(FC). Forty dairy cows were enrolled in this study and divided in 2 groups of 20 subjects each.
All cows underwent blood collection on the day of diagnosis and on that of heat detection,
respectively. Kisspeptin 10, estradiol, and progesterone blood concentrations were assessed.
All the parameters were higher in Group FC than in Group H. These results suggest that the
higher steroid levels found may have determined the increase in Kp secretion in the cystic
cows. This, in turn, may have directly or indirectly stimulated the sustained Luteinizing
Hormone (LH) release, known to occur in dairy cystic disease.
Research Interests:
Brucellosis is a disease caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Brucella, which is endemic in sub‑Saharan African countries, including Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe has a widespread dairy industry with peri‑urban dairy establishments built in... more
Brucellosis is a disease caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Brucella, which is endemic in sub‑Saharan African countries, including Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe has a widespread dairy industry with peri‑urban dairy establishments built in order to improve milk availability to rural communities. This study has been the first attempt to estimate the prevalence of brucellosis in Zimbabwe as a whole, using samples submitted to the Central veterinary laboratory between 2010 and 2014. A total of 156 farms were tested with Rose Bengal Test (RBT), Complement Fixation Test (CFT) and Milk Ring Test (MRT). Parallel testing was used to determine whether or not a farm was to be considered positive: 30.1% (95% C.I.: 23.5% ‑ 37.8%) of the farms tested were found positive (47/156). Harare district had the highest number of sample submissions with 6 out of 17 farms testing positive (P = 37.5%; 95% C.I.: 18.4% ‑ 61.7%). Awareness of milk‑borne zoonoses is reportedly generally low in farmers (41.5%). This is even more the case in small‑holder farmers who have higher likelihoods of selling or ingesting raw milk compared with dairy farmers. The results show the need to carry out surveillance of brucellosis in cattle in Zimbabwe to understand the spatial distribution of the disease in the country. This is particularly relevant given the zoonotic and economic implications of this disease.
Research Interests:
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1 spread throughout Nigeria between 2006 and 2007. Bird samples collected across the country were submitted through the free‑of‑charge (FOC) program to the National Veterinary Research... more
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1 spread throughout Nigeria between 2006 and 2007. Bird samples collected across the country were submitted through the free‑of‑charge (FOC) program to the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom (NVRI‑Vom) laboratory. The present article describes the spatial distributions and evaluated clustering of the FOC submissions from poultry farms at the global, local, and focal levels between 2006 and 2007 epidemic in Nigeria. Spatial statistics evaluating clustering of the FOC submissions were implemented using the Moran's I test, the purely spatial cluster analysis with the SaTScan Poisson model, and the Bithell's linear score test. A significant global clustering of the FOC submissions was observed. Significant local clusters of submissions were observed in the North‑East, North‑Central, and South‑West zones. There was significant decline in FOC submissions with increasing distance from NVRI‑Vom. These results indicated that the geographic area of influence of the FOC submission program in Nigeria was limited to regions closer to the diagnostic laboratory. This work provides a detailed insight into the surveillance activities during the HPAI outbreaks in Nigeria, and should assist policy‑makers and field veterinarians to improve the effectiveness of national eradication plans in the face of any outbreak of animal diseases.
Research Interests:
Foot‑and‑mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious and contagious transboundary viral disease of domesticated and wild cloven‑hoofed animals. Wide prevalence of FMD in Asia and Africa associated with huge economic losses to livestock... more
Foot‑and‑mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious and contagious transboundary viral
disease of domesticated and wild cloven‑hoofed animals. Wide prevalence of FMD in Asia
and Africa associated with huge economic losses to livestock farming and industry prompted
global concern. The present review summarizes the state of the art research in epidemiology,
diagnosis, and surveillance of FMD in the North African countries. Even if the situation varies
across the North African states, FMD is still a key factor affecting livestock production in this
part of the world. Historically, 4 serotypes have circulated in North Africa (O, A, SAT2, and
C) with type O being the most prevalent serotype, followed by serotype A. However, the
rapid spread of SAT2 lineages from Libya to Egypt in 2012 and the O lineages from Libya to
Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco between 2014 and 2015 demonstrated the need for a robust
surveillance system to detect and respond effectively to exotic infections. Emergence and
re‑emergence of FMD virus genotypes/lineages have been detected engendering the need
to replace vaccine strains quite frequently.
disease of domesticated and wild cloven‑hoofed animals. Wide prevalence of FMD in Asia
and Africa associated with huge economic losses to livestock farming and industry prompted
global concern. The present review summarizes the state of the art research in epidemiology,
diagnosis, and surveillance of FMD in the North African countries. Even if the situation varies
across the North African states, FMD is still a key factor affecting livestock production in this
part of the world. Historically, 4 serotypes have circulated in North Africa (O, A, SAT2, and
C) with type O being the most prevalent serotype, followed by serotype A. However, the
rapid spread of SAT2 lineages from Libya to Egypt in 2012 and the O lineages from Libya to
Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco between 2014 and 2015 demonstrated the need for a robust
surveillance system to detect and respond effectively to exotic infections. Emergence and
re‑emergence of FMD virus genotypes/lineages have been detected engendering the need
to replace vaccine strains quite frequently.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Epidemiology and Virology
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are double-stranded RNA orbiviruses of the Reoviridae family. Bluetongue virus and EHDV infect domestic and wild ruminants and they are transmitted by biting midges of... more
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are double-stranded
RNA orbiviruses of the Reoviridae family. Bluetongue virus and EHDV infect domestic and
wild ruminants and they are transmitted by biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera:
Ceratopogonidae). Since 1999, BTV outbreaks have occurred in Tunisia and 4 serotypes, BTV2,
BTV1, BTV4 and BTV3, were involved in 2000, 2006, 2009, and 2016, respectively. Epizootic
haemorrhagic disease was detected for the first time in Tunisia and in other Northern African
countries in 2006. These incursions have caused considerable economic losses. Our study
had the goal to describe diversity, distribution, and seasonal dynamics of Culicoides. Fourteen
sampling sites were chosen throughout the country and 2-night trapping of midges was
performed monthly from June 2006 to July 2008. A total of 11,582 Culicoides specimens
were collected from 336 light traps, comprising 25 species, of which 7 were identified for the
first time in Tunisia, increasing to 35 the total number of Culicoides species now reported in
this country. Twenty-three pools of parous females belonging to the Culicoides imicola and
Culicoides kingi were tested for detection of BTV and EHDV by molecular assays. Both BTV1
and BTV4 were detected in C. imicola.
RNA orbiviruses of the Reoviridae family. Bluetongue virus and EHDV infect domestic and
wild ruminants and they are transmitted by biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera:
Ceratopogonidae). Since 1999, BTV outbreaks have occurred in Tunisia and 4 serotypes, BTV2,
BTV1, BTV4 and BTV3, were involved in 2000, 2006, 2009, and 2016, respectively. Epizootic
haemorrhagic disease was detected for the first time in Tunisia and in other Northern African
countries in 2006. These incursions have caused considerable economic losses. Our study
had the goal to describe diversity, distribution, and seasonal dynamics of Culicoides. Fourteen
sampling sites were chosen throughout the country and 2-night trapping of midges was
performed monthly from June 2006 to July 2008. A total of 11,582 Culicoides specimens
were collected from 336 light traps, comprising 25 species, of which 7 were identified for the
first time in Tunisia, increasing to 35 the total number of Culicoides species now reported in
this country. Twenty-three pools of parous females belonging to the Culicoides imicola and
Culicoides kingi were tested for detection of BTV and EHDV by molecular assays. Both BTV1
and BTV4 were detected in C. imicola.
Research Interests:
An oligonucleotide DNA microarray targeting 348 virulence factors and genetic markers was used in the pathotyping, serotyping and phylogrouping of 51 Escherichia coli strains isolated from faecal samples. The samples were collected from... more
An oligonucleotide DNA microarray targeting 348 virulence factors and genetic markers was used in the pathotyping, serotyping and phylogrouping of 51 Escherichia coli strains isolated from faecal samples. The samples were collected from diarrhoeic 1 to 30 days old calves located at 14 farms in the Teheran province, Iran. Positive microarray signals for genes encoding the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement (LEE), the Type III Secretion System (TTSS), and the absence of EPEC adherence factor (EAF) permitted the pathotyping of 25 strains as atypical Enteropathogenic (aEPEC) or Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). The lack of LEE and TTSS‑associated genes distinguished the remaining 26 strains, which were classified as Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Atypical EPEC belonged to phylogroup B1 and possessed a LEE profile tir‑1, eae(beta), espA‑1, espB‑3. The EHEC strains primarily belonged to the B1 phylogroup type‑O26 and possessed either a LEE profile tir‑1, eae(beta), espA‑1, espB‑3, or a B1 type‑O111, LEE tir‑3, eae(gamma), espA‑1, espB‑2. ExPEC‑typed strains generally harboured genes localised to the constant region of Colicin V plasmid (pColV), including increased serum survival factor (iss), complement resistance protein (traT), aerobactin operon (iucD), and the siderophore receptor (iroN). The microarray platform used in this study is well suited to accurately and rapidly type attaching and effacing E. coli (AEEC‑types), thus providing a database for the meta‑analysis of ExPEC‑typed strains.
Research Interests:
Yersinia enterocolitica causes foodborne disease in humans and infections are usually acquired from contaminated raw or undercooked pork. Pigs are considered the primary reservoir of human pathogenic bio‑serotypes. A total of 376 tonsil... more
Yersinia enterocolitica causes foodborne disease in humans and infections are usually acquired from contaminated raw or undercooked pork. Pigs are considered the primary reservoir of human pathogenic bio‑serotypes. A total of 376 tonsil tissue samples collected after evisceration and cutting from pig carcasses were tested for Yersinia enterocolitica. Animals came from an abattoir located in the Abruzzo region, Italy. Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from 35 out of 376 (9.31%) samples. A total of 47 strains were isolated, the prevalent bio‑serotype was 4/O:3 (95.74%), followed by bio‑serotype 4/O:9 (2.13%), and 3/O:9 (2.13%). When characterized by DNA microarray, all strains clustered into 2 main groups. The bigger group was characterised by the presence of plasmid genes of the secretion apparatus as well as by the genes for the flagellum transport machinery, while the smaller group was characterised only by genes for the flagellum transport machinery. The high frequency of the pathogenic biotype 4/O:3 able to infect humans and considered an emerging zoonotic pathogen confirms the role of pigs as natural reservoir. Since there is no official data on Yersinia enterocolitica, it is difficult to assess the implications of this food pathogen for public health. A monitoring program should be implemented for contamination in food in order to assess the risk for the consumer linked to raw or undercooked pork products.
Research Interests:
A 15 months‑old Simmental heifer (SH) and a 18 months‑old Marchigiana heifer (MH) were referred to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Teramo (Italy). In the first heifer, clinical examination of the vulva, vestibulum, and vagina showed... more
A 15 months‑old Simmental heifer (SH) and a 18 months‑old Marchigiana heifer (MH) were referred to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Teramo (Italy). In the first heifer, clinical examination of the vulva, vestibulum, and vagina showed no signs of disease and no discharge was detected. Palpation per rectum revealed a mass in the left portion of the abdominal cavity, closely attached to the tip of the left uterine horn. The mass was mainly firm and fibrous and its surface was slightly lobulated. The second heifer had a history of a regular cycle from the 11 th to the 14 th month of age followed by an anoestrus state. Gynecological examination revealed the presence of a large and firm mass in the caudal left region of the abdomen, soon over the edge of the pelvis floor. In both cases, the histologica examination of the mass revealed an immature ovarian teratoma.
Research Interests:
In this study we describe a case of neurological leishmaniasis in a dog, reported in an endemic area, with signs of multifocal intracranial lesions involving the vestibular system and the cerebellum. Serum biochemistry revealed a decrease... more
In this study we describe a case of neurological leishmaniasis in a dog, reported in an endemic area, with signs of multifocal intracranial lesions involving the vestibular system and the cerebellum. Serum biochemistry revealed a decrease of albumin-globulin ratio caused by an increase of alfa2-, beta-, and gamma-globulin, while antibody titers were highly positive for Leishmania spp. Magnetic resonance images of the brain were consistent with a granulomatous inflammation/infection. Cerebrospinal fluid revealed a marked mononuclear pleocytosis and was positive to the Pandy Test, as well as to a Leishmania spp.-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Sequencing of the PCR products revealed the highest similarity with several strains belonging to the Leishmania infantum / Leishmania chagasi group. Clinical response to treatment for systemic leishmaniasis was supportive of diagnosis. This report focuses on an atypical form of canine leishmaniasis and suggests that in endemic geographic areas leishmaniasis has to be considered for differential diagnosis in neurological manifestations. Also, cerebrospinal liquor should always be tested when neurological symptoms are present in order to differentiate neurological leishmaniasis from unrelated neurological signs in Leishmania positive patients. A case of canine neurological leishmaniasis CASE REPORT
Research Interests:
There have been several studies focusing on dog's bite injuries and their epidemiology. To our knowledge, the incidence and characteristics of hospitalization after a dog's bite injury have not been examined quantitatively in Italy. The... more
There have been several studies focusing on dog's bite injuries and their epidemiology. To our knowledge, the incidence and characteristics of hospitalization after a dog's bite injury have not been examined quantitatively in Italy. The aim of this study was to identify the incidence and characteristics of dog's bite hospitalizations throughout Sicily (Italy) between 2012‑2015. Data for statistical analysis were acquired through the Epidemiological Observatory and Health Department of Sicilian Region (Italy). One hundred and forty records with E‑code 906.0 (dog's bites) were extracted from 214 cases of hospitalization due to lesions caused by animals. The age group most frequently injured by dogs was children between 0 and 9 years old. The distribution of bite incidences among males and females was similar in children between 0 and 15 years and in elderly adults between 60‑84 years old; whereas it was statistically different in adults between 16‑59 years, 66% males and 34% being female (Z = 2.60, P < 0.01). The head, face, and neck region constituted the most common location of lesions in children (76%), the hands were the most common location of lesions for adults (38%), while the arms were the most common location for the elderly (43%). Two photoperiods were considered, short: October‑March, and long: April‑September. During the long photoperiod, 69% of injuries occurred in children (P < 0.05). The identification of the incidence and characteristics of hospitalization could be useful for proposing specific preventive approaches to dog's bites injuries. Incidence and characteristics of hospitalizations after dog's bite injuries in Sicily (Italy) between 2012‑2015
Research Interests:
The aim of this study was to analyse the concordance between endoscopic and histological evaluation of gastric diseases in dogs. One hundred twenty‑nine medical records of dogs undergoing gastroscopy have been received and stored by the... more
The aim of this study was to analyse the concordance between endoscopic and histological evaluation of gastric diseases in dogs. One hundred twenty‑nine medical records of dogs undergoing gastroscopy have been received and stored by the Veterinary Hospital of Perugia University (Perugia, Italy) between 2009‑2012. The concordance between endoscopic and histological reports of acute and chronic gastritis or gastric tumours was assessed by Cohen's k coefficient. Considering histological diagnosis as the " gold standard " , sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the endoscopic report have been calculated. Frequencies of gastritis types differed between macroscopic and microscopic analyses. The evaluation of histological and endoscopic agreement was fair (0.35). Endoscopy showed sensitivity of 45%, 88%, and 100% for acute gastritis, chronic gastritis, and gastric tumours, respectively; and specificity of 84%, 71%, and 100%. The positive predictive value and NPV resulted to be 25% and 93% for acute gastritis, 93% and 60 % for chronic gastritis, 100% and 100% for gastric tumours. The results of this study show that gastric endoscopy cannot be performed as a screening exam, and that to optimise diagnosis both endoscopic and histological exam should be conducted. The concordance between endoscopic and histological diagnosis in 114 dogs affected by gastric disease
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In this study, arsenic content in 200 cat-and dog-food samples was estimated by means of electro thermal atomic absorption (Z-ETA-AAS), after using the wet digestion method, that were imported or commercialised in Italy from 2007 to 2012.... more
In this study, arsenic content in 200 cat-and dog-food samples was estimated by means of electro thermal atomic absorption (Z-ETA-AAS), after using the wet digestion method, that were imported or commercialised in Italy from 2007 to 2012. The maximum value of total arsenic (As) in the samples was 12.5 mg kg-1. Some imported pet food was intercepted as a result of the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) and rejected at the border or withdrawn from the Italian market, because they exceeded the maximum level of arsenic content imposed in Italy at the time of this study (2002/32/EC). All the samples with a significant arsenic level were fish-based. Recently, the 2013/1275/EC raised the maximum level of As permitted in fish-based pet food. However, the analysis of As species is required (EFSA 2014) in order to identify correctly the different contributions of dietary exposure to inorganic As and to assure pet food quality.
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation among a collection of 51 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius collected from canine pyoderma. All isolates were tested for the... more
The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation among a collection of 51 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius collected from canine pyoderma. All isolates were tested for the susceptibility to a panel of 14 antimicrobial agents by the disk diffusion method in Müeller-Hinton agar. Oxacillin resistance was detected by subculture on oxacillin screening agar base. Biofilm formation was investigated by the Microtitre Plate test (MtP) and for some strains by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Antibiotic resistance profiling demonstrated that 45/51 S. pseudintermedius isolates had a multi drug resistant (MDR) phenotype, exhibiting simultaneous resistance to at least 3 antibiotics categories; whereas 6 isolates showed a non-MDR phenotype. Thirty strains (59%) were resistant in oxacillin resistant screening agar, the same strains were also positive for mecA by PCR assay. All S. pseudintermedius isolates showed biofilm production by MtP method. Seventeen out of 51 isolates were classified as weakly adherent, 26 as moderately adherent, and 8 as strongly adherent. Moreover, no difference in biofilm formation between meticillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) and meticillin-suscebtible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) (P value > 0.05) was noted. The antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and biofilm formation could explain the difficulty in treating S. pseudintermedius canine infections, chemotherapeutic failure, and consequently persistent infections.
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Ectoparasitic insects play a major role in veterinary medicine. Fleas infest man and animals and are the most frequent external parasites of companion animals worldwide. Some species are known to be vectors of zoonotic pathogens. Dogs and... more
Ectoparasitic insects play a major role in veterinary medicine. Fleas infest man and animals
and are the most frequent external parasites of companion animals worldwide. Some species
are known to be vectors of zoonotic pathogens. Dogs and cats may play an important role
either as reservoir of some of the pathogens or as transport vehicles for infected fleas between
their natural reservoirs and human beings, thus playing a crucial step in the transmission cycle
of flea-borne diseases. This article reviews relevant literature on morphology, classification,
host specificity, geographical distribution, and seasonality of fleas infesting dogs and cats in
order to improve their timely identification, prevention, and control.
and are the most frequent external parasites of companion animals worldwide. Some species
are known to be vectors of zoonotic pathogens. Dogs and cats may play an important role
either as reservoir of some of the pathogens or as transport vehicles for infected fleas between
their natural reservoirs and human beings, thus playing a crucial step in the transmission cycle
of flea-borne diseases. This article reviews relevant literature on morphology, classification,
host specificity, geographical distribution, and seasonality of fleas infesting dogs and cats in
order to improve their timely identification, prevention, and control.
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Bluetongue virus serotype 3 has been detected in a sheep in the Western part of the island of Sicily (Italy). This area is 150 km away from the peninsula of Cap Bon (Tunisia), where recent activities included in the Bluetongue National... more
Bluetongue virus serotype 3 has been detected in a sheep in the Western part of the island
of Sicily (Italy). This area is 150 km away from the peninsula of Cap Bon (Tunisia), where
recent activities included in the Bluetongue National Surveillance plan demonstrated the
widespread circulation of the same BTV strain.
of Sicily (Italy). This area is 150 km away from the peninsula of Cap Bon (Tunisia), where
recent activities included in the Bluetongue National Surveillance plan demonstrated the
widespread circulation of the same BTV strain.
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This study reports the mosquito collections conducted in July‑August 2013 in Castiglione del Lago (Umbria Region, Italy) during the entomological surveillance within the West Nile national control program. The mosquito collections showed... more
This study reports the mosquito collections conducted in July‑August 2013 in Castiglione del Lago (Umbria Region, Italy) during the entomological surveillance within the West Nile national control program. The mosquito collections showed the noteworthy occurrence of Anopheles hyrcanus s.l. (n = 156; 35.8% of the whole sample), a relatively rare mosquito species in Italy, with molecular analyses confirming that these mosquitoes belong to An. hyrcanus s.s. The same catching site was characterized by a relevant richness in mosquito species, in particular the following were found: Anopheles maculipennis s.l. (n = 146; 33.5% composed by 80% Anopheles melanoon, 13.3% Anopheles maculipennis s.s. and 6.7% Anopheles atroparvus), Culex pipiens s.l. (n = 116; 26.6% composed by 90% Cx. p. pipiens, 5% Cx. p. molestus and 5% Cx. p. pipiens/molestus), Culiseta annulata (n = 10; 2.3%), Aedes albopictus (n = 3; 0.7%), and Anopheles claviger (n = 5; 100%). Riassunto Il presente studio riporta i risultati delle catture di zanzare effettuate tra giugno e agosto 2013 in Umbria nel Comune di Castiglione del Lago (PG), nell'ambito delle attività entomologiche del Piano Nazionale di sorveglianza per la West Nile. Tra le catture effettuate con una trappola CDC e con una trappola BG‑Sentinel®, ha destato particolare interesse il rinvenimento di Anopheles hyrcanus s.l. (n = 156; 35,8%), specie poco comune in Italia. L'analisi molecolare e lo studio delle sequenze hanno confermato l'appartenenza delle zanzare esaminate alla specie An. hyrcanus s.s.
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Severe lung strongylosis was detected in a wild red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (1/12) from Apulia (Italy). We performed routine diagnostics on 12 foxes found dead in Apulia. Eleven of them showed lesions consistent with a vehicle collision.... more
Severe lung strongylosis was detected in a wild red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (1/12) from Apulia (Italy). We performed routine diagnostics on 12 foxes found dead in Apulia. Eleven of them showed lesions consistent with a vehicle collision. However, the remaining fox appeared to have died from other causes. At necropsy we observed, catarrhal enteritis, fatty liver, lung congestion with some areas firm in consistence and brain haemorrhages and malacia. Histopathology revealed lung fibrosis with mononucleate cells infiltration, thrombosis a several larval nematodes spread in the parenchyma, interstitial nephritis, interstitial myocarditis, encephalitis, encephalomalacia, and a brain granuloma. The larvae recovered from the lung parenchyma were identified as the first stage larvae of Angiostrongylus vasorum. This is the first documented report of angiostrongylosis in a fox in Southern Italy. Riassunto In una volpe selvatica, su un totale di 12 volpi trovate morte in Puglia, sono state eseguite indagini diagnostiche di routine. Tali indagini hanno evidenziato enterite catarrale, steatosi epatica, congestione polmonare con aree di aumentata consistenza, emorragie cerebrali e malacia. L'esame istopatologico rilevava fibrosi polmonare con infiltrati mononucleati, trombosi e forme larvali di nematodi diffusi nel parenchima, nefrite interstiziale, miocardite interstiziale, encefalite, encefalomalacia e un granuloma cerebrale. Le larve recuperate dal parenchima polmonare sono state identificate come il primo stadio larvale di Angiostrongylus vasorum.
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Haemostasis is a physiological process that prevents excessive blood loss. In laboratory, the prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are used to examine clotting systems. However, the influence of sex... more
Haemostasis is a physiological process that prevents excessive blood loss. In laboratory, the prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are used to examine clotting systems. However, the influence of sex on PT and aPTT values is unknown. The present work aimed to determine the values for PT and aPTT in adult sheep and to evaluate their dependence on the sex of the animal. Blood samples were collected from 40 adults (1-6 years old) of mixed breed sheep (20 males and 20 females) via jugular venepuncture conducted using vacuum tubes containing 3.8% sodium citrate as an anticoagulant. PT and aPTT were determined by visual detection of clot formation. The mean PT and aPTT values for all sheep were 7.71 ± 0.87 s and 35.7 ± 3.57 s, respectively. The aPTT values showed a significant difference (P = 0.0013) between male and female samples, while the difference in PT values was not significant (P = 0.0565). Thus, the animal sex influences the function of the plasma blood-clotting system in sheep. In contrast with table 1 data, in particular, aPTT values are significantly higher in female sheep than in males. Influence of sex on activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) in sheep
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Ethylene glycol (EG) is a well known toxic compound, the assumption of which can be fatal to pet animals as well as to humans. Limited information is available on the pathological features of EG poisoning in pet animals, with special... more
Ethylene glycol (EG) is a well known toxic compound, the assumption of which can be fatal to pet animals as well as to humans. Limited information is available on the pathological features of EG poisoning in pet animals, with special emphasis on cats. Twenty-five cats with histologically confirmed EG intoxication were retrospectively investigated, in order to define more precisely the gross pathological findings and improve the diagnostic process. Furthermore, a brief comparison with the lesions reported in EG-poisoned human patients and dogs was also made.
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Bluetongue (BT) and African horse sickness (AHS) are considered the most important orbiviral diseases in Southern Africans countries. The general endemic status makes these diseases challenging to be quantified in terms of their economic... more
Bluetongue (BT) and African horse sickness (AHS) are considered the most important orbiviral diseases in Southern Africans countries. The general endemic status makes these diseases challenging to be quantified in terms of their economic impact. Using country reported data from BT and AHS outbreaks and cases, as well as international trade data, the economic impact of BT and AHS is evaluated on local, regional, and global scales. Local scale impact in the Southern African region is underestimated as shown by the underreporting of BT and AHS. Exceptions occur during epidemic cycles of the diseases and when the diseases impact regional animal movement and global trade, as in the case of AHS in South Africa. While BT is not directly implicated as a significant non-tariff barrier for regional movement, there are unspecified clauses in import permits which refer to the 'OIE listed diseases' and the freedom thereof includes endemic diseases like BT. African horse sickness has a much more tangible regional and global economic impact because of movement restrictions within AHS control zones in South Africa and through international movement of horses from this country.
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Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is the most important infectious disease of white-tailed deer (WTD), however little is known about the role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis. We characterized the expression of tumor... more
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is the most important infectious disease of white-tailed deer (WTD), however little is known about the role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis. We characterized the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) ex vivo in tissues of WTD experimentally or naturally infected with EHD virus serotype 2 and in WTD peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) infected with EHD virus serotype 2 in vitro. Circulating levels of TNF-α were evaluated in serum from experimentally infected deer via cytotoxicity assay. The expression of TNF-α in tissues was evaluated via immunohistochemistry (IHC) in both experimentally and naturally infected deer. Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to assess the level of TNF-α mRNA in tissues from experimentally infected deer and WTD's PBMC. Circulating levels of TNF-α were not increased in infected animals and TNF-α was not detected in tissues of infected deer. Increased transcription of TNF-α was detected neither in infected WTD nor in the PBMC. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha may not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of EHD virus infection in WTD.
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Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) replicates in endothelium and it has been shown that EHDV serotype 2 (Ibaraki) is able to cause cell death by apoptosis in cow pulmonary artery endothelial cells. However, the underlying... more
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) replicates in endothelium and it has been shown that EHDV serotype 2 (Ibaraki) is able to cause cell death by apoptosis in cow pulmonary artery endothelial cells. However, the underlying mechanism has not been established. For some viruses, such as influenza, a p53 dependent mechanism has been demonstrated in viral induced apoptosis. In this study, we investigate the involvement of p53 in the induction of apoptosis in a US isolate of EHDV serotype 2 in cow endothelium. We inoculated cow carotid artery endothelial cell cultures with live and inactivated EHDV‑2 isolated from a white‑tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Using in situ nick end‑labeling (TUNEL), caspase‑3 (cleaved) immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry and annexin staining we documented the development of apoptosis and its direct relation to viral replication. p53 gene regulation and protein expression were assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and IHC, respectively, in infected cells. We show that p53 mRNA was not upregulated and protein expression was not significantly increased. No increase of p53 mRNA or protein expression was observed in cells that stained positive for EHDV antigen. Our results indicate that EHDV induces apoptosis through a p53 independent mechanism.
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Viruses of the Simbu serogroup cause lesions to foetuses that are seen at birth and that correlate with the stage of pregnancy at which the dam first contracts the virus. The Simbu serogroup comprises arboviruses known to cause outbreaks... more
Viruses of the Simbu serogroup cause lesions to foetuses that are seen at birth and that correlate with the stage of pregnancy at which the dam first contracts the virus. The Simbu serogroup comprises arboviruses known to cause outbreaks of abnormal parturitions in domestic ruminants; these abnormalities include abortion, stillbirth, and congenitally deformed neonates. Simbu serogroup members include: Akabane virus (AKAV), Aino virus, Cache Valley virus, and Schmallenberg virus. Lately, dairy herds calf malformations have been observed in Europe, where there have been reports of clinical manifestations such as diarrhoea, fever, and reduced milk yield in adult lactating cows. The Israeli dairy cattle industry has experienced 2 major episodes of abnormal parturitions that resulted from 2 arboviral Simbu serogroup episodes, which occurred 35 years apart. A wave of apparently newly introduced AKAV was noted from the beginning of January 2012. Investigations carried out throughout the period of late Summer 2011 to early Winter 2012, associated the Israeli AKAV strain with central nervous system manifestations in lactating cows. A lack of clinical/epidemiological 'uniformity' among the AKAV infections was noted during these investigations. Here we describe and discuss the clinical and spatial distribution differences found among the 3 above-mentioned outbreaks. Comparable features in the clinical presentation, spatial distribution, and target-animal issues relating to Akabane disease are discussed.
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Bluetongue (BT), an arthropod‑borne viral disease of ruminants, affects sheep most severely than other domestic animals. Bluetongue virus serotype 24 (BTV‑24) is one of 26 known Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes. In this... more
Bluetongue (BT), an arthropod‑borne viral disease of ruminants, affects sheep most severely than other domestic animals. Bluetongue virus serotype 24 (BTV‑24) is one of 26 known Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes. In this article, we present data of phylogenetic
analysis of 9 viral genes (Seg1, Seg2, Seg3, Seg4, Seg5, Seg6, Seg8, Seg9, and Seg10) from 8 Israeli BTV‑24 isolates and relate the genotype of the BTV‑24 isolates to their phenotype with regard to clinical manifestations. The high level of genetic identity (> 99.6%) between
Seg2, Seg4 and Seg5 in all 8 BTV‑24 isolates indicated that these segments shared the same viral ancestor. Phylogenetic analysis of Seg1, Seg3, Seg5, Seg8, Seg9, and Seg10 revealed that the Israeli BTV‑24 strains comprised 4 variants. Five of the viruses revealed high identity among all 9 segments, and represented variant 1. A second variant (BTV24/3027/6/10), isolated in 2010, showed significant variation from variant 1 in 3 gene segments (VP‑1,
VP‑3, and NS‑3 genes). A third variant (BTV24/3027/1/10) showed significant variation from variant 1 in 6 segments (VP‑1, VP‑3, VP‑6 and NS‑1, NS‑2 and NS‑3 genes), while a fourth variant (BTV24/2214/1/10) showed significant variation from variant 1 in 4 segments (VP‑1, NS‑1, NS‑2 and NS‑3 genes). These marked differences in sequence identity indicate that a high level of genetic reassortment is occurring between co‑circulating BTV strains in Israel.
analysis of 9 viral genes (Seg1, Seg2, Seg3, Seg4, Seg5, Seg6, Seg8, Seg9, and Seg10) from 8 Israeli BTV‑24 isolates and relate the genotype of the BTV‑24 isolates to their phenotype with regard to clinical manifestations. The high level of genetic identity (> 99.6%) between
Seg2, Seg4 and Seg5 in all 8 BTV‑24 isolates indicated that these segments shared the same viral ancestor. Phylogenetic analysis of Seg1, Seg3, Seg5, Seg8, Seg9, and Seg10 revealed that the Israeli BTV‑24 strains comprised 4 variants. Five of the viruses revealed high identity among all 9 segments, and represented variant 1. A second variant (BTV24/3027/6/10), isolated in 2010, showed significant variation from variant 1 in 3 gene segments (VP‑1,
VP‑3, and NS‑3 genes). A third variant (BTV24/3027/1/10) showed significant variation from variant 1 in 6 segments (VP‑1, VP‑3, VP‑6 and NS‑1, NS‑2 and NS‑3 genes), while a fourth variant (BTV24/2214/1/10) showed significant variation from variant 1 in 4 segments (VP‑1, NS‑1, NS‑2 and NS‑3 genes). These marked differences in sequence identity indicate that a high level of genetic reassortment is occurring between co‑circulating BTV strains in Israel.
Research Interests:
In January 2013, an outbreak of Bluetongue (BT) affecting a Lacaune sheep flock occurred in Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. From March to August 2013, blood samples collection and clinical examination were performed monthly, in... more
In January 2013, an outbreak of Bluetongue (BT) affecting a Lacaune sheep flock occurred in Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. From March to August 2013, blood samples collection and clinical examination were performed monthly, in order to monitor the epidemiological profile of Bluetongue virus (BTV) circulation and clinical disease in the flock. Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR) targeting BTV segment 10 were used as diagnostic assays. Additionally, insect trapping was conducted in the farm from May to July 2013. The flock serological prevalence to BTV was 80% since the first month of monitoring, with a variation in the serological rate depending on the sheep age categories. The number of susceptible lambs increased with time, probably due to the decrease of passive immunity. Viral RNA was detected in blood samples, demonstrating viral circulation, prolonged viraemia, and potential source for virus transmission in the region, even in a dry and cool season. The presence of Culicoides pusillus and Culicoides insignis was confirmed in the farm. The emergence of this outbreak in a Brazilian endemic area for BTV emphasises an urgent need of animal surveillance and BTV epidemiological studies.
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Bluetongue (BT) is one of the most economically important transboundary animal diseases. In recent years, it has been considered a disease related to climate change. A study was undertaken in 2013 in Nepal to measure the prevalence of... more
Bluetongue (BT) is one of the most economically important transboundary animal diseases. In recent years, it has been considered a disease related to climate change. A study was undertaken in 2013 in Nepal to measure the prevalence of Bluetongue virus (BTV) infection among domestic ruminants inhabiting the 3 agro-climatic zones with altitudes ranging from 150 to 2,400 metres above sea level. Twelve clusters representing the 3 altitudes were selected. The presence of antibodies against BTV was demonstrated in serum samples of sheep, goats, cattle, buffaloes, yaks/chauries, and chyangra goats (Himalayan goat) of Nepal. For this purpose, a total of 2,084 sera were collected from a population of 202 sheep, 739 goats, 590 cattle, 379 buffaloes, 105 yaks/chauries, and 69 chyangra goats between February 2013 and January 2014. The presence of antibodies against BTV was investigated using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). Of the 2,084 collected sera, 45.20% were positive for BTV antibodies. Species-wise prevalence was 17.82%, 47.50%, 53.05%, 58.05%, 7.62%, and 20.29% in sheep, goats, cattle, buffaloes, yak, and chyangra goats, respectively. Contrary to the general belief, maximum numbers of seropositive cases were recorded in buffaloes followed by cattle, goats, chyangra goats, sheep, and yak/chauries. The samples collected in the post-monsoon period (July-August is the monsoon period) show a seroprevalence higher than the pre-monsoon samples. This study shows the seroprevalence of BT in domestic ruminant population of Nepal at all altitudes. The highest prevalence has been reported in the plains of Terai followed by gradual decline in the mid-hills, and in the high mountains. Furthermore, detection of antibodies against BTV in both small and large ruminants (chyangra goats and yak/chauries) dwelling in high altitudes in the absence of BT vaccination is suggesting vector movement to the highlands as a consequence of warmer climate. These findings suggest that the climatic conditions, even at the higher elevation, are suitable for the survival of biting midges responsible for the transmission of BTV.
Research Interests:
Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious arthropod-borne viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. It is endemic to India and clinical outbreaks of disease have been reported mainly in sheep, although BT is often asymptomatic in other... more
Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious arthropod-borne viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. It is endemic to India and clinical outbreaks of disease have been reported mainly in sheep, although BT is often asymptomatic in other ruminant species. In the present serological survey, a total of 576 serum samples, comprising of 416 cattle and 160 sheep, covering different agro-climatic zones of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka states, were screened for the presence of Bluetongue virus (BTV) specific antibodies using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). Overall 73.08% (304/416) of the cattle and 53.30% (87/160) of the sheep serum samples were positive for BTV antibodies. The prevalence of BTV antibodies in cattle in different agro-climatic zones ranged between 60-80% in Rajasthan and 66-70% in Uttar Pradesh. During the study, a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the BTV NS1 gene (genome segment 5) was optimized for detection of BTV's nucleic acid from a cell adapted strain of BTV-23, and field derived clinical blood samples. In the present study, 19/70 of cattle and 9/30 of sheep blood samples tested positive for BTV RNA by the nested PCR, which amplified specific products of 274 bp and 101 bp sizes, respectively. From this study, it can be concluded that cattle showed higher percentage of sero-positivity in comparison to sheep. The improved sero-surveillance system for BTV in endemic areas will be of great help to understand the epidemiology of BTV and to formulate effective control and preventive strategies.
Research Interests:
High sheep population density, congenial climatic conditions for Culicoides propagation, and susceptible sheep breeds may be contributing to the higher incidence of Bluetongue (BT) in Southern states of India. Sheep farming in this part... more
High sheep population density, congenial climatic conditions for
Culicoides propagation, and susceptible sheep breeds may be contributing to the higher incidence of Bluetongue (BT) in Southern states of India. Sheep farming in this part of the country is nomadic in nature and BT is one of the major infectious diseases inflicting huge losses. Andhra Pradesh is one of the Southern states with high sheep population in India. Although isolation studies in this
region were started in 1993, concerted efforts only began in 2002. More than 50 isolates were obtained in the last decade, and 7 Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes (1, 2, 9, 10, 12, 16 and 21) were isolated. Among them, BTV-10, BTV-12, and BTV-21 were reported for the first time from India and the genome analysis of these viruses revealed that BTV-10 and BTV-12 have high sequence identity with the modified live virus (MLV) vaccines used in USA and
South Africa, respectively. At the same time, BTV-21 has probably originated from Southeast Asia. Furthermore, some of the BTV isolated from Europe have high sequence identity with viruses isolated from Andhra Pradesh indicating common ancestry. The analysis of different
isolates involved in outbreaks revealed that more than 1 BTV serotype is involved and that mixed infections with different serotypes is not uncommon. In a limited study conducted during 2005-2009, it was observed that most of the sheep seroconverted to more than
1 serotype, which further supports circulation of multiple serotypes and mixed infections in Andhra Pradesh. Based on the virus isolation data, in this study it was observed that a few serotypes dominate for 3-4 years followed by domination of others. Continuous monitoring
of circulating serotypes is essential to understand the distribution and spread BTV in endemic areas and for devising suitable control measures.
Culicoides propagation, and susceptible sheep breeds may be contributing to the higher incidence of Bluetongue (BT) in Southern states of India. Sheep farming in this part of the country is nomadic in nature and BT is one of the major infectious diseases inflicting huge losses. Andhra Pradesh is one of the Southern states with high sheep population in India. Although isolation studies in this
region were started in 1993, concerted efforts only began in 2002. More than 50 isolates were obtained in the last decade, and 7 Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes (1, 2, 9, 10, 12, 16 and 21) were isolated. Among them, BTV-10, BTV-12, and BTV-21 were reported for the first time from India and the genome analysis of these viruses revealed that BTV-10 and BTV-12 have high sequence identity with the modified live virus (MLV) vaccines used in USA and
South Africa, respectively. At the same time, BTV-21 has probably originated from Southeast Asia. Furthermore, some of the BTV isolated from Europe have high sequence identity with viruses isolated from Andhra Pradesh indicating common ancestry. The analysis of different
isolates involved in outbreaks revealed that more than 1 BTV serotype is involved and that mixed infections with different serotypes is not uncommon. In a limited study conducted during 2005-2009, it was observed that most of the sheep seroconverted to more than
1 serotype, which further supports circulation of multiple serotypes and mixed infections in Andhra Pradesh. Based on the virus isolation data, in this study it was observed that a few serotypes dominate for 3-4 years followed by domination of others. Continuous monitoring
of circulating serotypes is essential to understand the distribution and spread BTV in endemic areas and for devising suitable control measures.
Research Interests:
Tamil Nadu is located in the South-Eastern part of Indian peninsula, between 8.087° and 13.09°N and 76.50° and 80.27°E. Bluetongue (BT) was first reported in this region in sheep during 1982 with regular occurrence... more
Tamil Nadu is located in the South-Eastern part of Indian peninsula, between 8.087° and 13.09°N and 76.50° and 80.27°E. Bluetongue (BT) was first reported in this region in sheep
during 1982 with regular occurrence thereafter. In 1989-1990, 1997-1998 and 2005-2006, there was wide spread occurrence of BT resulting in huge mortality of sheep. The present study had the goal of isolating the BTV from outbreaks in sheep occurred in Tamil Naadu
between 2003-2011 and comparing the VP2 gene sequences of the BTV isolates involved in such outbreaks. Serotypes 1, 2, 16, and 23 of the Bluetongue virus (BTV) have been isolated from sheep during BT outbreaks. BTV-16 has also been isolated in goats and cattle in the
region; BTV-2 isolated in Tamil Nadu has homology with BTV-2 isolated in Africa; whereas the BTV-23 isolated in this area has homology with BTV-23 from South East Asia, indicating that both Eastern and Western topotypes of BTV are circulating in ruminant population in Tamil Nadu.
during 1982 with regular occurrence thereafter. In 1989-1990, 1997-1998 and 2005-2006, there was wide spread occurrence of BT resulting in huge mortality of sheep. The present study had the goal of isolating the BTV from outbreaks in sheep occurred in Tamil Naadu
between 2003-2011 and comparing the VP2 gene sequences of the BTV isolates involved in such outbreaks. Serotypes 1, 2, 16, and 23 of the Bluetongue virus (BTV) have been isolated from sheep during BT outbreaks. BTV-16 has also been isolated in goats and cattle in the
region; BTV-2 isolated in Tamil Nadu has homology with BTV-2 isolated in Africa; whereas the BTV-23 isolated in this area has homology with BTV-23 from South East Asia, indicating that both Eastern and Western topotypes of BTV are circulating in ruminant population in Tamil Nadu.
Research Interests:
Tamil Nadu, Mortality, Ruminants, India, Bluetongue, and 5 more23, 2, 16, Sequence homology, and Serotypes 1
Bluetongue virus (BTV) was sporadically isolated over a four year period (2010-2014) from several alpaca carcasses that were presented for necropsy at the Western Cape Provincial Veterinary Laboratory, South... more
Bluetongue virus (BTV) was sporadically isolated over a four year period (2010-2014) from several alpaca carcasses that were presented for necropsy at the Western Cape Provincial Veterinary Laboratory, South Africa. Typically, the affected animals had a history of acute dyspnoea and progressive weakness before death. Consistent hydrothorax and severe lung oedema in all lead to a preliminary diagnosis of Bluetongue, despite the absence of
ulceration and hyperaemia of the oral mucosa which is characteristic of this viral infection in sheep. The diagnosis was confirmed by virus isolation in embryonated eggs and subsequent sequencing of the extracted RNA. Assembled sequences were subjected to Blast analysis and two of the isolates could be verified as BTV 3. These cases, originating from the Western Cape Province of South Africa, represents the first official report of BTV infection in alpacas in Africa and demonstrates the susceptibility of the species to this disease when maintained in BTV endemic areas.
ulceration and hyperaemia of the oral mucosa which is characteristic of this viral infection in sheep. The diagnosis was confirmed by virus isolation in embryonated eggs and subsequent sequencing of the extracted RNA. Assembled sequences were subjected to Blast analysis and two of the isolates could be verified as BTV 3. These cases, originating from the Western Cape Province of South Africa, represents the first official report of BTV infection in alpacas in Africa and demonstrates the susceptibility of the species to this disease when maintained in BTV endemic areas.
Research Interests:
The seasonal abundance of Culicoides midges, the vector of Bluetongue and African horse sickness viruses (BTV/AHSV) and the presence of viruses in midges were determined in 3 geographic areas in South Africa. In the Onderstepoort area,... more
The seasonal abundance of Culicoides midges, the vector of Bluetongue and African horse sickness viruses (BTV/AHSV) and the presence of viruses in midges were determined in 3 geographic areas in South Africa. In the Onderstepoort area, more than 500,000 Culicoides midges belonging to 27 species were collected. Eighteen midge species were collected throughout Winter and the presence of AHSV and BTV RNA in midges was detected using real time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The nucleic acid of AHSV was found in 12 pools out of total pools of 35 Culicoides. Twenty-five Culicoides species were detected in the Mnisi area. The RNA of BTV was detected in 75.9% of the midge pools collected during Winter and 51.2% of those collected during Autumn. Antibodies for BTV were detected in 95% of cattle sampled using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). The dominant species in these 2 areas was Culicoides imicola. Eight Culicoides species were collected in Namaqualand. Culicoides imicola represented the 0.9% and Culicoides bolitinos the 1.5% of total catches, respectively. Antibodies for AHSV were detected in 4.4% of 874 equines tested using an indirect ELISA. Results showed that transmission of AHSV and BTV can carry on throughout Winter and the outbreak may begin as soon as Culicoides populations reach a certain critical level.
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Insecticidal sugar baits for mosquitoes and houseflies have proven efficacy to reduce insect populations and consequently, disease transmission rates. The new insecticidal sugar trap (IST) is designed specifically for controlling biting... more
Insecticidal sugar baits for mosquitoes and houseflies have proven efficacy to reduce insect populations and consequently, disease transmission rates. The new insecticidal sugar trap (IST) is designed specifically for controlling biting midge disease vector populations around livestock and near larval habitats. The trap operates by combining light-emitting diode (LED) technology with insecticidal sugar baits. The positive photo attraction of Culicoides elicited by the LEDs, draws the insects to the insecticidal sugar bait, which can be made from various commercial insecticide formulations (pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, etc.) or naturally derived formulations (boric acid, garlic oil, etc.) lethal to Culicoides. Insecticidal sugar trap advantages include: customizable LED lights, they can be used with several different oral insecticides that have different modes of action to help combat the evolution of pesticide resistance, screening on the trap reduces non-target insect feeding (for example bees and butterflies), targets males and females of the species because both must feed on sugar, and low energy LEDs and a solar panel reduce trap maintenance to refilling sugar baits, rather than replacing batteries. This article discusses key components of an IST, which increase the traps effectiveness for biting midge control.
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In most instances, vaccination is accepted to be the most effective method of preventing Culicoides-borne arbovirus transmission, as it has proven to be successful in large-scale campaigns. Under certain scenarios, however, vaccines... more
In most instances, vaccination is accepted to be the most effective method of preventing Culicoides-borne arbovirus transmission, as it has proven to be successful in large-scale campaigns. Under certain scenarios, however, vaccines require time to be developed and deployed or are not used due to financial, logistical or trade constraints. In the absence of vaccines, animal movement restrictions and techniques to reduce either the number of Culicoides biting livestock or their subsequent survival are the only responses available to prevent or reduce arbovirus transmission and spread. This review evaluates the progress made during the past 10 years in the development of Culicoides control techniques for this purpose and assesses their potential impact in reducing arbovirus transmission. In addition, the future prospects and challenges facing Culicoides control are examined and suggestions are made as to research directions and opportunities.
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Within Northern California, Culicoides sonorensis is the major vector of Bluetongue virus (BTV) and annual infection of livestock is distinctly seasonal (typically July‑November). Our recent studies compare the population dynamics of C.... more
Within Northern California, Culicoides sonorensis is the major vector of Bluetongue virus (BTV) and annual infection of livestock is distinctly seasonal (typically July‑November). Our recent studies compare the population dynamics of C. sonorensis midges with occurrence of BTV infection of C. sonorensis and sentinel dairy cattle throughout both the seasonal and interseasonal ('overwintering') periods of BTV activity. Spring emergence and seasonal abundance of adult C. sonorensis on the sampled farms coincided with rising vernal temperature. Intensive surveillance confirmed widespread infection of both sentinel cattle and vector midges during the August‑November period of seasonal BTV transmission. Bluetongue virus infection of parous female midges captured in traps set during daylight hours was also detected during the interseasonal period of virus activity, whereas there was no concurrent active infection of sentinel cattle during the overwintering period. The finding of BTV‑infected vector midges during mid‑Winter suggests that BTV can overwinter in Northern California by infection of long‑lived female C. sonorensis midges that were infected during the prior seasonal period of virus transmission and which, then, entered a quiescence in the fall (Autumn) and re‑emerged sporadically during the overwintering period. Notably, vertical transmission of BTV was not detected among progeny of midges infected in the laboratory nor in field‑collected larvae. In addition to defining the mechanism of BTV over‑wintering in a temperate region, the studies reviewed in this article also provide precise documentation of temporal changes in the annual abundance, dispersal and dynamics of BTV infection of Culicoides midges. Collectively these findings are critical to the creation of accurate predictive models of BTV infection in livestock and to development of sound abatement strategies.
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As Bluetongue virus (BTV) spread in Italy following its first incursion in 2000, it soon became apparent that, besides Culicoides imicola, additional species of the subgenus Avaritia were involved as vectors, namely... more
As Bluetongue virus (BTV) spread in Italy following its first incursion in 2000, it soon became apparent that, besides Culicoides imicola, additional species of the subgenus Avaritia were involved as vectors, namely one or more of the species that belong to the so-called ‘Culicoides obsoletus group’, which comprises C. dewulfi, C. chiopterus, C. obsoletus sensu stricto, C. scoticus and C. montanus; the three last named species are considered generally as
forming the Obsoletus complex. This study presents the findings made over the last decade and more, within the Italian entomological surveillance program for Bluetongue. It describes the integrated morphological and molecular approach used to identify the species of the ‘C. obsoletus group’, maps in detail their relative abundances and geographic ranges in Italy, clarifies the hitherto unknown comparative seasonal abundances of C. obsoletus s.s.
and C. scoticus in a site in Central Italy, and provides further details on the potential vector status of five species of the ‘C. obsoletus group’, with emphasis on C. obsoletus s.s., C. scoticus and
C. montanus. Unlike the situation in Northern Europe, Culicoides dewulfi
and C. chiopterus are uncommon to rare in Italy. In contrast, the Obsoletus complex occurs abundantly throughout Italy, with
C. obsoletus s.s. being the most prevalent and ecologically adaptive of the three species making up the complex. A longitudinal study conducted at a site in Central Italy revealed that: (i) species of the Obsoletus complex prefer horses to sheep; (ii) their parity rates range from 10% (March) to 56% (November); (iii) throughout the year C. scoticus is consistently more abundant than C. obsoletus s.s.
; (iv) abundances in both, C. obsoletus s.s. and C. scoticus,
peak in May-June, with the peak of the latter species being more evident. Bluetongue virus was first isolated from wild caught midges of the Obsoletus complex in 2002. Thereafter,
pools of selected parous midges collected across Italy, and during multiple outbreaks of BT, have been found consistently PCR-positive for the virus. More recently, viral RNA has been detected in field specimens of C. dewulfi, C. obsoletus s.s., C. scoticus and C. montanus.
forming the Obsoletus complex. This study presents the findings made over the last decade and more, within the Italian entomological surveillance program for Bluetongue. It describes the integrated morphological and molecular approach used to identify the species of the ‘C. obsoletus group’, maps in detail their relative abundances and geographic ranges in Italy, clarifies the hitherto unknown comparative seasonal abundances of C. obsoletus s.s.
and C. scoticus in a site in Central Italy, and provides further details on the potential vector status of five species of the ‘C. obsoletus group’, with emphasis on C. obsoletus s.s., C. scoticus and
C. montanus. Unlike the situation in Northern Europe, Culicoides dewulfi
and C. chiopterus are uncommon to rare in Italy. In contrast, the Obsoletus complex occurs abundantly throughout Italy, with
C. obsoletus s.s. being the most prevalent and ecologically adaptive of the three species making up the complex. A longitudinal study conducted at a site in Central Italy revealed that: (i) species of the Obsoletus complex prefer horses to sheep; (ii) their parity rates range from 10% (March) to 56% (November); (iii) throughout the year C. scoticus is consistently more abundant than C. obsoletus s.s.
; (iv) abundances in both, C. obsoletus s.s. and C. scoticus,
peak in May-June, with the peak of the latter species being more evident. Bluetongue virus was first isolated from wild caught midges of the Obsoletus complex in 2002. Thereafter,
pools of selected parous midges collected across Italy, and during multiple outbreaks of BT, have been found consistently PCR-positive for the virus. More recently, viral RNA has been detected in field specimens of C. dewulfi, C. obsoletus s.s., C. scoticus and C. montanus.
Research Interests:
Light trapping for biting midges was performed on cattle farms in 3 provinces of Western Russia in 2013. A total of 9,272, 2,457, and 10,245 Culicoides midges were collected from farms in Smolenskaya, Pskovskaya,... more
Light trapping for biting midges was performed on cattle farms in 3 provinces of Western
Russia in 2013. A total of 9,272, 2,457, and 10,245
Culicoides
midges were collected from farms
in Smolenskaya, Pskovskaya, and Vladimirskaya provinces, respectively. More than 99% of
collected midges belonged to either the Obsoletus or Pulicaris complexes. Species belonging to the Obsoletus complex were the most abundant in Pskovskaya, whereas species from the Pulicaris complex dominated the catches in Vladimirskaya and Smolenskaya provinces. The seasonal duration of adult activity in all 3 regions was approximately 4.5 months.
Russia in 2013. A total of 9,272, 2,457, and 10,245
Culicoides
midges were collected from farms
in Smolenskaya, Pskovskaya, and Vladimirskaya provinces, respectively. More than 99% of
collected midges belonged to either the Obsoletus or Pulicaris complexes. Species belonging to the Obsoletus complex were the most abundant in Pskovskaya, whereas species from the Pulicaris complex dominated the catches in Vladimirskaya and Smolenskaya provinces. The seasonal duration of adult activity in all 3 regions was approximately 4.5 months.
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In 2012, six years after the previous epidemic, Bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1) re-emerged in Sardinia causing a limited number of outbreaks. Due to impossibility of implementing a vaccination campaign, the BTV-1... more
In 2012, six years after the previous epidemic, Bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1) re-emerged
in Sardinia causing a limited number of outbreaks. Due to impossibility of implementing a
vaccination campaign, the BTV-1 then spread all over the island in 2013 with about 7,000
outbreaks and, in September 2013, the virus reached Central Italy, with a limited number
of outbreaks located along the Tyrrhenian coast. The surveillance system in place in Italy
detected viral circulation during the following winter, when a few seroconversions were
notified. Starting from mid July 2014, a huge number of outbreaks were reported and the
disease spread toward inland territories, affecting Umbria, Abruzzo and Marche. In 2014,
BTV-1 affected areas where
Culicoides
species belonging to the Obsoletus and Pulicaris
complexes were identified as main vectors. The analysis of temperature and rainfall in Central
Italy revealed a significant warmer winter (2013-2014) and a cooler and rainy summer season
(2014). These climatic aspects might have certainly favored the overwintering of the virus in
local vector or host populations in the Tyrrhenian coast, and, then, the spread of the virus to
the rest of Central Italy. However, the heavy circulation of BTV-1 and the severity of clinical
outbreaks recorded leave a number of ‘open questions’ that are currently under investigations.
in Sardinia causing a limited number of outbreaks. Due to impossibility of implementing a
vaccination campaign, the BTV-1 then spread all over the island in 2013 with about 7,000
outbreaks and, in September 2013, the virus reached Central Italy, with a limited number
of outbreaks located along the Tyrrhenian coast. The surveillance system in place in Italy
detected viral circulation during the following winter, when a few seroconversions were
notified. Starting from mid July 2014, a huge number of outbreaks were reported and the
disease spread toward inland territories, affecting Umbria, Abruzzo and Marche. In 2014,
BTV-1 affected areas where
Culicoides
species belonging to the Obsoletus and Pulicaris
complexes were identified as main vectors. The analysis of temperature and rainfall in Central
Italy revealed a significant warmer winter (2013-2014) and a cooler and rainy summer season
(2014). These climatic aspects might have certainly favored the overwintering of the virus in
local vector or host populations in the Tyrrhenian coast, and, then, the spread of the virus to
the rest of Central Italy. However, the heavy circulation of BTV-1 and the severity of clinical
outbreaks recorded leave a number of ‘open questions’ that are currently under investigations.
Research Interests:
Bluetongue, Schmallenberg and African horse sickness viruses are transmitted by vectors belonging to the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Among this genus, species of the Obsoletus complex play a... more
Bluetongue, Schmallenberg and African horse sickness viruses are transmitted by vectors belonging to the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Among this genus, species of the Obsoletus complex play a crucial role in Europe. In Italy the complex includes three species: Culicoides obsoletus sensu strictu, Culicoides scoticus and Culicoides montanus. These three sibling species were identified in 80 collection sites across Italy through a multiplex PCR test. Sixty-four sites were classified with a predominant species through a Bayesian approach. Environmental, topographic and climatic factors together with landscape metrics were investigated in each species group using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test.
Culicoides obsoletus s.s. resulted the most widely distributed species across the peninsula (51 sites). This species was collected in many eco-climatic conditions, at a wide range of temperature and
altitudes, mainly in anthropogenic landscape. Conversely C. scoticus
collection sites were dominated by natural vegetated areas or forest, at medium higher altitudes, preferably in a wilder and more pristine environment (predominant species in 8 sites). Culicoides montanus was a rarer species, statistically predominant in only 3 sites located in Southern Italy, characterized by temperatures higher than the other species. These results, together with other on-
going researches on the vector competence of the species belonging to the Obsoletus complex, and with investigation of larval and breeding habitats, could greatly improve epidemiological knowledge of possible spreading Culicoides-borne viruses.
Culicoides obsoletus s.s. resulted the most widely distributed species across the peninsula (51 sites). This species was collected in many eco-climatic conditions, at a wide range of temperature and
altitudes, mainly in anthropogenic landscape. Conversely C. scoticus
collection sites were dominated by natural vegetated areas or forest, at medium higher altitudes, preferably in a wilder and more pristine environment (predominant species in 8 sites). Culicoides montanus was a rarer species, statistically predominant in only 3 sites located in Southern Italy, characterized by temperatures higher than the other species. These results, together with other on-
going researches on the vector competence of the species belonging to the Obsoletus complex, and with investigation of larval and breeding habitats, could greatly improve epidemiological knowledge of possible spreading Culicoides-borne viruses.
Research Interests:
Crowdsourcing is obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people. This new method of acquiring data works well for single reports, but fails when long-term data collection is needed,... more
Crowdsourcing is obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people. This new method of acquiring data works well for single reports, but fails when long-term data collection is needed, mainly due to reporting fatigue or failure of repeated sampling by individuals. To establish a crowdsourced collections network researchers must recruit, reward, and retain contributors to the project. These 3 components of crowdsourcing are discussed using the United States Department of Agriculture social networks, the Cervid Disease Network, and the North American Mosquito Project. The North American Mosquito Project is a large network of professional mosquito control districts and public health agencies, which collects mosquito specimens for genetic studies. The Cervid Disease Network is a crowd-sourced disease monitoring system, which uses voluntary sentinel farms or wildlife programs throughout the United States of America to report the onset and severity of diseases in local areas for pathogen surveillance studies.
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Bluetongue (BT) is a mild to severe disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by the Bluetongue virus (BTV) and generally transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Its occurrence also determines a livestock trade ban in affected... more
Bluetongue (BT) is a mild to severe disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by the Bluetongue virus (BTV) and generally transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Its occurrence also determines a livestock trade ban in affected countries with severe economic consequences on national and international trade. For this reason, in May 2011, the OIE encouraged the OIE Reference Laboratories to establish and maintain a BT network to provide expertise and training to the OIE and OIE Member Countries for BT diagnosis, surveillance and control. The network is constantly sustained by world leading scientists in the field of virology, epidemiology, serology, entomology and vaccine development. The website, available at http://oiebtnet.izs.it/btlabnet/, hosts an Information System containing data on BTV outbreaks and strains and a WebGIS that distributes maps on BTV occurrence. In this paper we describe the applications and present the benefits derived from the use of the WebGIS in the context of BT international surveillance network.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Beatrice Hill Farm (BHF) near Darwin, Australia was identified in the early 1970's as a site of high arbovirus activity. The first isolation of Bluetongue virus (BTV) in Australia was made on BHF in 1975. Since then, there has been... more
Beatrice Hill Farm (BHF) near Darwin, Australia was identified in the early 1970's as a site of high arbovirus activity. The first isolation of Bluetongue virus (BTV) in Australia was made on BHF in 1975. Since then, there has been continuous monitoring for BTV at BHF, the virus has been isolated on a yearly basis, with the only exception of 1990. All 10 serotypes known in Australia have been isolated at this site and an assessment of their biological behaviour made. Over the years, the methods and intensity of monitoring have been changed. In recent years molecular techniques have permitted more detailed examination of the origins of the viruses and their natural behaviour in field situations. Data collected at BHF have allowed modelling to detect likely origins of the BTVs that regularly enter Australia through wind borne infected Culicoides from South East Asia. Concurrent vector monitoring led to assess the Culicoides species more likely to be involved with transmission of these viruses.
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South America (SA) has the ideal climatic conditions for occurrence of Bluetongue virus (BTV) and other orbiviruses. Based on serological evidence of BTV circulation, the virus is widespread across SA. However, little knowledge has been... more
South America (SA) has the ideal climatic conditions for occurrence of Bluetongue virus (BTV) and other orbiviruses. Based on serological evidence of BTV circulation, the virus is widespread across SA. However, little knowledge has been acquired about BTV origin and distribution, and circulation of specific serotypes is almost non‑existent. The first barrier to a better understanding of Bluetongue (BT) in SA concerns its recognition in the field, as most infections of seropositive ruminants are unapparent in endemic areas. There are few reports on BTV isolation in SA, many of them from viraemic asymptomatic animals. Among the known competent BTV vectors, Culicoides insignis is the most abundant species in SA. However, information about biological characteristics and competence of various other Culicoides species described in SA is missing. The few reports on BT outbreaks lead to an underestimation of the disease impact on the continent economy. To overcome these major gaps, it is necessary to: improve diagnostic structure and disease recognition in the field; identify BTV serotypes and their distribution in different SA areas; and to study the biology and epidemiology of Culicoides. Furthermore, it is important to have a surveillance system for BT, as well as contingency plans for possible outbreaks in SA.
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Bluetongue (BT) was first recognized and described in Southern Africa, and only later elsewhere. It is now known that the causative agent of BT [BT virus (BTV)] occurs throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world. Previous OIE... more
Bluetongue (BT) was first recognized and described in Southern Africa, and only later elsewhere. It is now known that the causative agent of BT [BT virus (BTV)] occurs throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world. Previous OIE symposia in 1984, 1991 and 2003 clarified the global distribution of BTV and its epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis. Since the 3rd symposium in 2003, however, there have been significant developments. Notably, BT has emerged in Northern Europe and novel BTV serotypes have appeared in other endemic areas raising substantial questions regarding the environmental and anthropogenic drivers of emergence of BTV, including the invasion and spread of laboratory propagated viruses. Additional BTV serotypes with novel properties have recently been identified in Europe and the Middle East. Recent studies also confirm the importance of the Culicoides vector as the essential overwintering reservoir of BTV in temperate regions such as California and not ruminant livestock, proving wrong the prevailing thesis circulated prior to the 1st symposium in 1984. The challenge for participants of this 4th symposium is to predict collectively what the future might hold in terms of emergence of BTV globally, and what strategies are likely to be most feasible, justified, and effective for its control.
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Bluetongue (BT) is often said to be a disease of severe economic consequence with a global estimate of US$ 3 billion. This review describes the most relevant contribution in the extant literature on production related losses due to BT. In... more
Bluetongue (BT) is often said to be a disease of severe economic consequence with a global estimate of US$ 3 billion. This review describes the most relevant contribution in the extant literature on production related losses due to BT. In summary, the impact of the endemic situations appears to be relatively small and surrounds the impacts on flock and herd fertility. The largest and most serious impact with BT in the epidemic situations has been in the reactions to the presence and risk of the disease. Such a reaction, in hindsight, has been far greater than the production losses caused by the disease. More data are required with more careful analysis to provide better impact assessment for BT. This would offer the ground for research prioritisation and the rebalancing of resource allocation. Such an economic impact assessment should follow scientific methods mirroring the careful and thorough biological work on BT.
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Since 1998, Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11 and 16 have spread throughout Europe. In 2006, BTV serotype 8 (BTV‑8) emerged unexpectedly in Northern Europe, in countries such as Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg,... more
Since 1998, Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11 and 16 have spread throughout Europe. In 2006, BTV serotype 8 (BTV‑8) emerged unexpectedly in Northern Europe, in countries such as Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, to spread rapidly in the following year throughout the rest of Europe. In 2007, BTV‑1 spread in Southern Europe, in Spain and in South of France. In 2008, 2 more BTV serotypes were detected in Northern Europe: BTV‑6 in the Netherlands and in Germany, and BTV‑11 in Belgium. The European incursion of BTV has caused considerable economic losses, including direct losses from mortality and reduced production, as well as indirect losses generated by ensuing bans on trade of ruminants between infected and non-infected areas. Given the significance of the disease, all affected countries have established control and eradication measures that have evolved together with the availability of detection and prevention tools such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests and vaccines, respectively. This paper describes how the French National Reference Laboratory for BT has managed diagnosis during the fast and massive spread of BTV‑1 and 8 in 2007 and 2008.
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Although Culicoides sonorensis is an important vector of orbiviruses causing significant disease in domestic and wild ruminants in the USA, little is known about factors contributing to midge vector competence. In other vectors such as... more
Although Culicoides sonorensis is an important vector of orbiviruses causing significant disease in domestic and wild ruminants in the USA, little is known about factors contributing to midge vector competence. In other vectors such as mosquitoes, interactions among the humoral immune response, microbiota, and ingested pathogens within the vector gut directly impact pathogen survival and therefore vectoring potential. We recently described components of the humoral immune response in the reference transcriptome for adult female C. sonorensis and analysed their temporal expression profiles across several dietary states (unfed, blood, or sugar fed). Blood feeding altered the transcription of several humoral immune components of the Immune deficiency (Imd), dual‑oxidase (DUOX), and Janus Kinase and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways. Genes for immune effectors, such as antimicrobial peptides, were in particular highly induced. Since blood feeding also stimulated proliferation and diversification of bacterial populations colonising the gut of female midges, we infer that changes in immune gene expression were a result of fluctuations in gut microbiota. Thus, diet can indirectly (via microbiota) impact gut immune status and therefore should be carefully considered in subsequent studies assessing vector competence in biting midges.
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The severity of bluetongue clinical disease in ruminants varies greatly depending on the outbreak serotype/strain, animal species/breed, and immune status of the herd. To predict disease risk from any of the 26 bluetongue virus (BTV)... more
The severity of bluetongue clinical disease in ruminants varies greatly depending on the outbreak serotype/strain, animal species/breed, and immune status of the herd. To predict disease risk from any of the 26 bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes identified to date, experimental animal susceptibility studies are often conducted. Although sheep are the most susceptible livestock species in the US, infection of domestic breeds by injection of field isolates rarely produces the level of clinical disease observed in natural Culicoides midge‑transmitted outbreaks. Thus, outbreak risk assessments based on experimental animal infections can underestimate the severity posed by a potential outbreak with a given virus serotype or strain. The aim of this study was to determine whether secreted Culicoides salivary proteins injected simultaneously with virus, to more closely mimic midge‑delivered virus, would affect clinical disease outcome in a BTV‑8 sheep susceptibility study. Eight sheep were intradermally inoculated with BTV‑8; 4 received virus mixed with secreted Culicoides salivary proteins (BTV‑8 + Cu SP), 4 received virus alone. Clinical signs were monitored daily for type, severity and duration. In sheep receiving the BTV‑8 + Cu SP inoculum, clinical signs were more varied, more severe, and duration was three times longer compared to sheep receiving virus alone. These results suggest that Culicoides salivary proteins may play a contributing role in BTV pathology and that use of these proteins in experimental animal infections may allow development of a more robust target‑host animal model.
Research Interests:
In this study, species boundaries were examined for 15 described and 2 undescribed species within the economically important Culicoides subg. Avaritia Fox from Australasia and Eastern Asia. We used an integrative taxonomic approach... more
In this study, species boundaries were examined for 15 described and 2 undescribed species within the economically important Culicoides subg. Avaritia Fox from Australasia and Eastern Asia. We used an integrative taxonomic approach incorporating DNA barcoding, nuclear gene sequencing, and retrospective morphological analyses. Some arbovirus vector species such as Culicoides fulvus Sen and Das Gupta and Culicoides wadai Kitaoka were genetically and morphologically uniform across sampled distributions, but others including Culicoides actoni Smith and Culicoides brevipalpis Delfinado contained 2 or more genetically independent populations of 'cryptic species' that in some cases were sympatric. Some of these 'cryptic species' exhibited consistent morphological differences, while differences are yet to be found for others species. Additionally, an undescribed species, C. Avaritia sp. No. 3, was found to be synonymous with C. fulvus. These results refine our understanding of the distribution of individual species of C. subg. Avaritia and demonstrate that species descriptions and distribution records need revision for part of the Culicoides fauna. Furthermore, because vector competence studies for most of these species are based entirely on Australian populations, the competence of the putative cryptic species identified elsewhere will require independent assessment. Finally, integrative taxonomic assessment requires genetic and morphological assessment of material from the type localities in order to clarify the status and distribution of species, especially for clades containing cryptic species. International collaboration is needed to facilitate this research.
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Biting midges from the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are the vectors of several globally important arboviruses that affect livestock. These include orbiviruses from the bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus... more
Biting midges from the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are the vectors of several globally important arboviruses that affect livestock. These include orbiviruses from the bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) groups and members of the Simbu serogroup of orthobunyaviruses, such as the recently emerged Schmallenberg virus. In this article, the authors evaluate several methods for feeding wild‑caught Australian Culicoides on BTV infected preparations of blood and sucrose. Feeding Culicoides on the membrane of embryonated chicken eggs was identified as the preferred feeding method. Although, cotton wool pads soaked in either virus‑infected blood or virus‑sucrose mixtures were also successful. A non‑destructive nucleic acid extraction technique for the detection of viral RNA in Culicoides was also evaluated as it allows for readily differentiating infected from non‑infected Culicoides.
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The aim of this paper is to consolidate vector competence studies on Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of bluetongue virus (BTV) done over a period 25 years at the ARC‑Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute in South... more
The aim of this paper is to consolidate vector competence studies on Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of bluetongue virus (BTV) done over a period 25 years at the ARC‑Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute in South Africa. In 1944, it was demonstrated for the first time in South Africa that Culicoides midges transmit BTV. In 1991, field‑collected Culicoides imicola were fed on blood containing BTV‑3 or ‑6 and the infection rates were established as being 31% and 24%, respectively. In 1998, Culicoides bolitinos was shown to have a higher infection prevalence and virus titre/midge than C. imicola. This species was then shown to have a higher transmission potential for BTV‑1 over a range of incubation temperatures wider than the one showed by C. imicola. Attenuation of BTV also does not reduce its ability to infect competent Culicoides species. Oral susceptibility studies, involving 29 BTV isolates of various serotypes, indicated differences between various geographic virus isolates and Culicoides populations evaluated. While low recovery rates of European BTV strains from South African Culicoides species suggest co‑adaptation between orbiviruses and vectors in a given locality, co‑adaption was shown not to be essential for virus transmission. Cumulative results since 1991 provide evidence that at least 13 livestock‑associated Culicoides species are susceptible to BTV. Susceptibility results are supported by field isolations from 5 of these species. This implies that multi‑vector potential for the transmission of BTV will complicate the epidemiology of BT. It must be emphasised that neither oral susceptibility nor virus isolation/detection from field‑collected specimens is proof that a species is a confirmed field vector.
Research Interests:
The Bluetongue and Schmallenberg virus outbreaks in Europe between 1999 and 2013 stimulated progress in Culicoides field ecology and control. In responding to these outbreaks, however, the deficit of broadly trained entomologists became... more
The Bluetongue and Schmallenberg virus outbreaks in Europe between 1999 and 2013 stimulated progress in Culicoides field ecology and control. In responding to these outbreaks, however, the deficit of broadly trained entomologists became evident. Culicoides research has been uneven, and critical gaps remain in our knowledge of vector ecology. Certain aspects of adult midge biology have gotten more attention (biting rates and relationship to trap collections, seasonal activity and survey, taxonomy of critical species complexes). Some aspects of adult midge biology (survival, resting site selection, or direct dispersal measurements) have been understudied. More work is needed on Culicoides immatures (taxonomy and details of ecology). Control research has centred on insecticide treatments applied to animals. However, our true goal is not vector control, but reducing disease agent transmission. We require field vector control targets (e.g. how far we might need to reduce biting rates) needed to interrupt transmission. The most critical need is for studies incorporating vector control experimentally into epidemiological studies in active arbovirus transmission zones. Such field interdisciplinary studies are absolutely required to understand transmission dynamics. Through the power of experimental field studies, we should be able to develop both theoretical and operational guidelines for disease management.
Research Interests:
Bluetongue virus (BTV) has since 1998 extended its distribution further North than where it has previously been encountered. Changes in the epidemiology of Bluetongue (BT), as well as novel features of recent outbreaks of BTV in Europe,... more
Bluetongue virus (BTV) has since 1998 extended its distribution further North than where it has previously been encountered. Changes in the epidemiology of Bluetongue (BT), as well as novel features of recent outbreaks of BTV in Europe, have stimulated research on BTV‑vector‑host interaction. The outbreak of BTV‑8 in Northern Europe from 2006‑2008 is particular noteworthy in this regard, as the European strain of BTV‑8 demonstrated novel properties, including high virulence – especially for cattle – and the capability to cross the ruminant placenta. The virus was in addition transmitted by indigenous European Culicoides species that had not previously been implicated in the widespread transmission of BTV. Recent advances in the scientific understanding of BTV‑vector‑host interaction include increased knowledge of the virus' replication cycle, the role of biotic factors in influencing viral infection of the insect vector, increased knowledge of BTV immunology and pathogenesis in the mammalian host, and increased knowledge of virulence and pathogenicity features of newly discovered serotypes/strains of the virus. New research on aspects of BTV‑vector‑host interaction has been driven in part by developments in molecular biology and experimental infection biology, of which next generation sequencing, the expression of individual viral proteins in cell culture, the establishment of a reverse genetics system for the virus, the development of novel in vitro and in vivo infection models, and refinement of existing BTV experimental infection methodologies have proven instrumental. Moreover, these developments have also provided the opportunity for the development of novel vaccine strategies. This article provides a synopsis of selected recent advances that have been made in the understanding of BTV‑vector‑host interaction, with a particular focus on research that has been conducted in Europe over the last 5 years.
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Infection of cattle with epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) virus (EHDV) is frequently subclinical, yet reports of disease have increased in recent years. In 2006, a widespread EHDV‑7 epidemic caused disease and economic loss in the... more
Infection of cattle with epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) virus (EHDV) is frequently subclinical, yet reports of disease have increased in recent years. In 2006, a widespread EHDV‑7 epidemic caused disease and economic loss in the Israeli dairy industry. In this study, the main objective was to infect cattle with EHDV‑7 and replicate disease observed in Israel during 2006. Two infection studies were performed. Experiment 1, 4 cows inoculated with intradermal (ID) and subcutaneous (SC) injections with an EHDV‑7 blood inoculum. Experiment 2, 6 calves inoculated using 1 of the following 3 methods (2 calves/method): (1) mammalian cell culture supernatant by ID and SC injection; (2) culture supernatant by ID, SC, and intravenous injection; and (3) bite transmission from Culicoides sonorensis. Further, during experiment 2, C. sonorensis were fed on 4 infected calves (18 days post-inoculation) and processed for virus isolation 10 days later in order to evaluate infectivity of low‑titer viraemia. Three cows had detectable viraemia and all 4 seroconverted. No clinical signs were observed. All 6 calves developed viraemia, peaking 7‑10 dpi and all calves seroconverted. No differences in virus kinetics were observed between the inoculation groups. Calves in group 2 had transiently elevated rectal temperatures but no other clinical abnormalities were observed. The 124 midge pools processed after feeding on calves with low‑titer viraemia were virus isolation negative. Detectable viraemia was more consistent in calves than adult cows. This study demonstrates US‑origin cattle are susceptible to EHDV‑7 infection by multiple inoculation methods; however, as reported in other studies, the disease was not replicated experimentally.
Research Interests:
The pathogenesis of epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) in white‑tailed deer (WTD) may be related to factors other than direct viral damage caused by replication in endothelium, such as the release of cytokines. This study focused on... more
The pathogenesis of epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) in white‑tailed deer (WTD) may be related to factors other than direct viral damage caused by replication in endothelium, such as the release of cytokines. This study focused on interleukin‑1 β (IL‑1) and interleukin‑6 (IL‑6), which have been shown to be variably upregulated in Bluetongue virus (BTV) infected cattle and sheep endothelial cultures possibly explaining species susceptibility to BTV. We evaluated circulating and tissue levels of IL‑1 and IL‑6 in WTD experimentally infected with EHD virus serotype 2 (EHDV‑2). Circulating levels of IL‑1 were assayed by ELISA. RT‑PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to detect upregulation of IL‑1 and IL‑6 mRNA as well as protein expression, respectively. RT‑PCR was also used to determine whether IL‑1 and IL‑6 were upregulated in WTD peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) infected with EHDV‑2 in vitro. We found increased circulating levels of IL‑1 and upregulation of IL‑1 mRNA and protein expression and upregulation of IL‑6 mRNA in tissues of WTD infected with EHDV. Upregulation of mRNA levels of IL‑1 and IL‑6 in EHDV infected PBMCs was also observed. Findings suggest a role for IL‑1 and IL‑6 in the pathogenesis of EHD in WTD.
Research Interests:
Although bluetongue viruses (BTV) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses (EHDV) are closely related, there are differences in susceptibility to these viruses both between and within a species. White‑tailed deer are susceptible to... more
Although bluetongue viruses (BTV) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses (EHDV) are closely related, there are differences in susceptibility to these viruses both between and within a species. White‑tailed deer are susceptible to disease by both BTV and EHDV, sheep are susceptible to BTV, but resistant to EHDV, and cattle can be infected with both viruses but disease is usually subclinical. Host genetics probably play a role in the disease outcome, but cytokine and endothelial responses are likely to determine if subclinical or clinical disease develops. Dendritic macrophages deliver virus to lymph nodes following the bite of an infected Culicoides. The virus then disseminates to many organs replicating in mononuclear phagocytes and endothelium. Initially, an interferon‑1 response probably determines if the disease develops. Replication in mononuclear cells and endothelium results in the release of cytokines and vasoactive mediators, and may result in endothelial cell death leading to the clinical features of fever, hyperaemia, exudation of fluid, and haemorrhage. Disease outcome may also be linked to virus binding Toll‑like receptor‑3 and upregulation of endothelial surface receptors potentiating cytokine release and allowing transmigration of inflammatory cells, respectively. Despite a wealth of information, host genetics involved in resistance to BTV and EHDV and how variations in cytokines and endothelial responses determine clinical outcome still need further elucidation.
Research Interests:
Recent Orbivirus occurrences in the Americas have been investigated using whole genome amplification and sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis. The bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) whole... more
Recent Orbivirus occurrences in the Americas have been investigated using whole genome amplification and sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis. The bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) whole genomes were amplified without prior sequence knowledge and deep sequenced. This technology was applied to evaluate BTV‑3 isolates spanning 4 decades from Florida, Arkansas, Mississippi, South Dakota, Central America, and the Caribbean basin. The results of the dataset analysis are consistent with the hypothesis that these viruses were introduced into the United States from Central America and the Caribbean basin. A similar analysis has been performed on a recent BTV‑2 isolate from California. It indicates that the BTV‑2 strain was likely introduced into Florida and then moved South to the Caribbean and West to California. A historical (1955‑2012) molecular characterisation of EHDV strains was also completed, and subsequently used as reference sequence for comparison of genomes from recent 2012 cattle isolates associated with clinical disease. Finally, this analysis was performed on BTV‑11 isolated from 2 canine cases and demonstrated that the genome sequences of the virus isolates from these cases were almost identical. These studies indicate the value of this technology in understanding virus epidemiology and ecology.
Research Interests:
Nowadays, leptospirosis is a re‑emerging widespread infectious disease often underestimate worldwide. The National Reference Centre for Leptospirosis (NRCL), at the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia... more
Nowadays, leptospirosis is a re‑emerging widespread infectious disease often
underestimate worldwide. The National Reference Centre for Leptospirosis (NRCL), at
the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia
(Italy), with the cooperation of all the other Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali (IIZZSS),
evaluated the distribution of such important zoonosis in Italy. Serological data obtained
between 2010‑2011 by each laboratory were collected by the NRCL and discussed. Serum
samples collected from 43,935 animal specimens were analysed by the Microscopic
Agglutination Test (MAT), using a panel of 8 serogroups as antigens (Australis, Ballum,
Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Sejroe, Tarassovi). A MAT cut‑off
of 1:100 was used to identify the serological positivities, 6,279 sera showed positive titers.
Bovine (46.9%), swine (27.5%), ovine and goat (7.4%), dog (6.9%), and wild boar (4.5%)
samples were delivered to the Laboratories more frequently than equine and other species
sera. Data analysis showed that the most common serogroups in Italy are: Australis present
in dogs, wild boars, horses, hares, swine, foxes, and rodents; Sejroe detected in cattle, sheep,
goats, and buffaloes; Icterohaemorrhagiae present in dogs, goats, and foxes; Pomona
detected in swine, cattle, and wild species; Grippotyphosa reported in hares.
underestimate worldwide. The National Reference Centre for Leptospirosis (NRCL), at
the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia
(Italy), with the cooperation of all the other Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali (IIZZSS),
evaluated the distribution of such important zoonosis in Italy. Serological data obtained
between 2010‑2011 by each laboratory were collected by the NRCL and discussed. Serum
samples collected from 43,935 animal specimens were analysed by the Microscopic
Agglutination Test (MAT), using a panel of 8 serogroups as antigens (Australis, Ballum,
Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Sejroe, Tarassovi). A MAT cut‑off
of 1:100 was used to identify the serological positivities, 6,279 sera showed positive titers.
Bovine (46.9%), swine (27.5%), ovine and goat (7.4%), dog (6.9%), and wild boar (4.5%)
samples were delivered to the Laboratories more frequently than equine and other species
sera. Data analysis showed that the most common serogroups in Italy are: Australis present
in dogs, wild boars, horses, hares, swine, foxes, and rodents; Sejroe detected in cattle, sheep,
goats, and buffaloes; Icterohaemorrhagiae present in dogs, goats, and foxes; Pomona
detected in swine, cattle, and wild species; Grippotyphosa reported in hares.
Research Interests:
Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis is the tool most frequently used to classify Leishmania spp., although it is time consuming and, sometimes, a not enough discriminative method. In the present study a kinetoplast DNA polymerase chain... more
Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis is the tool most frequently used to classify Leishmania spp., although it is time consuming and, sometimes, a not enough discriminative method. In the present study a kinetoplast DNA polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to characterize 16 zymodeme MON-1 Leishmania infantum strains: 15 were from dogs housed in public kennels of 7 geographical areas in the Emilia-Romagna region, Northern Italy, 1 was the L. infantum reference strain MHOM/TN/1980/IPT1. Six enzymatic patterns were observed. Kinetoplast DNA RFLP-PCR confirmed to have a good discriminatory power within the same zymodeme and proved to be useful for comparing few strains or discriminating between relapse and reinfection in the same host. We therefore recommend it use for discriminating between relapse and reinfection in the same host rather than supporting large-scale epidemiological studies.
Research Interests:
Babesiosis due to Babesia bigemina is a relevant tick-borne disease, affecting cattle worldwide. Many surface proteins of the pathogen including the Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA-1) - have been analysed for vaccine and diagnostic... more
Babesiosis due to Babesia bigemina is a relevant tick-borne disease, affecting cattle worldwide.
Many surface proteins of the pathogen including the Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA-1) -
have been analysed for vaccine and diagnostic purposes. This study focused on B. bigemina
AMA-1 and on its use for the assessment of diagnostic tests. After bioinformatic analyses,
AMA-1 codifying region was amplified and cloned into an expression vector used to induce
protein synthesis in Escherichia coli cells. AMA-1 was purified by affinity chromatography
and used to set up the best condition for an ELISA protocol. Bovine field sera positive to B.
bigemina were used to evaluate the presence of anti-AMA-1 antibodies. In order to verify
the assay specificity, sera positive to Babesia bovis or to the piroplasm Theileria annulata
were also included. Significant differences were obtained between sera negative to both B.
bigemina and B. bovis and samples positive to B. bigemina, to B. bovis or to both pathogens.
No significant reaction was observed with T. annulata positive sera. The results showed that
AMA-1 protein is suitable to be used as antigen in diagnostic assays for babesiosis diagnosis
in cattle, as it does not show any cross reaction with anti-T. annulata antibodies
Many surface proteins of the pathogen including the Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA-1) -
have been analysed for vaccine and diagnostic purposes. This study focused on B. bigemina
AMA-1 and on its use for the assessment of diagnostic tests. After bioinformatic analyses,
AMA-1 codifying region was amplified and cloned into an expression vector used to induce
protein synthesis in Escherichia coli cells. AMA-1 was purified by affinity chromatography
and used to set up the best condition for an ELISA protocol. Bovine field sera positive to B.
bigemina were used to evaluate the presence of anti-AMA-1 antibodies. In order to verify
the assay specificity, sera positive to Babesia bovis or to the piroplasm Theileria annulata
were also included. Significant differences were obtained between sera negative to both B.
bigemina and B. bovis and samples positive to B. bigemina, to B. bovis or to both pathogens.
No significant reaction was observed with T. annulata positive sera. The results showed that
AMA-1 protein is suitable to be used as antigen in diagnostic assays for babesiosis diagnosis
in cattle, as it does not show any cross reaction with anti-T. annulata antibodies
Research Interests:
Small breed dogs are 12 times more likely to develop medial patellar luxation (MPL) than large breed dogs and breed predisposition has been reported. Many surgical techniques are available for correction of patellar luxation in dogs.... more
Small breed dogs are 12 times more likely to develop medial patellar luxation (MPL) than large breed dogs and breed predisposition has been reported. Many surgical techniques are available for correction of patellar luxation in dogs. However, recent studies reported an 8% incidence of reluxation when traditional techniques are used. The relatively high frequency of major complications and patellar reluxation may be partially caused by inadequate appreciation of the underlying skeletal deformity and subsequent incorrect selection and application of traditional techniques. The aims of this study were to report the normal values of the anatomic and mechanical joint angles of the femur and tibia in small breed dogs and to compare these data to a population of small breed dogs affected by different degrees of MPL. Normal values of the anatomic and mechanical angles of the femur are similar to the ones reported in literature in Pomeranian dogs. Normal values of the anatomic and mechanical angles of the tibia have been described for the first time. Significant differences were found between normal population and dogs affected by grade 4 MPL in relation to anatomical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle (aLDFA), mechanical Medial Proximal Tibial Angle (mMPTA), and mechanical Caudal Proximal Tibial Angle (mCaPTA).
Research Interests:
Given the limited information regarding the anatomy of the thoracic limb in European avian species, we decided to investigate the related muscles in the grey heron (Ardea cinerea), in the eurasian buzzard (Buteo buteo), and in the common... more
Given the limited information regarding the anatomy of the thoracic limb in European avian species, we decided to investigate the related muscles in the grey heron (Ardea cinerea), in the eurasian buzzard (Buteo buteo), and in the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). Therefore we performed a stratigraphic dissection of the wing in 3 subjects. The pars major and minor of the musculus deltoideus, despite being roughly in line with those reported by other authors in other species, displayed unique features. Concerning the pars propatagialis of the musculus deltoideus, from what was observed in the grey heron, we believe this structure can contribute to maintain the propatagial tension. In this way vibrations of this structure, which could cause diminished lift, are avoided. Moreover the peculiarity evidenced in the distal insertion of the common kestrel could influence the control of the pronation-supination of the wing during hovering. With respect to the musculus flexor carpi ulnaris, we believe the presence of a sesamoid-like structure at the base tendon, found in the grey heron and in the eurasian buzzard, may help complete the articular surfaces of the elbow. This study shows interesting data on species not previously examined and provides a possible functional correlation between the peculiarity observed and the kind of flight of each species.
Research Interests:
Progressive ethmoid hematoma is frequently reported among the pathologies of the upper airways in horses. While several hypotheses have been proposed such as repeated trauma, inflammatory processes and/or chronic infections, congenital... more
Progressive ethmoid hematoma is frequently reported among the pathologies of the upper airways in horses. While several hypotheses have been proposed such as repeated trauma, inflammatory processes and/or chronic infections, congenital phenomena, complication of hemangiomas, and neoplastic processes, the aetiology of this condition is yet unknown. Clinical symptoms are non‑specific and includes haemorrhagic nasal discharge, respiratory noise not related to physical exercise and, in most severe cases, phenomena of coughing. The purpose of this case report is to contribute to a correct diagnostic approach to this particular pathology of upper respiratory tract in horses. Magnetic Resonance allows for a very detailed imaging of the development of the disease and suggests appropriate therapeutic choices.
Research Interests:
Riassunto Il termine «macellazione religiosa» comunemente fa riferimento alla pratica di macellazione senza stordimento, in accordo con i precetti sanciti delle religioni ebraica e musulmana. Scopo della presente ricerca è fornire una... more
Riassunto Il termine «macellazione religiosa» comunemente fa riferimento alla pratica di macellazione senza stordimento, in accordo con i precetti sanciti delle religioni ebraica e musulmana. Scopo della presente ricerca è fornire una panoramica generale della situazione italiana in materia di macellazione religiosa di bovini, ovi‑caprini e avicoli non preventivamente storditi nel 2012. Il lavoro è stato suddiviso in due fasi: la prima fase prevede la raccolta di informazioni generali sullo stabilimento mediante la compilazione di un questionario da parte dei mattatoi italiani abilitati alla macellazione rituale. La seconda fase, invece, consiste nel campionamento sul posto di animali macellati ritualmente senza preventivo stordimento in 5 mattatoi selezionati. Tutte le informazioni riguardanti la gestione, le tecniche di contenimento e le informazioni sulle pratiche effettuate sono state raccolte e analizzate tenendo particolarmente in considerazione la tematica del benessere animale. Pratiche di macellazione religiosa in Italia Summary The term 'religious slaughter' commonly refers to the practice of killing animals without stunning, according to the precepts of Jewish and Muslim religions. The aim of this paper is to assess the situation concerning ritual slaughtering in not‑stun bovines, small ruminants, and poultry in Italy in 2012. The study was divided into 2 phases. During the first phase, preliminary data about all slaughterhouses authorized for ritual slaughter in Italy in 2012 are collected through the compilation of a questionnaire sent to each plants. The second step involved a sampling of not‑stun animals religiously slaughtered in 5 selected plants. Authors collected and compiled all informations about management, restrain system and rite taking into account in particular animal welfare.
Research Interests:
The myostatin (MSTN) gene encodes a protein known to be a negative regulator of muscle mass in mammalian species. Different polymorphisms of the horse (Equus caballus) MSTN gene have been identified, including single nucleotide... more
The myostatin (MSTN) gene encodes a protein known to be a negative regulator of muscle mass in mammalian species. Different polymorphisms of the horse (Equus caballus) MSTN gene have been identified, including single nucleotide polymorphisms and a short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) insertion of 227 bp within the promoter of the gene. The SINE insertion has been associated with performance traits in Thoroughbred racehorses and it was proposed as a predictor of optimum racing distance. The aims of this study were to perform in silico analysis to identify putative gains or abrogation of transcription-factor binding sites (TFBSs) generated by the SINE allele of the promoter and to analyse the frequency of the SINE insertion in horses used for racing (gallop and trot) and other purposes. The SINE insertion was genotyped in 227 horses from 10 breeds belonging to different morphological types (brachimorphic, mesomorphic, meso-dolichomorphic and dolichomorphic). The presence of the insertion was confirmed in the Quarter Horse (SINE allele frequency of 0.81) and in the Thoroughbred (0.51), whereas the SINE allele did not segregate in any of the other analysed breeds. As the SINE MSTN gene polymorphism may be population or breed specific, it is not a useful marker for association studies in all breeds.
Research Interests:
Small breed dogs are 12 times more likely to develop medial patellar luxation (MPL) than large breed dogs and breed predisposition has been reported. Many surgical techniques are available for correction of patellar luxation in dogs.... more
Small breed dogs are 12 times more likely to develop medial patellar luxation (MPL) than
large breed dogs and breed predisposition has been reported. Many surgical techniques are
available for correction of patellar luxation in dogs. However, recent studies reported an 8%
incidence of reluxation when traditional techniques are used. The relatively high frequency
of major complications and patellar reluxation may be partially caused by inadequate
appreciation of the underlying skeletal deformity and subsequent incorrect selection and
application of traditional techniques. The aims of this study were to report the normal values
of the anatomic and mechanical joint angles of the femur and tibia in small breed dogs and
to compare these data to a population of small breed dogs affected by different degrees
of MPL. Normal values of the anatomic and mechanical angles of the femur are similar to
the ones reported in literature in Pomeranian dogs. Normal values of the anatomic and
mechanical angles of the tibia have been described for the first time. Significant differences
were found between normal population and dogs affected by grade 4 MPL in relation to
anatomical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle (aLDFA), mechanical Medial Proximal Tibial Angle
(mMPTA), and mechanical Caudal Proximal Tibial Angle (mCaPTA).
large breed dogs and breed predisposition has been reported. Many surgical techniques are
available for correction of patellar luxation in dogs. However, recent studies reported an 8%
incidence of reluxation when traditional techniques are used. The relatively high frequency
of major complications and patellar reluxation may be partially caused by inadequate
appreciation of the underlying skeletal deformity and subsequent incorrect selection and
application of traditional techniques. The aims of this study were to report the normal values
of the anatomic and mechanical joint angles of the femur and tibia in small breed dogs and
to compare these data to a population of small breed dogs affected by different degrees
of MPL. Normal values of the anatomic and mechanical angles of the femur are similar to
the ones reported in literature in Pomeranian dogs. Normal values of the anatomic and
mechanical angles of the tibia have been described for the first time. Significant differences
were found between normal population and dogs affected by grade 4 MPL in relation to
anatomical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle (aLDFA), mechanical Medial Proximal Tibial Angle
(mMPTA), and mechanical Caudal Proximal Tibial Angle (mCaPTA).
Research Interests:
Given the limited information regarding the anatomy of the thoracic limb in European avian species, we decided to investigate the related muscles in the grey heron (Ardea cinerea), in the eurasian buzzard (Buteo buteo), and in the common... more
Given the limited information regarding the anatomy of the thoracic limb in European avian
species, we decided to investigate the related muscles in the grey heron (Ardea cinerea), in
the eurasian buzzard (Buteo buteo), and in the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). Therefore
we performed a stratigraphic dissection of the wing in 3 subjects. The pars major and minor
of the musculus deltoideus, despite being roughly in line with those reported by other
authors in other species, displayed unique features. Concerning the pars propatagialis of the
musculus deltoideus, from what was observed in the grey heron, we believe this structure can
contribute to maintain the propatagial tension. In this way vibrations of this structure, which
could cause diminished lift, are avoided. Moreover the peculiarity evidenced in the distal
insertion of the common kestrel could influence the control of the pronation‑supination of
the wing during hovering. With respect to the musculus flexor carpi ulnaris, we believe the
presence of a sesamoid‑like structure at the base tendon, found in the grey heron and in the
eurasian buzzard, may help complete the articular surfaces of the elbow. This study shows
interesting data on species not previously examined and provides a possible functional
correlation between the peculiarity observed and the kind of flight of each species.
species, we decided to investigate the related muscles in the grey heron (Ardea cinerea), in
the eurasian buzzard (Buteo buteo), and in the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). Therefore
we performed a stratigraphic dissection of the wing in 3 subjects. The pars major and minor
of the musculus deltoideus, despite being roughly in line with those reported by other
authors in other species, displayed unique features. Concerning the pars propatagialis of the
musculus deltoideus, from what was observed in the grey heron, we believe this structure can
contribute to maintain the propatagial tension. In this way vibrations of this structure, which
could cause diminished lift, are avoided. Moreover the peculiarity evidenced in the distal
insertion of the common kestrel could influence the control of the pronation‑supination of
the wing during hovering. With respect to the musculus flexor carpi ulnaris, we believe the
presence of a sesamoid‑like structure at the base tendon, found in the grey heron and in the
eurasian buzzard, may help complete the articular surfaces of the elbow. This study shows
interesting data on species not previously examined and provides a possible functional
correlation between the peculiarity observed and the kind of flight of each species.
Research Interests:
Cross-sectoral assessment of health risks arising or existing at the human-animal interface is crucial to identifying and implementing effective national disease control measures. This requires availability of information from 4... more
Cross-sectoral assessment of health risks arising or existing at the human-animal interface is crucial to identifying and implementing effective national disease control measures. This requires availability of information from 4 functional information 'streams' – epidemiological, laboratory, animal, and human health. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/ World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)/ World Health Organization (WHO) Four-Way Linking (4WL) project promotes the establishing of a national-level joint framework for data sharing, risk assessment, and risk communication, in order to both improve communications within and among governmental public health and animal health influenza laboratories, epidemiology offices, national partners, with the aim of strengthening the national capacity to detect, report and assess risks arising from emerging influenza viruses. The project is currently being implemented in countries where H5N1 avian influenza is endemic and where human cases have been reported. The project is comprised of two main activities at country level: a 'review mission', which is the project launch in the country and has the objective to assess the existing situation; and a 'scenario based workshop', with the scope to bring together key national partners and build relationships among people working in the 4 information streams and to improve understanding of national strengths and gaps. During the workshop the delegates engaged in interactive sessions on basic risk assessment and devoted to specify the needs and roles of the 4 different streams. The participants work through a mock influenza outbreak scenario, which practically illustrates how risk assessment and communication of an emergency at the animal-human interface is more effective when there is linking of the 4 streams, collaboration, communication, and coordinated action. In 2010, Egypt was the first country where the project was successfully implemented, followed by Vietnam and Indonesia.
Research Interests:
The genetic diversity of Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus strains isolated in 199 cattle and sheep from 156 brucellosis outbreaks which occurred in 8 regions of Southern Italy in 2011, was determined using a Multiple-Locus... more
The genetic diversity of Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus strains isolated in 199 cattle and sheep from 156 brucellosis outbreaks which occurred in 8 regions of Southern Italy in 2011, was determined using a Multiple-Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeats Analysis (MLVA‑16) approach. The existence of possible genetic clusters was verified through a hierarchical cluster analysis based on 'single link', which is closely related to the minimum spanning tree. The Hamming weighted distance matrix was adopted in the analysis. All calculations were performed using R and the additional libraries phangorn and Cluster. For a number of clusters, ranging from 2 to 15, the average silhouette width was calculated. The number of clusters adopted was identified according to the maximum average silhouette width. For B. abortus and B. melitensis, 6 and 11 genetic clusters were identified, respectively. Three out of 6 B. abortus clusters included the 96.7% of all B. abortus isolates. Clusters were clearly geographically separated, and this highlighted the known epidemiological links among them. Brucella melitensis genotypes resulted more heterogeneous; the 3 more representative genetic clusters included 79.7% of all B. melitensis isolates. A clear geographical clusterization of genotypes is recognizable only for 1 cluster, whereas the others are more widespread across Southern Italy. The genetic characterization of Brucella strains isolated from animals may be a useful tool to better understand the epidemiology and dissemination patterns of this pathogen through host populations.
Research Interests:
Feline morbillivirus was detected in urine samples of a 15 year old cat suffering from severe nephropathy. Viral RNA was not detected in blood and faecal samples and also the most common pathogens associated to cat kidney failure were not... more
Feline morbillivirus was detected in urine samples of a 15 year old cat suffering from severe nephropathy. Viral RNA was not detected in blood and faecal samples and also the most common pathogens associated to cat kidney failure were not found. This report describes the first evidence of feline morbillivirus in Europe.
Research Interests:
In the last decades, adverse food reactions have increased considerably in dogs and cats. In this study we report on the possible onset of food intolerances symptoms, including otitis, diarrhoea, generalised anxiety, and dermatitis in a... more
In the last decades, adverse food reactions have increased considerably in dogs and cats. In
this study we report on the possible onset of food intolerances symptoms, including otitis,
diarrhoea, generalised anxiety, and dermatitis in a cohort of 8 dogs consuming commercial
diets. All dogs received an organic chicken‑based diet for 15 days. We performed analysis
of blood biochemical parameters, kibble composition, and oxytetracycline (OTC) serum
concentration before and after 15 days of organic chicken‑based diet supplementation.
We hypothesised that a chronic intake of contaminated food enhanced by the presence of
nanoparticle aggregates might be at the base of the onset of pharmacologic or idiopathic
food intolerances. At the end of the evaluation period, an overall significant reduction of
otitis, diarrhoea, generalised anxiety, and dermatitis was observed. Biochemical analyses
indicate a significant increase in the alkaline phosphatase, from 41 to 52.5 U/L, after 15 days
(**p < 0.01), while a significant decrease in Gamma‑glutamyl transferase and urea, from
9.37 to 6.25 U/L and from 32.13 ± 8.72 to 22.13 ± 7.8 mg/dL, respectively, was observed
(*p < 0.05). A significant decrease, from 0.22 to 0.02 μg/mL, in mean OTC serum concentration
was also observed (**p < 0.01). Composition analysis revealed the presence of OTC, calcium,
aluminium, silicon, and phosphorous nanoparticle aggregates. Further research on a wider
sample size would help to confirm the hypothesis proposed here.
this study we report on the possible onset of food intolerances symptoms, including otitis,
diarrhoea, generalised anxiety, and dermatitis in a cohort of 8 dogs consuming commercial
diets. All dogs received an organic chicken‑based diet for 15 days. We performed analysis
of blood biochemical parameters, kibble composition, and oxytetracycline (OTC) serum
concentration before and after 15 days of organic chicken‑based diet supplementation.
We hypothesised that a chronic intake of contaminated food enhanced by the presence of
nanoparticle aggregates might be at the base of the onset of pharmacologic or idiopathic
food intolerances. At the end of the evaluation period, an overall significant reduction of
otitis, diarrhoea, generalised anxiety, and dermatitis was observed. Biochemical analyses
indicate a significant increase in the alkaline phosphatase, from 41 to 52.5 U/L, after 15 days
(**p < 0.01), while a significant decrease in Gamma‑glutamyl transferase and urea, from
9.37 to 6.25 U/L and from 32.13 ± 8.72 to 22.13 ± 7.8 mg/dL, respectively, was observed
(*p < 0.05). A significant decrease, from 0.22 to 0.02 μg/mL, in mean OTC serum concentration
was also observed (**p < 0.01). Composition analysis revealed the presence of OTC, calcium,
aluminium, silicon, and phosphorous nanoparticle aggregates. Further research on a wider
sample size would help to confirm the hypothesis proposed here.
Research Interests:
Pteropine Orthoreoviruses (PRVs) are fusogenic bat-borne orthoreoviruses that cause flu-like upper respiratory tract infections in humans. The presence of this group of viruses in bats and humans has been well documented in areas where... more
Pteropine Orthoreoviruses (PRVs) are fusogenic bat-borne orthoreoviruses that cause flu-like
upper respiratory tract infections in humans. The presence of this group of viruses in bats
and humans has been well documented in areas where their biological reservoirs – fruit bats
(family Pteropodidae) – live densely. In the present study, a serum neutralization (SN) assay
to detect neutralizing antibodies against PRV Indonesia/2010 isolate was set up and used to
assess the seroprevalence of this virus in Italian domestic animals. The new developed assay
was able of detecting PRV neutralizing antibodies in the hyper-immune polyclonal serum
produced in rabbits (titer of 1:160). The negative serum was negative at all tested dilutions.
No cross-reactions have been evidenced neither against reference MRVs nor against their
respective hyper-immune sera. Eight hundred and fifty-three serum samples collected
from 524 bovines, 271 small ruminants, and 58 horses (all used as sentinel animals in the
Bluetongue and West Nile disease National surveillance program) were also tested with the
new developed SN assay. According to the results of this survey, neither PRV nor PRV crossreacting
viruses antibodies have been demonstrated in Italian domestic animals. However,
the new developed SN assay could be a very valuable diagnostic tool to detect infection in
animals and humans.
upper respiratory tract infections in humans. The presence of this group of viruses in bats
and humans has been well documented in areas where their biological reservoirs – fruit bats
(family Pteropodidae) – live densely. In the present study, a serum neutralization (SN) assay
to detect neutralizing antibodies against PRV Indonesia/2010 isolate was set up and used to
assess the seroprevalence of this virus in Italian domestic animals. The new developed assay
was able of detecting PRV neutralizing antibodies in the hyper-immune polyclonal serum
produced in rabbits (titer of 1:160). The negative serum was negative at all tested dilutions.
No cross-reactions have been evidenced neither against reference MRVs nor against their
respective hyper-immune sera. Eight hundred and fifty-three serum samples collected
from 524 bovines, 271 small ruminants, and 58 horses (all used as sentinel animals in the
Bluetongue and West Nile disease National surveillance program) were also tested with the
new developed SN assay. According to the results of this survey, neither PRV nor PRV crossreacting
viruses antibodies have been demonstrated in Italian domestic animals. However,
the new developed SN assay could be a very valuable diagnostic tool to detect infection in
animals and humans.
Research Interests:
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1 spread throughout Nigeria between 2006 and 2007. Bird samples collected across the country were submitted through the free‑of‑charge (FOC) program to the National Veterinary Research... more
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1 spread throughout Nigeria between
2006 and 2007. Bird samples collected across the country were submitted through the
free‑of‑charge (FOC) program to the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom (NVRI‑Vom)
laboratory. The present article describes the spatial distributions and evaluated clustering of
the FOC submissions from poultry farms at the global, local, and focal levels between 2006
and 2007 epidemic in Nigeria. Spatial statistics evaluating clustering of the FOC submissions
were implemented using the Moran’s I test, the purely spatial cluster analysis with the
SaTScan Poisson model, and the Bithell's linear score test. A significant global clustering of
the FOC submissions was observed. Significant local clusters of submissions were observed
in the North‑East, North‑Central, and South‑West zones. There was significant decline in
FOC submissions with increasing distance from NVRI‑Vom. These results indicated that
the geographic area of influence of the FOC submission program in Nigeria was limited to
regions closer to the diagnostic laboratory. This work provides a detailed insight into the
surveillance activities during the HPAI outbreaks in Nigeria, and should assist policy‑makers
and field veterinarians to improve the effectiveness of national eradication plans in the face
of any outbreak of animal diseases.
2006 and 2007. Bird samples collected across the country were submitted through the
free‑of‑charge (FOC) program to the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom (NVRI‑Vom)
laboratory. The present article describes the spatial distributions and evaluated clustering of
the FOC submissions from poultry farms at the global, local, and focal levels between 2006
and 2007 epidemic in Nigeria. Spatial statistics evaluating clustering of the FOC submissions
were implemented using the Moran’s I test, the purely spatial cluster analysis with the
SaTScan Poisson model, and the Bithell's linear score test. A significant global clustering of
the FOC submissions was observed. Significant local clusters of submissions were observed
in the North‑East, North‑Central, and South‑West zones. There was significant decline in
FOC submissions with increasing distance from NVRI‑Vom. These results indicated that
the geographic area of influence of the FOC submission program in Nigeria was limited to
regions closer to the diagnostic laboratory. This work provides a detailed insight into the
surveillance activities during the HPAI outbreaks in Nigeria, and should assist policy‑makers
and field veterinarians to improve the effectiveness of national eradication plans in the face
of any outbreak of animal diseases.
Research Interests:
Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. are tick‑transmitted bacteria of clinical relevance in European dogs. The diagnosis of infection is often difficult due to the wide spectrum of disease caused by them. During infection, reduction in platelet... more
Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. are tick‑transmitted bacteria of clinical relevance in European dogs. The diagnosis of infection is often difficult due to the wide spectrum of disease caused by them. During infection, reduction in platelet count is considered the most common haematological abnormality, frequently representing the sole alteration in asymptomatic dogs. In this study, the presence of bacteria belonging to the genera Anaplasma and Ehrlichia was investigated in Northern Italy in blood samples from 159 thrombocytopenic dogs using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay amplifying a portion of the heat shock gene (groEL). Obtained amplicons were sequenced and analysed. Two dogs were positive for A. phagocytophilum, while A. platys and E. canis were not detected. None of the PCR‑positive dogs were diagnosed at the time of hospital admission, even in the presence of clinical signs and clinicopathological abnormalities potentially related to A. phagocytophilum infection. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the 2 detected strains belonged to the cluster Europe 1 and were different from each other. This study confirms the presence of A. phagocytophilum infections in dogs of Northern Italy, causing clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities that could not be properly diagnosed and treated.
Research Interests:
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) was detected for the first time in Tunisia and in other Northern African countries in 2006. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether EHDV circulated in Tunisian livestock... more
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) was detected for the first time in Tunisia and in
other Northern African countries in 2006. The objective of the present study was to investigate
whether EHDV circulated in Tunisian livestock before and after the officially‑reported outbreak
of 2006. Thus, serum samples from cattle and dromedaries collected in different time periods
(before and after 2006) and from different regions of Tunisia were screened for the presence
of EHDV antibodies. Serological investigations conducted on cattle and dromedary sera
collected in 2000 and 2001 demonstrated no virus circulation on these dates. However, viral
circulation was evidenced in 2012 and 2013, although no EHDV cases were officially reported
in these years. Serum‑neutralization assessed on few ELISA positive samples, confirmed the
presence of antibodies against EHDV serotype 6, which was the serotype involved in the
EHDV outbreak in the Maghreb region in 2006.
other Northern African countries in 2006. The objective of the present study was to investigate
whether EHDV circulated in Tunisian livestock before and after the officially‑reported outbreak
of 2006. Thus, serum samples from cattle and dromedaries collected in different time periods
(before and after 2006) and from different regions of Tunisia were screened for the presence
of EHDV antibodies. Serological investigations conducted on cattle and dromedary sera
collected in 2000 and 2001 demonstrated no virus circulation on these dates. However, viral
circulation was evidenced in 2012 and 2013, although no EHDV cases were officially reported
in these years. Serum‑neutralization assessed on few ELISA positive samples, confirmed the
presence of antibodies against EHDV serotype 6, which was the serotype involved in the
EHDV outbreak in the Maghreb region in 2006.
Research Interests:
In this study a mink showing hard pad disease like symptoms was euthanised. Heart blood and various tissue samples collected during necroscopy and tested by specific RT-PCR were found positive for CDV. H and F gene segments of the CDV... more
In this study a mink showing hard pad disease like symptoms was euthanised. Heart blood and various tissue samples collected during necroscopy and tested by specific RT-PCR were found positive for CDV. H and F gene segments of the CDV strain was also partially sequenced using the appropriate primers, and subsequently the sequences were analysed and compared with same gene fragment sequence of other CDV isolates from different countries. The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that the Turkish-Mink distemper strain is closely related to European CDV strains of lineage 1. Additionally, the distemper antigen was also detected when the tissue samples were examined by histology or immunohistochemistry.
Research Interests:
The study described in this paper had the goal to validate the Italian version of the UNESP‑Botucatu multidimensional composite pain scale (UNESP‑Botucatu MCPS) to assess postoperative pain in cats using video analysis and psycometric... more
The study described in this paper had the goal to validate the Italian version of the UNESP‑Botucatu multidimensional composite pain scale (UNESP‑Botucatu MCPS) to assess postoperative pain in cats using video analysis and psycometric testing. The English version of the scale was translated into Italian. Thirty videos of the perioperative period of ovariohysterectomy surgery were analysed by 5 Italian observers with the aim to determine the pain score using the Italian version of the scale and to verify the need for analgesic treatment for each cat. Obtained scores were submitted to psycometric validity, responsiveness, and reliability tests. Of the 3 domains identified by factor analysis, the internal consistency was excellent for 'Psychomotor changes' and 'Protection of the painful area and vocal expressions of pain' , while 'Physiological variables' showed moderate internal consistency. Significant changes in pain scores in response to surgery and analgesics confirmed content and construct validity. The agreement between the 'gold standard' and the blinded observers supported the criterion validity. Inter‑ and intra‑rater reliability ranged from good to very good for all scale items. The cut‑off point for rescue analgesia was > 7. The study concluded that the Italian version of the UNESP‑Botucatu MCPS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing postoperative pain in cats. The cut‑off point for rescue analgesia provides an additional tool for guiding analgesic therapy.
Research Interests:
Strontium-90 (90 Sr) is a fission product, resulting from the use of uranium and plutonium in nuclear reactors and weapons. Consequently, it may be found in the environment as a consequence of nuclear fallouts, nuclear weapon testing, and... more
Strontium-90 (90 Sr) is a fission product, resulting from the use of uranium and plutonium in nuclear reactors and weapons. Consequently, it may be found in the environment as a consequence of nuclear fallouts, nuclear weapon testing, and not correct waste management. When present in the environment, strontium-90 may be taken into animal body by drinking water, eating food, or breathing air. The primary health effects are bone tumors and tumors of the blood-cell forming organs, due to beta particles emitted by both 90 Sr and yttrium-90 (90 Y). Moreover, another health concern is represented by inhibition of calcification and bone deformities in animals. Actually, radiometric methods for the determination of 90 Sr in animal bones are lacking. This article describers a radiochemical method for the determination of 90 Sr in animal bones, by ultra low-level liquid scintillation counting. The method precision and trueness have been demonstrated through validation tests (CV% = 12.4%; mean recovery = 98.4%). Detection limit and decision threshold corresponding to 8 and 3 mBecquerel (Bq) kg-1 , respectively, represent another strong point of this analytical procedure. This new radiochemical method permits the selective extraction of 90 Sr, without interferences, and it is suitable for radiocontamination surveillance programs, and it is also an improvement with respect to food safety controls.
Research Interests:
The aim of this study is to analyse and evaluate the knowledge concerning risk communication acquired by veterinarians during a national training course. The study analyses 694 press releases written during the training course. Textual... more
The aim of this study is to analyse and evaluate the knowledge concerning risk communication
acquired by veterinarians during a national training course. The study analyses 694 press
releases written during the training course. Textual variables and indexes were considered to
identify the linguistic structures used by veterinarians. At first, the analysis of press releases
focused on the descriptive demographic variables, then stylistic and editorial variables were
considered, and finally a lexicographic analysis was performed on the textual variables.
The texts were found to have a moderate level of readability due to the use of scientific
and technical terms. This study shows the need to improve training activities to develop
effective risk communication, especially in terms of the language used, in order to facilitate
interactions among veterinarians, mass media, and citizens
acquired by veterinarians during a national training course. The study analyses 694 press
releases written during the training course. Textual variables and indexes were considered to
identify the linguistic structures used by veterinarians. At first, the analysis of press releases
focused on the descriptive demographic variables, then stylistic and editorial variables were
considered, and finally a lexicographic analysis was performed on the textual variables.
The texts were found to have a moderate level of readability due to the use of scientific
and technical terms. This study shows the need to improve training activities to develop
effective risk communication, especially in terms of the language used, in order to facilitate
interactions among veterinarians, mass media, and citizens
Research Interests:
Haemostasis is a physiological process that prevents excessive blood loss. In laboratory, the prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are used to examine clotting systems. However, the influence of sex... more
Haemostasis is a physiological process that prevents excessive blood loss. In laboratory, the prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are used to examine clotting systems. However, the influence of sex on PT and aPTT values is unknown. The present work aimed to determine the values for PT and aPTT in adult sheep and to evaluate their dependence on the sex of the animal. Blood samples were collected from 40 adults (1-6 years old) of mixed breed sheep (20 males and 20 females) via jugular venepuncture conducted using vacuum tubes containing 3.8% sodium citrate as an anticoagulant. PT and aPTT were determined by visual detection of clot formation. The mean PT and aPTT values for all sheep were 7.71 ± 0.87 s and 35.7 ± 3.57 s, respectively. The aPTT values showed a significant difference (P = 0.0013) between male and female samples, while the difference in PT values was not significant (P = 0.0565). Thus, the animal sex influences the function of the plasma blood-clotting system in sheep. In contrast with table 1 data, in particular, aPTT values are significantly higher in female sheep than in males. Influence of sex on activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) in sheep SHORT COMMUNICATION
Research Interests:
All livestock transport within the European Union must comply with the EC Regulation 1/2005. For sheep, this law prescribes a maximum journey of 29 hours after which animals must rest in control posts (CP) for 24 hours before further... more
All livestock transport within the European Union must comply with the EC Regulation 1/2005. For sheep, this law prescribes a maximum journey of 29 hours after which animals must rest in control posts (CP) for 24 hours before further transportation. However, there is no scientific evidence defining the effects of different stop duration on sheep recovery during long journeys. The aim of this study was to assess if a shorter stop could be provided without impairing ewes' welfare. Ninety-six adult ewes were divided into 4 homogenous groups. One group stayed at the farm (control) and the other 3 were transported for 29 hours (long-transport, LT), stopped at CP for different times (8 hours (S8 group); 16 hours (S16 group); 24 hours (S24 group)) and were re-transported for 6 hours (short-transport, ST). Blood and saliva were collected to assess dehydration, muscular damage, and adrenocortical stress before departure, after LT, after the stop, and after ST. The LT affected the hydration of all transported groups (i.e. higher BUN/creatinine levels than controls, p < 0.001), but basal values were restored after the ST, regardless of the stop duration. After the ST, S8 group had higher muscular damage than the other groups (p < 0.05). No differences in stress level were observed. These results suggest that, in this trial, ewe's welfare was not impaired by a stop reduction from 24 hours to 16 hours.
Research Interests:
The efficacy of sweep nets and a CDC white light-suction trap for the sampling of Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) were compared on a livestock farm in Northern Spain during the Summer of 2013. A total of 6,082 specimens... more
The efficacy of sweep nets and a CDC white light-suction trap for the sampling of Culicoides
species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) were compared on a livestock farm in Northern Spain
during the Summer of 2013. A total of 6,082 specimens representing 26 species were
collected with sweep nets in 4 areas at different heights (ground level, 1.5 m, and 3 m),
and 8,463 specimens representing 28 species with a single white light trap. Eight species -
Culicoides brunnicans, Culicoides punctatus, Culicoides obsoletus/Culicoides scoticus, Culicoides
lupicaris, Culcoides picturatus, Culicoides achrayi, and Culicoides simulator - were dominant and
accounted for 97.4% and 97.2% of the total specimens collected with both methods, sweep
nets, and light traps, respectively. The sex ratios with sweep netting and light trapping were
strongly female biased (78.4% and 97.1%, respectively). Nulliparous and parous females were
predominantly captured with both methods. A high percentage (17%) of gravid females was,
however, captured on manure at ground level while sweeping. Searches for male swarms
revealed the presence of several C. punctatus swarms consisting of 26 to 196 males and 3
swarms of C. obsoletus that ranged from 1 to 12 males in size. This study suggested that both
methods are suitable and complementary tools for Culicoides sampling.
species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) were compared on a livestock farm in Northern Spain
during the Summer of 2013. A total of 6,082 specimens representing 26 species were
collected with sweep nets in 4 areas at different heights (ground level, 1.5 m, and 3 m),
and 8,463 specimens representing 28 species with a single white light trap. Eight species -
Culicoides brunnicans, Culicoides punctatus, Culicoides obsoletus/Culicoides scoticus, Culicoides
lupicaris, Culcoides picturatus, Culicoides achrayi, and Culicoides simulator - were dominant and
accounted for 97.4% and 97.2% of the total specimens collected with both methods, sweep
nets, and light traps, respectively. The sex ratios with sweep netting and light trapping were
strongly female biased (78.4% and 97.1%, respectively). Nulliparous and parous females were
predominantly captured with both methods. A high percentage (17%) of gravid females was,
however, captured on manure at ground level while sweeping. Searches for male swarms
revealed the presence of several C. punctatus swarms consisting of 26 to 196 males and 3
swarms of C. obsoletus that ranged from 1 to 12 males in size. This study suggested that both
methods are suitable and complementary tools for Culicoides sampling.
Research Interests:
This paper focuses on a research concerning the operational management of the pig-handling phase, during the period of breeding and before slaughtering. Given the behaviour of these animals during transfers, a particular tool has been... more
This paper focuses on a research concerning the operational management of the pig-handling
phase, during the period of breeding and before slaughtering. Given the behaviour of these
animals during transfers, a particular tool has been designed to manage them in this phase. A
total number of 48 animals, divided in 4 groups, were moved without use of the tool (control
groups) and by using the tool described in this article. The time required by the control groups
to leave the pen ranges from 21 to 125 seconds; while, when the proposed tool was used, the
time for the movement of the animals ranged between 10 and 17 seconds. In particular, in
the groups where the tool was deployed the ‘waiting phase’ (before the first animal goes out)
lasted less than half of the time of the ‘waiting phase’ of the control group, thus showing a
minimization of the effects of the ‘panic phenomenon’ among the animals. Thus, the studied
device can be considered as valid guide technique, both for the quick exit of the first animal
and for those that follow. Once the row has been formed, the animals continue neatly to
leave the box. This study also shows that this solution can also be considered appropriate for
reducing the identified critical issues in the traditional handling. The need of only 1 worker
to move the group of pigs is important to achieve economic saving. The deployment of this
tool, thus, make possible to consider the movement of animals no longer a ‘critical stage’, but
as a routine step of the production cycle of pork’s meat.
phase, during the period of breeding and before slaughtering. Given the behaviour of these
animals during transfers, a particular tool has been designed to manage them in this phase. A
total number of 48 animals, divided in 4 groups, were moved without use of the tool (control
groups) and by using the tool described in this article. The time required by the control groups
to leave the pen ranges from 21 to 125 seconds; while, when the proposed tool was used, the
time for the movement of the animals ranged between 10 and 17 seconds. In particular, in
the groups where the tool was deployed the ‘waiting phase’ (before the first animal goes out)
lasted less than half of the time of the ‘waiting phase’ of the control group, thus showing a
minimization of the effects of the ‘panic phenomenon’ among the animals. Thus, the studied
device can be considered as valid guide technique, both for the quick exit of the first animal
and for those that follow. Once the row has been formed, the animals continue neatly to
leave the box. This study also shows that this solution can also be considered appropriate for
reducing the identified critical issues in the traditional handling. The need of only 1 worker
to move the group of pigs is important to achieve economic saving. The deployment of this
tool, thus, make possible to consider the movement of animals no longer a ‘critical stage’, but
as a routine step of the production cycle of pork’s meat.
Research Interests:
Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are ectoparasites infesting livestock in every geographic area in the world and they are vectors of several viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens to animals and humans worldwide. A deep knowledge of the... more
Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are ectoparasites infesting livestock in every geographic area in the world and they are vectors of several viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens to animals and humans worldwide. A deep knowledge of the geographical distribution of these arthropods would have a key role in the control of tick-borne diseases. Few data are available about tick presence in domestic ruminants in Lebanon. The study aimed at providing an analysis of tick presence and distribution in Lebanon. Ticks were collected from cattle, sheep, and goats farms distributed in 6 Lebanese provinces between June and September 2014. A total of 272 adult hard ticks were randomly collected from domestic ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats) located at 37 Lebanese farms, distributed among 30 villages. Ticks belonged to 4 Ixodidae
genera: Rhipicephalus (72.4%), Haemaphysalis (11.4%), Dermacentor (8.1%), and Hyalomma
(8.1%). They included the following species: Rhipicephalus annulatus (50.7%), Rhipicephalus
turanicus (18.8%), Hyalomma anatolicum (8.1%), Haemaphylasis punctata (11.4%),
Dermacentor marginatus (8.1%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (2.5%), and Rhipicephalus bursa
(0.4%). Rhipicephalus turanicus and H. anatolicum were found on cattle, sheep, and goats,
R. annulatus on cattle and sheep, R. sanguineus, D. marginatus and Hea. punctata on sheep
and goats, while R. bursa was collected only on sheep. Tick species involved in pathogen
transmission were found and some of the identified species were recorded in Lebanon for
the first time.
genera: Rhipicephalus (72.4%), Haemaphysalis (11.4%), Dermacentor (8.1%), and Hyalomma
(8.1%). They included the following species: Rhipicephalus annulatus (50.7%), Rhipicephalus
turanicus (18.8%), Hyalomma anatolicum (8.1%), Haemaphylasis punctata (11.4%),
Dermacentor marginatus (8.1%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (2.5%), and Rhipicephalus bursa
(0.4%). Rhipicephalus turanicus and H. anatolicum were found on cattle, sheep, and goats,
R. annulatus on cattle and sheep, R. sanguineus, D. marginatus and Hea. punctata on sheep
and goats, while R. bursa was collected only on sheep. Tick species involved in pathogen
transmission were found and some of the identified species were recorded in Lebanon for
the first time.
Research Interests:
Dermestidae and Tenebrionidae are well known inhabitants of bird’s nests and poultry farms, under favourable conditions they can be very abundant under favourable conditions. At times, their larvae shift from a scavenging behaviour to a... more
Dermestidae and Tenebrionidae are well known inhabitants of bird’s nests and poultry farms,
under favourable conditions they can be very abundant under favourable conditions. At
times, their larvae shift from a scavenging behaviour to a parasitic/predatory one, entering
nestling’s plumage and feeding on skin and feathers, and finally provoking skin damages
and blood losses. These episodes mainly involve species of the genus Dermestes, but the
tenebrionid Alphitobius diaperinus h also been reported to be responsible of similar cases.
In June 2014, a mortality of caged young pigeons occurred in a family farm in Central Italy.
Post-mortem examination of 1 of the dead nestlings revealed the presence, near the cloacal
orifice, of a triangular shaped hole of about 1 cm side, with rounded edges facing inward
and with bleeding from the cavity. Five coleoptera larvae 0.5-2 cm long were collected from
the edges of the hole. Bacteriological examination of liver, intestine, and lungs revealed
the presence of Escherichia coli in the lung samples. The 5 larvae were morphologically
identified as Dermestes bicolor (4) and Alphitobius diaperinus (1). This is the first reported
case of pigeon nestling’s mortality caused by Dermestidae and Tenebrionidae larvae acting
as parasites/predators in Italy.
under favourable conditions they can be very abundant under favourable conditions. At
times, their larvae shift from a scavenging behaviour to a parasitic/predatory one, entering
nestling’s plumage and feeding on skin and feathers, and finally provoking skin damages
and blood losses. These episodes mainly involve species of the genus Dermestes, but the
tenebrionid Alphitobius diaperinus h also been reported to be responsible of similar cases.
In June 2014, a mortality of caged young pigeons occurred in a family farm in Central Italy.
Post-mortem examination of 1 of the dead nestlings revealed the presence, near the cloacal
orifice, of a triangular shaped hole of about 1 cm side, with rounded edges facing inward
and with bleeding from the cavity. Five coleoptera larvae 0.5-2 cm long were collected from
the edges of the hole. Bacteriological examination of liver, intestine, and lungs revealed
the presence of Escherichia coli in the lung samples. The 5 larvae were morphologically
identified as Dermestes bicolor (4) and Alphitobius diaperinus (1). This is the first reported
case of pigeon nestling’s mortality caused by Dermestidae and Tenebrionidae larvae acting
as parasites/predators in Italy.
Research Interests:
Severe lung strongylosis was detected in a wild red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (1/12) from Apulia (Italy). We performed routine diagnostics on 12 foxes found dead in Apulia. Eleven of them showed lesions consistent with a vehicle collision.... more
Severe lung strongylosis was detected in a wild red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (1/12) from Apulia (Italy). We performed routine diagnostics on 12 foxes found dead in Apulia. Eleven of them showed lesions consistent with a vehicle collision. However, the remaining fox appeared to have died from other causes. At necropsy we observed, catarrhal enteritis, fatty liver, lung congestion with some areas firm in consistence and brain haemorrhages and malacia. Histopathology revealed lung fibrosis with mononucleate cells infiltration, thrombosis a several larval nematodes spread in the parenchyma, interstitial nephritis, interstitial myocarditis, encephalitis, encephalomalacia, and a brain granuloma. The larvae recovered from the lung parenchyma were identified as the first stage larvae of Angiostrongylus vasorum. This is the first documented report of angiostrongylosis in a fox in Southern Italy.
Research Interests:
This study reports the mosquito collections conducted in July‑August 2013 in Castiglione del Lago (Umbria Region, Italy) during the entomological surveillance within the West Nile national control program. The mosquito collections showed... more
This study reports the mosquito collections conducted in July‑August 2013 in Castiglione del Lago (Umbria Region, Italy) during the entomological surveillance within the West Nile national control program. The mosquito collections showed the noteworthy occurrence of Anopheles hyrcanus s.l. (n = 156; 35.8% of the whole sample), a relatively rare mosquito species in Italy, with molecular analyses confirming that these mosquitoes belong to An. hyrcanus s.s. The same catching site was characterized by a relevant richness in mosquito species, in particular the following were found: Anopheles maculipennis s.l. (n = 146; 33.5% composed by 80% Anopheles melanoon, 13.3% Anopheles maculipennis s.s. and 6.7% Anopheles atroparvus), Culex pipiens s.l. (n = 116; 26.6% composed by 90% Cx. p. pipiens, 5% Cx. p. molestus and 5% Cx. p. pipiens/molestus), Culiseta annulata (n = 10; 2.3%), Aedes albopictus (n = 3; 0.7%), and Anopheles claviger (n = 5; 100%).
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Ochlerotatus caspius is a mosquito of medical and veterinary relevance both for its synanthropy and for its potential role in transmission of viruses and nematodes in the areas that it inhabits. Due to its wide range and the marked... more
Ochlerotatus caspius is a mosquito of medical and veterinary relevance both for its synanthropy and for its potential role in transmission of viruses and nematodes in the areas that it inhabits. Due to its wide range and the marked variability in the adult colour pattern, some authors have recognized Ochlerotatus caspius as a complex of species. In this study, we purposed to evaluate the possible taxonomic heterogeneity between 2 chromatic forms by using both morphological and molecular approaches. The preliminary results based on the identity of the rRNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS‑2) lead us to believe the 2 forms as a single species with a chromatic polymorphism.
Research Interests:
Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from hosts affected by various diseases in Italy. Vet Ital. Summary Pasteurella multocida is a widespread pathogen associated with major... more
Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from hosts affected by various diseases in Italy. Vet Ital. Summary Pasteurella multocida is a widespread pathogen associated with major animal diseases of economic significance. Despite this, little is known about the capsular types, virulence gene pattern, and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates from hosts affected by different diseases, and no data are available in Italy. One hundred eighty six isolates of P. multocida, were taken from different species in different states of health in several Italian regions, and were tested for genes encoding for capsular types (cap) and major virulence factors (tbpA, toxA, hgbB and pfhA). Antimicrobial susceptibility was investigated with the agar diffusion test. The majority of isolates was capA+. However, the distribution differed according to species and disease of origin, with a greater heterogeneity in isolates from rabbits; capE was never found, while capB was detected once. Only capA+ and capF+ strains tested positive for pfhA. Conversely, almost all capD+ isolates were hgbB+. In bovine respiratory disease, pfhA+/tbpA+/capA+ isolates predominated, while tbpA+/toxA+/capD+ isolates predominated in sheep. Overall, low levels of resistance were found, with full susceptibility to ceftiofur and florfenicol. Lower susceptibility to older antimicrobials was recorded, since only approximately 1/3 of the isolates showed susceptibility to tylosin and erythromycin, and resistance to tetracycline (7.5%), and trimethoprim-sulphametoxazole (4.8%) was also observed.
Research Interests:
Diseases evolve constantly and research is needed to face emerging new threats. Evidences suggest that the impact of such threats will have its peak in the Mediterranean area. The FORE‑Med, Foresight project for the Mediterranean, aims at... more
Diseases evolve constantly and research is needed to face emerging new threats.
Evidences suggest that the impact of such threats will have its peak in the Mediterranean
area. The FORE‑Med, Foresight project for the Mediterranean, aims at identifying the
future challenges on livestock health and aquaculture in this area, to ensure an effective
coordination of research activities and the delivery of timely solution to emerging issues.
One hundred experts with multidisciplinary background and coming from countries all
around the Mediterranean basin were gathered to participate in a think‑tank to develop
a Strategic Research Agenda on animal health for Mediterranean up to 2030. A tailored
foresight methodology was implemented, merging the best fit for purpose techniques
(e.g. ‘7 questions’, Social, Technological, Economical, Environmental, and Political (STEEP),
analysis, scenario building, and backcasting). Both remote and face‑to‑face debates were
held, to ensure a fruitful exchanges and participation among experts. Research needs were
identified and prioritised, both on relevance and on temporal scale. The implemented
participative approach allowed for the definition of a research priority list for animal health
and aquaculture in the Mediterranean, which served as a basis to build a strategic research
agenda. The latter is expected to satisfy the sectors’ needs and guarantee
Evidences suggest that the impact of such threats will have its peak in the Mediterranean
area. The FORE‑Med, Foresight project for the Mediterranean, aims at identifying the
future challenges on livestock health and aquaculture in this area, to ensure an effective
coordination of research activities and the delivery of timely solution to emerging issues.
One hundred experts with multidisciplinary background and coming from countries all
around the Mediterranean basin were gathered to participate in a think‑tank to develop
a Strategic Research Agenda on animal health for Mediterranean up to 2030. A tailored
foresight methodology was implemented, merging the best fit for purpose techniques
(e.g. ‘7 questions’, Social, Technological, Economical, Environmental, and Political (STEEP),
analysis, scenario building, and backcasting). Both remote and face‑to‑face debates were
held, to ensure a fruitful exchanges and participation among experts. Research needs were
identified and prioritised, both on relevance and on temporal scale. The implemented
participative approach allowed for the definition of a research priority list for animal health
and aquaculture in the Mediterranean, which served as a basis to build a strategic research
agenda. The latter is expected to satisfy the sectors’ needs and guarantee
Research Interests:
In this study the effects of short distance road transport on total and free iodothyronine changes in 12 stallions (Equus asinus and Equus caballus) were evaluated. Donkeys (n = 6) and horses (n = 6) were transported for a distance of 50... more
In this study the effects of short distance road transport on total and free iodothyronine
changes in 12 stallions (Equus asinus and Equus caballus) were evaluated. Donkeys (n = 6)
and horses (n = 6) were transported for a distance of 50 km. Blood samples were collected
1 week before transport in basal conditions, 1 week later immediately before loading, and
after transport and unloading. After transport, donkeys showed significant increases in
circulating T4 (P ≤ 0.01), fT3 (P ≤ 0.001), and fT4 (P ≤ 0.01) levels; while horses had significant
increases in circulating T3, fT3 and fT4 (P ≤ 0.01) levels. Compared to donkeys' values, horses
showed lower T4 values in basal condition, before and after transport (P ≤ 0.001); higher
fT3 values in basal condition and before (P ≤ 0.001), and lower values (P ≤ 0.001) after
transport; higher fT4 values (P ≤ 0.001) in basal condition. The results indicate that short road
transport of donkeys and horses induces the activation of the thyroid gland, with the same
release of fT3 and fT4 iodothyronines, but with different preferential release of T3 in horses
and T4 in donkeys after transport.
changes in 12 stallions (Equus asinus and Equus caballus) were evaluated. Donkeys (n = 6)
and horses (n = 6) were transported for a distance of 50 km. Blood samples were collected
1 week before transport in basal conditions, 1 week later immediately before loading, and
after transport and unloading. After transport, donkeys showed significant increases in
circulating T4 (P ≤ 0.01), fT3 (P ≤ 0.001), and fT4 (P ≤ 0.01) levels; while horses had significant
increases in circulating T3, fT3 and fT4 (P ≤ 0.01) levels. Compared to donkeys' values, horses
showed lower T4 values in basal condition, before and after transport (P ≤ 0.001); higher
fT3 values in basal condition and before (P ≤ 0.001), and lower values (P ≤ 0.001) after
transport; higher fT4 values (P ≤ 0.001) in basal condition. The results indicate that short road
transport of donkeys and horses induces the activation of the thyroid gland, with the same
release of fT3 and fT4 iodothyronines, but with different preferential release of T3 in horses
and T4 in donkeys after transport.
Research Interests:
This study describes the epidemiology, the economic significance of small ruminant fasciolosis in animals slaughtered in the abattoirs of the Sargodha district, Punjab, Pakistan between January and June 2012. In vivo fasciolicidal... more
This study describes the epidemiology, the economic significance of small ruminant fasciolosis
in animals slaughtered in the abattoirs of the Sargodha district, Punjab, Pakistan between
January and June 2012. In vivo fasciolicidal efficacy of commercially available compounds
was examined using a randomised complete block design. Microscopically screened faecal
samples revealed 40.51% positive animals for fasciolosis. The prevalent species included
Fasciola hepatica (35.64%) and Fasciola gigantica (8.21%). Mixed infections were noted in
3.33% subjects. Prevalence rates were significantly higher in females (42.25%) than in males
(39.52%; p < 0.05), and in adults (51.20%) compared to younger animals (33.98%; p < 0.05).
The disease was recorded more often in emaciated animals (63.63%) followed in order by
average (43.45%), thin (43.22%), and fat (32.12%) animals. Between January and June 2012,
fasciolosis in Sargodha district, Punjab, Pakistan, was estimated to incur US$0.036 million and
US$0.177 million direct (liver condemnation) and indirect (carcass depreciation) economic
losses, respectively. In vivo fasciolicidal efficacy of oxyclozanide proved to be the most
effective method of control, compared to triclabendazole, and levamisole. Results provide
useful information on the frequency distribution of fasciolosis and its economic significance.
Finally, data on in vivo fasciolicidal trials show that oxyclozanide is the most efficacious
compound for the treatment of the disease in the district Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.
in animals slaughtered in the abattoirs of the Sargodha district, Punjab, Pakistan between
January and June 2012. In vivo fasciolicidal efficacy of commercially available compounds
was examined using a randomised complete block design. Microscopically screened faecal
samples revealed 40.51% positive animals for fasciolosis. The prevalent species included
Fasciola hepatica (35.64%) and Fasciola gigantica (8.21%). Mixed infections were noted in
3.33% subjects. Prevalence rates were significantly higher in females (42.25%) than in males
(39.52%; p < 0.05), and in adults (51.20%) compared to younger animals (33.98%; p < 0.05).
The disease was recorded more often in emaciated animals (63.63%) followed in order by
average (43.45%), thin (43.22%), and fat (32.12%) animals. Between January and June 2012,
fasciolosis in Sargodha district, Punjab, Pakistan, was estimated to incur US$0.036 million and
US$0.177 million direct (liver condemnation) and indirect (carcass depreciation) economic
losses, respectively. In vivo fasciolicidal efficacy of oxyclozanide proved to be the most
effective method of control, compared to triclabendazole, and levamisole. Results provide
useful information on the frequency distribution of fasciolosis and its economic significance.
Finally, data on in vivo fasciolicidal trials show that oxyclozanide is the most efficacious
compound for the treatment of the disease in the district Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.
Research Interests:
Aggressiveness is reported to be the most important public health issue related to both owned and free‑roaming dogs. Common approaches to assess canine aggressiveness are temperament tests. The main aim of this study was to evaluate... more
Aggressiveness is reported to be the most important public health issue related to both owned and free‑roaming dogs. Common approaches to assess canine aggressiveness are temperament tests. The main aim of this study was to evaluate whether one such test, the Socially Acceptable Behaviour (SAB) test, created to evaluate aggressive and fearful behaviour in dogs in the Netherlands, could be used reliably to assess dog aggression and fear in a population of owned dogs in Central Italy. Reactions to the test were recorded and compared to the owners' perception of their dog's aggressiveness using a validated questionnaire (C‑BARQ). Dogs showing aggressive reactions during the test obtained significantly higher (more aggressive) scores on the C‑BARQ subscales 'stranger‑directed aggression' (SDA p < 0.001), 'owner‑directed aggression' (ODA p = 0.03), and 'familiar dog aggression' (FDA p = 0.006), than dogs who did not react aggressively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that 7 of the SAB‑subtests were predictive of the SDA score. The findings indicated that aggression directed toward unfamiliar people can be reliably assessed using the SAB test for a population of Italian pet dogs.
Research Interests:
This study reports the mosquito collections conducted in July‑August 2013 in Castiglione del Lago (Umbria Region, Italy) during the entomological surveillance within the West Nile national control program. The mosquito collections showed... more
This study reports the mosquito collections conducted in July‑August 2013 in Castiglione del Lago (Umbria Region, Italy) during the entomological surveillance within the West Nile national control program. The mosquito collections showed the noteworthy occurrence of Anopheles hyrcanus s.l. (n = 156; 35.8% of the whole sample), a relatively rare mosquito species in Italy, with molecular analyses confirming that these mosquitoes belong to An. hyrcanus s.s. The same catching site was characterized by a relevant richness in mosquito species, in particular the following were found: Anopheles maculipennis s.l. (n = 146; 33.5% composed by 80% Anopheles melanoon, 13.3% Anopheles maculipennis s.s. and 6.7% Anopheles atroparvus), Culex pipiens s.l. (n = 116; 26.6% composed by 90% Cx. p. pipiens, 5% Cx. p. molestus and 5% Cx. p. pipiens/molestus), Culiseta annulata (n = 10; 2.3%), Aedes albopictus (n = 3; 0.7%), and Anopheles claviger (n = 5; 100%).
Research Interests:
In the paper the short‑ and long‑term glycaemic response after 4 diet programmes was evaluated. Each diet programme was alternatively administered to 6 healthy cats for 30 days. At the end of each period cats were weighed and underwent... more
In the paper the short‑ and long‑term glycaemic response after 4 diet programmes was
evaluated. Each diet programme was alternatively administered to 6 healthy cats for 30 days.
At the end of each period cats were weighed and underwent blood sampling for glucose
and fructosamine determination. Glycaemia was measured every 2 hours for 24 hours using
an automated glucometer. Very high protein level and low starch (VHP/LS) and high protein
and moderate starch level (HP/LS) diets showed glucose (Mean and Peak) and fructosamine
values significantly lower compared to the moderate protein and high starch diets (MP/HS).
It is likely that these results are due to the contemporary effect of the following nutritional
characteristics: protein level, protein/starch ratio and dietary fibre. All these parameters were
higher in VHP/LS and HP/MS diets. These preliminary results suggest that the use of diets
with high protein/starch ratio and soluble fibre levels favours the carbohydrate metabolism
of healthy cats.
evaluated. Each diet programme was alternatively administered to 6 healthy cats for 30 days.
At the end of each period cats were weighed and underwent blood sampling for glucose
and fructosamine determination. Glycaemia was measured every 2 hours for 24 hours using
an automated glucometer. Very high protein level and low starch (VHP/LS) and high protein
and moderate starch level (HP/LS) diets showed glucose (Mean and Peak) and fructosamine
values significantly lower compared to the moderate protein and high starch diets (MP/HS).
It is likely that these results are due to the contemporary effect of the following nutritional
characteristics: protein level, protein/starch ratio and dietary fibre. All these parameters were
higher in VHP/LS and HP/MS diets. These preliminary results suggest that the use of diets
with high protein/starch ratio and soluble fibre levels favours the carbohydrate metabolism
of healthy cats.
Research Interests:
An immunohistochemical (IHC) technique was optimised using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) to detect Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm), the agent of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP), in sections of lung... more
An immunohistochemical (IHC) technique was optimised using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) to detect Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm), the agent of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP), in sections of lung tissue. A panel of MAbs was produced and screened for Mmm specificity and for cross-reactivity against other mycoplasmas belonging and not belonging to the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster, using in parallel indirect ELISA (i-ELISA) and Immunoblotting (IB). Based on i-ELISA and IB characterization data, 1 MAb (clone 3G10E7) was selected and its highest affinity vs Mmm was confirmed by the Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) technology. Afterwards, IHC analyses were conducted to compare MAb 3G10E7 vs rabbit Mmm specific hyperimmune serum using lung tissue sections of CBPP infected and CBPP negative animals. Results suggest that screening of MAbs using in parallel ELISA, IB, and QCM technology enables to select high affinity target specific MAbs. Immunohistochemical results demonstrated that MAb 3G10E7 improved IHC performances, showing reduced background staining and no cross-reactivity against Mycoplasma bovis, which is responsible of pneumonia in cattle.
Research Interests:
Species of Anoplocephalidae are cestodes affecting equines worldwide and causing many intestinal disorders. Between October 2010 and September 2013, 284 faecal samples of horses originating from Lazio Region (Central Italy) were tested... more
Species of Anoplocephalidae are cestodes affecting equines worldwide and causing many
intestinal disorders. Between October 2010 and September 2013, 284 faecal samples of horses
originating from Lazio Region (Central Italy) were tested for the presence of Anoplocephala sp.
eggs by a classic copromicroscopic technique. Data regarding pasture‑dependence/non
dependence, age, and sex of the horses were also collected. Statistical analysis, aimed at
detecting possible associations between these variables and Anoplocephala sp. prevalence,
was performed. Anoplocephala sp. eggs were found in 13.0% of tested horses. Higher
values of prevalence were recorded in females (15.2%), younger animals (< 6 months old)
(15.4%), and animals dependent on pasture for their diet (18.58%), the latter being the only
statistically significant variable. Prevalence recorded in the present study is comparable to
those reported in previous surveys based on coprological methods.
intestinal disorders. Between October 2010 and September 2013, 284 faecal samples of horses
originating from Lazio Region (Central Italy) were tested for the presence of Anoplocephala sp.
eggs by a classic copromicroscopic technique. Data regarding pasture‑dependence/non
dependence, age, and sex of the horses were also collected. Statistical analysis, aimed at
detecting possible associations between these variables and Anoplocephala sp. prevalence,
was performed. Anoplocephala sp. eggs were found in 13.0% of tested horses. Higher
values of prevalence were recorded in females (15.2%), younger animals (< 6 months old)
(15.4%), and animals dependent on pasture for their diet (18.58%), the latter being the only
statistically significant variable. Prevalence recorded in the present study is comparable to
those reported in previous surveys based on coprological methods.
Research Interests:
Haemoparasites and their effects on hooded crows (Corvus corone cornix) are poorly studied. The aims are to evaluate the prevalence of Haemoproteus spp./Plasmodium spp. or Leucocytozoon spp., to correlate this with gross and... more
Haemoparasites and their effects on hooded crows (Corvus corone cornix) are poorly studied. The
aims are to evaluate the prevalence of Haemoproteus spp./Plasmodium spp. or Leucocytozoon
spp., to correlate this with gross and histopathological findings, and to investigate the association
among infection and geographical origin, age, gender, parasite distribution and prevalence
among organs. Hooded crows (n = 47) were collected within a regional culling programme
from 3 districts in the province of Turin (Italy) and subjected to necropsy. Histological and
molecular analyses were carried out on some tissues. Leucocytozoon spp. was detected in 46
crows (97.9%) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whereas 28 birds (59.6%) were found to be
positive for Haemoproteus spp./Plasmodium spp. The distribution of parasites in several organs
varied significantly, showing that Leucocytozoon spp. is ubiquitous in organs in contrast with
Haemoproteus spp./Plasmodium spp., which have a specific predilection for spleen and lungs.
The prevalence of Haemoproteus spp./Plasmodium spp. also differed significantly among the
crows captured in the areas of the study. The high prevalence of haemoparasites emphasizes the
success of ornithophilic vectors and the susceptibility of this species to infection. Differences in
prevalence among the sites are probably due to orographic features of the areas, variations in
vector species and density, or to crow population size or structure. In spite of the high infection
rate, no gross and histological lesions were found. This finding further suggests an evolutionary
adaptation between crows and avian blood parasites.
aims are to evaluate the prevalence of Haemoproteus spp./Plasmodium spp. or Leucocytozoon
spp., to correlate this with gross and histopathological findings, and to investigate the association
among infection and geographical origin, age, gender, parasite distribution and prevalence
among organs. Hooded crows (n = 47) were collected within a regional culling programme
from 3 districts in the province of Turin (Italy) and subjected to necropsy. Histological and
molecular analyses were carried out on some tissues. Leucocytozoon spp. was detected in 46
crows (97.9%) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whereas 28 birds (59.6%) were found to be
positive for Haemoproteus spp./Plasmodium spp. The distribution of parasites in several organs
varied significantly, showing that Leucocytozoon spp. is ubiquitous in organs in contrast with
Haemoproteus spp./Plasmodium spp., which have a specific predilection for spleen and lungs.
The prevalence of Haemoproteus spp./Plasmodium spp. also differed significantly among the
crows captured in the areas of the study. The high prevalence of haemoparasites emphasizes the
success of ornithophilic vectors and the susceptibility of this species to infection. Differences in
prevalence among the sites are probably due to orographic features of the areas, variations in
vector species and density, or to crow population size or structure. In spite of the high infection
rate, no gross and histological lesions were found. This finding further suggests an evolutionary
adaptation between crows and avian blood parasites.
Research Interests:
Every year populations of the European woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) migrate from Central and Northern Europe to the Mediterranean basin. South of Italy is one of the most common wintering site for this species. Given that information on... more
Every year populations of the European woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) migrate from Central
and Northern Europe to the Mediterranean basin. South of Italy is one of the most common
wintering site for this species. Given that information on parasites of woodcocks is scarce,
the present study aimed at identifying the parasitic species affecting woodcocks migrating
in Italy. The gastrointestinal tract of 206 woodcocks hunted in Southern Italy was removed
and examined for parasites. From each animal a faecal sample was analysed by flotation test.
The necropsy showed the presence of cestodes, i.e. Paricterotaenia paradoxa (59.4%) and
Aploparaksis filum (49.5%), and of acanthocephalan Prosthorhynchus scolopacidis (22.4%). In
one bird we also detected Parastrigea robusta, which is a trematode until now reported only in
mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Mixed infections (i.e., polyspecific infections) were detected in
53 (27.6%) animals. The most common were those caused by A. filum and P. paradoxa (12.5%),
and by P. paradoxa and P. scolopacidis (8.3%). Copromicroscopic examinations revealed the
presence of eggs belonging to nematodes Syngamus spp. (1.94%) in 4 woodcocks and of
eggs of cestodes Aploparaksis spp. (37.86%) in 78 woodcocks. The present results fill a gap in
the knowledge on parasites affecting woodcocks.
and Northern Europe to the Mediterranean basin. South of Italy is one of the most common
wintering site for this species. Given that information on parasites of woodcocks is scarce,
the present study aimed at identifying the parasitic species affecting woodcocks migrating
in Italy. The gastrointestinal tract of 206 woodcocks hunted in Southern Italy was removed
and examined for parasites. From each animal a faecal sample was analysed by flotation test.
The necropsy showed the presence of cestodes, i.e. Paricterotaenia paradoxa (59.4%) and
Aploparaksis filum (49.5%), and of acanthocephalan Prosthorhynchus scolopacidis (22.4%). In
one bird we also detected Parastrigea robusta, which is a trematode until now reported only in
mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Mixed infections (i.e., polyspecific infections) were detected in
53 (27.6%) animals. The most common were those caused by A. filum and P. paradoxa (12.5%),
and by P. paradoxa and P. scolopacidis (8.3%). Copromicroscopic examinations revealed the
presence of eggs belonging to nematodes Syngamus spp. (1.94%) in 4 woodcocks and of
eggs of cestodes Aploparaksis spp. (37.86%) in 78 woodcocks. The present results fill a gap in
the knowledge on parasites affecting woodcocks.
Research Interests:
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited autosomal disorder in cats, mostly diagnosed in Persian cats. Renal cysts can be diagnosed by ultrasound, but cats must be at least 16 weeks old. The goals of this study were to assess the... more
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited autosomal disorder in cats, mostly diagnosed in Persian cats. Renal cysts can be diagnosed by ultrasound, but cats must be at least 16 weeks old. The goals of this study were to assess the occurrence of PKD in Serbia using a randomly selected group of Persian cats, to compare the diagnostic efficacy of ultrasound and genetic tests, and to measure haematological and selected biochemical parameters. We examined 70 cats of Persian breed, between 4 months and 8 years of age. Complete blood count and selected biochemical parameters were measured, renal ultrasound was performed. Swabs of the oral cavity were obtained for genetic testing. Percentage of PKD positive cats identified by genetic testing was 48.6%, whilst only 18.6% were detected through ultrasound. Animals that were polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) positive and ultrasound negative ranged from 4 months to 3.5 years. All haematological and biochemical parameters were within the the normal range values in all examined cats. Genetic methods proved to be the most effective for reliable and early diagnosis of PKD in Persian cats. DNA analysis can be used right after birth, and excludes the need for other diagnostic procedures, such as ultrasound.
Research Interests:
Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis is the tool most frequently used to classify Leishmania spp., although it is time consuming and, sometimes, a not enough discriminative method. In the present study a kinetoplast DNA polymerase... more
Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis is the tool most frequently used to classify Leishmania spp., although it is time consuming and, sometimes, a not enough discriminative method. In the present study a kinetoplast DNA polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to characterize 16 zymodeme MON-1
Leishmania infantum strains: 15 were from dogs housed in public kennels of 7 geographical areas in the Emilia-Romagna region, Northern Italy, 1 was the L. infantum reference strain MHOM/TN/1980/IPT1. Six enzymatic patterns were observed. Kinetoplast DNA RFLP-PCR confirmed to have a good discriminatory power within the same zymodeme and proved to be useful for comparing few strains or discriminating between relapse and reinfection in the same host. We therefore recommend it use for discriminating between relapse and reinfection in the same host rather than supporting large-scale epidemiological studies.
Leishmania infantum strains: 15 were from dogs housed in public kennels of 7 geographical areas in the Emilia-Romagna region, Northern Italy, 1 was the L. infantum reference strain MHOM/TN/1980/IPT1. Six enzymatic patterns were observed. Kinetoplast DNA RFLP-PCR confirmed to have a good discriminatory power within the same zymodeme and proved to be useful for comparing few strains or discriminating between relapse and reinfection in the same host. We therefore recommend it use for discriminating between relapse and reinfection in the same host rather than supporting large-scale epidemiological studies.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The term 'religious slaughter' commonly refers to the practice of killing animals without stunning, according to the precepts of Jewish and Muslim religions. The aim of this paper is to assess the situation concerning ritual slaughtering... more
The term 'religious slaughter' commonly refers to the practice of killing animals without stunning, according to the precepts of Jewish and Muslim religions. The aim of this paper is to assess the situation concerning ritual slaughtering in not‑stun bovines, small ruminants, and poultry in Italy in 2012. The study was divided into 2 phases. During the first phase, preliminary data about all slaughterhouses authorized for ritual slaughter in Italy in 2012 are collected through the compilation of a questionnaire sent to each plants. The second step involved a sampling of not‑stun animals religiously slaughtered in 5 selected plants. Authors collected and compiled all informations about management, restrain system and rite taking into account in particular animal welfare.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Progressive ethmoid hematoma is frequently reported among the pathologies of the upper airways in horses. While several hypotheses have been proposed such as repeated trauma, inflammatory processes and/or chronic infections, congenital... more
Progressive ethmoid hematoma is frequently reported among the pathologies of the upper airways in horses. While several hypotheses have been proposed such as repeated trauma, inflammatory processes and/or chronic infections, congenital phenomena, complication of hemangiomas, and neoplastic processes, the aetiology of this condition is yet unknown. Clinical symptoms are non‑specific and includes haemorrhagic nasal discharge, respiratory noise not related to physical exercise and, in most severe cases, phenomena of coughing. The purpose of this case report is to contribute to a correct diagnostic approach to this particular pathology of upper respiratory tract in horses. Magnetic Resonance allows for a very detailed imaging of the development of the disease and suggests appropriate therapeutic choices.
Research Interests:
Since 1998, Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11 and 16 have spread throughout Europe. In 2006, BTV serotype 8 (BTV‑8) emerged unexpectedly in Northern Europe, in countries such as Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg,... more
Since 1998, Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11 and 16 have spread throughout
Europe. In 2006, BTV serotype 8 (BTV‑8) emerged unexpectedly in Northern Europe, in
countries such as Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, to spread
rapidly in the following year throughout the rest of Europe. In 2007, BTV‑1 spread in Southern
Europe, in Spain and in South of France. In 2008, 2 more BTV serotypes were detected in
Northern Europe: BTV‑6 in the Netherlands and in Germany, and BTV‑11 in Belgium. The
European incursion of BTV has caused considerable economic losses, including direct losses
from mortality and reduced production, as well as indirect losses generated by ensuing bans
on trade of ruminants between infected and non-infected areas. Given the significance of the
disease, all affected countries have established control and eradication measures that have
evolved together with the availability of detection and prevention tools such as Polymerase
Chain Reaction (PCR) tests and vaccines, respectively. This paper describes how the French
National Reference Laboratory for BT has managed diagnosis during the fast and massive
spread of BTV‑1 and 8 in 2007 and 2008.
Europe. In 2006, BTV serotype 8 (BTV‑8) emerged unexpectedly in Northern Europe, in
countries such as Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, to spread
rapidly in the following year throughout the rest of Europe. In 2007, BTV‑1 spread in Southern
Europe, in Spain and in South of France. In 2008, 2 more BTV serotypes were detected in
Northern Europe: BTV‑6 in the Netherlands and in Germany, and BTV‑11 in Belgium. The
European incursion of BTV has caused considerable economic losses, including direct losses
from mortality and reduced production, as well as indirect losses generated by ensuing bans
on trade of ruminants between infected and non-infected areas. Given the significance of the
disease, all affected countries have established control and eradication measures that have
evolved together with the availability of detection and prevention tools such as Polymerase
Chain Reaction (PCR) tests and vaccines, respectively. This paper describes how the French
National Reference Laboratory for BT has managed diagnosis during the fast and massive
spread of BTV‑1 and 8 in 2007 and 2008.
Research Interests:
The Bluetongue and Schmallenberg virus outbreaks in Europe between 1999 and 2013 stimulated progress in Culicoides field ecology and control. In responding to these outbreaks, however, the deficit of broadly trained entomologists became... more
The Bluetongue and Schmallenberg virus outbreaks in Europe between 1999 and 2013 stimulated progress in Culicoides field ecology and control. In responding to these outbreaks, however, the deficit of broadly trained entomologists became evident. Culicoides research has been uneven, and critical gaps remain in our knowledge of vector ecology. Certain aspects of adult midge biology have gotten more attention (biting rates and relationship to trap collections, seasonal activity and survey, taxonomy of critical species complexes). Some aspects of adult midge biology (survival, resting site selection, or direct dispersal measurements) have been understudied. More work is needed on Culicoides immatures (taxonomy and details of ecology). Control research has centred on insecticide treatments applied to animals. However, our true goal is not vector control, but reducing disease agent transmission. We require field vector control targets (e.g. how far we might need to reduce biting rates) needed to interrupt transmission. The most critical need is for studies incorporating vector control experimentally into epidemiological studies in active arbovirus transmission zones. Such field interdisciplinary studies are absolutely required to understand transmission dynamics. Through the power of experimental field studies, we should be able to develop both theoretical and operational guidelines for disease management.
Research Interests:
Small breed dogs are 12 times more likely to develop medial patellar luxation (MPL) than large breed dogs and breed predisposition has been reported. Many surgical techniques are available for correction of patellar luxation in dogs.... more
Small breed dogs are 12 times more likely to develop medial patellar luxation (MPL) than
large breed dogs and breed predisposition has been reported. Many surgical techniques are
available for correction of patellar luxation in dogs. However, recent studies reported an 8%
incidence of reluxation when traditional techniques are used. The relatively high frequency
of major complications and patellar reluxation may be partially caused by inadequate
appreciation of the underlying skeletal deformity and subsequent incorrect selection and
application of traditional techniques. The aims of this study were to report the normal values
of the anatomic and mechanical joint angles of the femur and tibia in small breed dogs and
to compare these data to a population of small breed dogs affected by different degrees
of MPL. Normal values of the anatomic and mechanical angles of the femur are similar to
the ones reported in literature in Pomeranian dogs. Normal values of the anatomic and
mechanical angles of the tibia have been described for the first time. Significant differences
were found between normal population and dogs affected by grade 4 MPL in relation to
anatomical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle (aLDFA), mechanical Medial Proximal Tibial Angle
(mMPTA), and mechanical Caudal Proximal Tibial Angle (mCaPTA).
large breed dogs and breed predisposition has been reported. Many surgical techniques are
available for correction of patellar luxation in dogs. However, recent studies reported an 8%
incidence of reluxation when traditional techniques are used. The relatively high frequency
of major complications and patellar reluxation may be partially caused by inadequate
appreciation of the underlying skeletal deformity and subsequent incorrect selection and
application of traditional techniques. The aims of this study were to report the normal values
of the anatomic and mechanical joint angles of the femur and tibia in small breed dogs and
to compare these data to a population of small breed dogs affected by different degrees
of MPL. Normal values of the anatomic and mechanical angles of the femur are similar to
the ones reported in literature in Pomeranian dogs. Normal values of the anatomic and
mechanical angles of the tibia have been described for the first time. Significant differences
were found between normal population and dogs affected by grade 4 MPL in relation to
anatomical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle (aLDFA), mechanical Medial Proximal Tibial Angle
(mMPTA), and mechanical Caudal Proximal Tibial Angle (mCaPTA).
Research Interests:
Given the limited information regarding the anatomy of the thoracic limb in European avian species, we decided to investigate the related muscles in the grey heron ( Ardea cinerea ), in the eurasian buzzard ( Buteo buteo ), and in the... more
Given the limited information regarding the anatomy of the thoracic limb in European avian
species, we decided to investigate the related muscles in the grey heron (
Ardea cinerea
), in
the eurasian buzzard (
Buteo buteo
), and in the common kestrel (
Falco tinnunculus
). Therefore
we performed a stratigraphic dissection of the wing in 3 subjects. The
pars major
and
minor
of the
musculus deltoideus
, despite being roughly in line with those reported by other
authors in other species, displayed unique features. Concerning the
pars propatagialis
of the
musculus deltoideus
, from what was observed in the grey heron, we believe this structure can
contribute to maintain the propatagial tension. In this way vibrations of this structure, which
could cause diminished lift, are avoided. Moreover the peculiarity evidenced in the distal
insertion of the common kestrel could influence the control of the pronation‑supination of
the wing during hovering. With respect to the
musculus flexor carpi ulnaris
, we believe the
presence of a sesamoid‑like structure at the base tendon, found in the grey heron and in the
eurasian buzzard, may help complete the articular surfaces of the elbow. This study shows
interesting data on species not previously examined and provides a possible functional
correlation between the peculiarity observed and the kind of flight of each species.
species, we decided to investigate the related muscles in the grey heron (
Ardea cinerea
), in
the eurasian buzzard (
Buteo buteo
), and in the common kestrel (
Falco tinnunculus
). Therefore
we performed a stratigraphic dissection of the wing in 3 subjects. The
pars major
and
minor
of the
musculus deltoideus
, despite being roughly in line with those reported by other
authors in other species, displayed unique features. Concerning the
pars propatagialis
of the
musculus deltoideus
, from what was observed in the grey heron, we believe this structure can
contribute to maintain the propatagial tension. In this way vibrations of this structure, which
could cause diminished lift, are avoided. Moreover the peculiarity evidenced in the distal
insertion of the common kestrel could influence the control of the pronation‑supination of
the wing during hovering. With respect to the
musculus flexor carpi ulnaris
, we believe the
presence of a sesamoid‑like structure at the base tendon, found in the grey heron and in the
eurasian buzzard, may help complete the articular surfaces of the elbow. This study shows
interesting data on species not previously examined and provides a possible functional
correlation between the peculiarity observed and the kind of flight of each species.
Research Interests:
The skin is the most requested product of ratite slaughter and ‘first-rate’ ratite’s skin has a high economic market. Ostrich hide is tanned in South Africa and sold all over the world. Besides, the... more
The skin is the most requested product of ratite slaughter and ‘first-rate’ ratite’s skin has
a high economic market. Ostrich hide is tanned in South Africa and sold all over the
world. Besides, the ostrich meat is considered a niche production in the marketplace, thus
allowing for another profit for the ostrich breeding. Theorical analysis of skinning process
has been carried out, and an automatic measurement system has been designed to record
the drawing-force on the animal’s body during skinning tests. The aim of this study was to
indentify the best animal position and provide values of drawing-force in order to design
a specific machine for ostrich skinning. Experimental results partially confirm the proposed
analysis. They point out that the angle of inclination of drawing-force with back-line mostly
influences the value of drawing-force and that this influence tends to increase as the angle
is near to 90° or exceeds this limit. In any case, the applied drawing-force must not exceed
350.0 daN. Therefore, with respect to their anatomy structure and the tensile strenght of
the hide, ostrich skinning should be done with vertical-drawing machines and the animal
should be suspended by its wings at the rail. In case of low working capacity (8-10 heads
per hour), given the difficoulties highlighted during the experiments run in this study, the
animal should be skinned suspended by the legs.
a high economic market. Ostrich hide is tanned in South Africa and sold all over the
world. Besides, the ostrich meat is considered a niche production in the marketplace, thus
allowing for another profit for the ostrich breeding. Theorical analysis of skinning process
has been carried out, and an automatic measurement system has been designed to record
the drawing-force on the animal’s body during skinning tests. The aim of this study was to
indentify the best animal position and provide values of drawing-force in order to design
a specific machine for ostrich skinning. Experimental results partially confirm the proposed
analysis. They point out that the angle of inclination of drawing-force with back-line mostly
influences the value of drawing-force and that this influence tends to increase as the angle
is near to 90° or exceeds this limit. In any case, the applied drawing-force must not exceed
350.0 daN. Therefore, with respect to their anatomy structure and the tensile strenght of
the hide, ostrich skinning should be done with vertical-drawing machines and the animal
should be suspended by its wings at the rail. In case of low working capacity (8-10 heads
per hour), given the difficoulties highlighted during the experiments run in this study, the
animal should be skinned suspended by the legs.
Research Interests:
Campylobacter spp. are ubiquitous bacteria and campylobacteriosis is the most frequently reported zoonotic disease in humans in Europe, since 2005. Handling or consuming contaminated/undercooked meat (especially poultry) are the most... more
Campylobacter spp. are ubiquitous bacteria and campylobacteriosis is the most frequently
reported zoonotic disease in humans in Europe, since 2005. Handling or consuming
contaminated/undercooked meat (especially poultry) are the most important sources of
human campylobacteriosis. However, in recent years, the role of dogs as a source of infection
for humans has been amply demonstrated. Approximately 6% of human campylobacteriosis
cases are due to contact with pets. This review analyses the current literature related to risk
factors at the dog‑human interface.
reported zoonotic disease in humans in Europe, since 2005. Handling or consuming
contaminated/undercooked meat (especially poultry) are the most important sources of
human campylobacteriosis. However, in recent years, the role of dogs as a source of infection
for humans has been amply demonstrated. Approximately 6% of human campylobacteriosis
cases are due to contact with pets. This review analyses the current literature related to risk
factors at the dog‑human interface.
Research Interests:
In this study, the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in poultry fresh meat and ready‑to‑cook products was evaluated. Seventy‑three samples were collected at retail level from supermarkets and discount stores, obtaining 61.6% positivity. Of... more
In this study, the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in poultry fresh meat and ready‑to‑cook
products was evaluated. Seventy‑three samples were collected at retail level from
supermarkets and discount stores, obtaining 61.6% positivity. Of 133 Campylobacter isolates,
86 strains (Campylobacter coli, 58.1% and Campylobacter jejuni, 41.9%) were selected for
characterisation on the basis of their SmaI and kpnI pulsed field gel‑electrophoresis (PFGE)
profiles, to exclude clonal replicates. Campylobacters resulted highly resistant to tetracycline,
ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid (79.1%, 72.1% and 65.1%, respectively); 50% of C. coli and
13.9% of C. jejuni were resistant to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, the most important
antimicrobials for human campylobacteriosis therapy. Five C. coli were resistant to 5/7 of
the tested antimicrobials. HS4c was the prevailing C. jejuni serotype group (22.3%), whereas
8 other serotypes were identified in low percentages. SmaI and kpnI profiles showed a
wide variability. The survey showed a high Campylobacter contamination of poultry meat
and poultry products at retail level in Tuscany, Italy. A wide strains’ heterogeneity and a
remarkable level of strains’ antimicrobial resistance have been reported, confirming the need
for an improvement of specific preventive measures along the production chain.
products was evaluated. Seventy‑three samples were collected at retail level from
supermarkets and discount stores, obtaining 61.6% positivity. Of 133 Campylobacter isolates,
86 strains (Campylobacter coli, 58.1% and Campylobacter jejuni, 41.9%) were selected for
characterisation on the basis of their SmaI and kpnI pulsed field gel‑electrophoresis (PFGE)
profiles, to exclude clonal replicates. Campylobacters resulted highly resistant to tetracycline,
ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid (79.1%, 72.1% and 65.1%, respectively); 50% of C. coli and
13.9% of C. jejuni were resistant to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, the most important
antimicrobials for human campylobacteriosis therapy. Five C. coli were resistant to 5/7 of
the tested antimicrobials. HS4c was the prevailing C. jejuni serotype group (22.3%), whereas
8 other serotypes were identified in low percentages. SmaI and kpnI profiles showed a
wide variability. The survey showed a high Campylobacter contamination of poultry meat
and poultry products at retail level in Tuscany, Italy. A wide strains’ heterogeneity and a
remarkable level of strains’ antimicrobial resistance have been reported, confirming the need
for an improvement of specific preventive measures along the production chain.
Research Interests:
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic infectious disease that affects both domestic animals and wildlife. Veterinary epidemiology studies evaluate bTB using geographic information systems (GIS), which can characterise the spatial and... more
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic infectious disease that affects both domestic animals
and wildlife. Veterinary epidemiology studies evaluate bTB using geographic information
systems (GIS), which can characterise the spatial and temporal distribution of diseases and
identify the geographic areas and animal populations at risk of contracting a disease. The
present study used space‑time permutation scan statistic to identify the spatial and temporal
distribution of bTB from 2005 to 2010 in the State of Mexico with the goal of creating a
similarity model using Mahalanobis Distance to identify areas suitable for bTB occurrence.
Three significant clusters were identified using space‑time permutation scan statistic and
the similarity model identified several areas with suitable environmental and demographic
characteristics. The results demonstrate that the occurrence of bTB in the State of Mexico is
not randomly distributed.
and wildlife. Veterinary epidemiology studies evaluate bTB using geographic information
systems (GIS), which can characterise the spatial and temporal distribution of diseases and
identify the geographic areas and animal populations at risk of contracting a disease. The
present study used space‑time permutation scan statistic to identify the spatial and temporal
distribution of bTB from 2005 to 2010 in the State of Mexico with the goal of creating a
similarity model using Mahalanobis Distance to identify areas suitable for bTB occurrence.
Three significant clusters were identified using space‑time permutation scan statistic and
the similarity model identified several areas with suitable environmental and demographic
characteristics. The results demonstrate that the occurrence of bTB in the State of Mexico is
not randomly distributed.