Belonging and Citizenship

Federally-recognized tribes must adapt to many ecological challenges arising from climate change, from the effects of glacier retreat on the habitats of culturally significant species to how sea level rise forces human communities to relocate. The governmental and social institutions supporting tribes in adapting to climate change are often constrained by political obstructions, raising concerns about justice. Beyond typical uses of justice, which call attention to violations of formal rights or to considerations about the degree to which some populations may have caused anthropogenic climate change, a justice framework should guide how leaders, scientists and professionals of all heritages and who work with or for federally-recognized tribes understand what actions are morally essential for supporting tribes’ adaptation efforts. This paper motivates a shift to a forward-looking framework of justice. The framework situates justice within the systems of responsibilities that matter to tribes and many others, which range from webs of inter-species relationships to government-to-government partnerships. Justice is achieved when these systems of responsibilities operate in ways that support the continued flourishing of tribal communities.

Issues of belonging, exclusion and the creation and maintenance of boundaries have surfaced in recent considerations of the production of space, yet the relevance of boundaries and belonging for understanding the construction of landscape has remained largely implicit. In this paper, I wish to explore more explicitly the connection of boundaries, belonging and landscapes by thinking about how landscapes become spatially bounded scenes that visually communicate what belongs and what does not. My focus is on understanding how landscapes are, in part, constructed through a territorialized politics of belonging Á the discourses and practices that establish and maintain discursive and material boundaries that correspond to the imagined geographies of a polity and to the spaces that normatively embody the polity. To explore this relationship, I consider a controversy surrounding the operation of a slaughterhouse in Hugo, Minnesota, which was used extensively for Ua Dab Á a Hmong tradition of ritual animal sacrifice. The discourses and practices surrounding efforts to remove the slaughterhouse from Hugo, on the one hand, and to have it remain in Hugo, on the other, offer a case through which to explore the politics of belonging and the boundaries that this creates in constructing landscapes.

"Europe and the Islamic World sheds much-needed light on the shared roots of Islamic and Western cultures and on the richness of their inextricably intertwined histories, refuting once and for all the misguided notion of a "clash of civilizations" between the Muslim world and Europe. In this landmark book, three eminent historians bring to life the complex and tumultuous relations between Genoans and Tunisians, Alexandrians and the people of Constantinople, Catalans and Maghrebis--the myriad groups and individuals whose stories reflect the common cultural, intellectual, and religious heritage of Europe and Islam. Since the seventh century, when the armies of Constantinople and Medina fought for control of Syria and Palestine, there has been ongoing contact between the Muslim world and the West. This sweeping history vividly recounts the wars and the crusades, the alliances and diplomacy, commerce and the slave trade, technology transfers, and the intellectual and artistic exchanges. Here readers are given an unparalleled introduction to key periods and events, including the Muslim conquests, the collapse of the Byzantine Empire, the commercial revolution of the medieval Mediterranean, the intellectual and cultural achievements of Muslim Spain, the crusades and Spanish reconquest, the rise of the Ottomans and their conquest of a third of Europe, European colonization and decolonization, and the challenges and promise of this entwined legacy today. As provocative as it is groundbreaking, this book describes this shared history in all its richness and diversity, revealing how ongoing encounters between Europe and Islam have profoundly shaped both."

School vision and mission statements are an explicit indication of a school's priorities. Research has found academic motivation, mental health promotion, and school belonging to be the most frequently cited themes in these statements. The present study sought to examine whether these themes relate to student academic achievement, as indicated by National Assessment Program — Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) scores. A stratified sample of 287 secondary schools in Victoria, Australia was analysed using two language analytic approaches: qualitative emergent coding and supervised lexical analysis. The highest academic scores occurred when mental health promotion was included, though results depended to some extent on the analytic approach and the level of aggregation. Results do suggest that explicitly prioritising both academic performance and mental health is beneficial. Further, the study provides an approach for using language analysis to investigate multilevel constructs in schools.

The article attempts a comprehensive review of the human security concept in order to question its utility for both research and policy-making. It notes the term’s interdisciplinary and extensively normative content that have facilitated its evolution into a successful security discourse. On the other hand, human security’s wide appeal has as a side-effect an extended conceptual polysemy inhibiting the cumulation of knowledge and the development of a relevant theory. Absence of conceptual clarity has also complicated its policy implementation. The article attempts to break the deadlock and move the debate forward by using the work of John Gerring and Paul A. Barresi on concept formation as an organizing device.

Issues of belonging, exclusion and the creation and maintenance of boundaries have surfaced in recent considerations of the production of space, yet the relevance of boundaries and belonging for understanding the construction of landscape has remained largely implicit. In this paper, I wish to explore more explicitly the connection of boundaries, belonging and landscapes by thinking about how landscapes become spatially bounded scenes that visually communicate what belongs and what does not. My focus is on understanding how landscapes are, in part, constructed through a territorialized politics of belonging-the discourses and practices that establish and maintain discursive and material boundaries that correspond to the imagined geographies of a polity and to the spaces that normatively embody the polity. To explore this relationship, I consider a controversy surrounding the operation of a slaughterhouse in Hugo, Minnesota, which was used extensively for Ua Dab-a Hmong tradition of ...

This paper considers performances of belonging in two participatory theatre projects. The Traction Youth Ensemble is an outreach program offered by Queensland Theatre in the city of Logan - recently portrayed in the media as a hub for crime and race “riots”. Traction was established to counteract some of these negative stereotypes, to promote social cohesion, and to fill a gap in high quality theatre opportunities for young people there. Barambah Mission Talk is a theatre performance being developed with women prisoners in Brisbane Women’s Correctional Centre (BWCC). The work is based on Ruth Hegarty’s memoir Is That You Ruthie? which describes her time growing up in Barambah Aboriginal Mission (now Cherbourg Community) in the 1930s and 40s. Many of the women in BWCC have strong connections to Barambah, as well as other Aboriginal missions around Australia, where their families were forcibly removed and institutionalised as part of the Stolen Generations. Both of these projects generate performances of belonging in often-fraught political and social contexts. Barambah Mission Talk contains performances of belonging and not belonging in carceral sites, where there exists simultaneously a strong sense of home, and the anguish of separation and displacement. The Traction Youth Ensemble offers 50 young theatre makers in Logan a unique place to belong, developing their voice and identity, and leading ultimately to positive forms of social and civic participation. In both projects, there is a sense of vitality and hope, generated by the performers’ engagement with their own evolving sense of story and culture.

The entire Gulf area represents a transnational region where millions of migrants have settled down for ages. Especially in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, migrants represent a vital element of the everyday life. Historically the links between the Arab, Persian, African and Asian regions are documented by archaeological findings and they date back to the prehistoric times. In the 1930s, the discovery of oil in the Arab Gulf countries created a split within this region and especially on the port cities and littoral areas of the Gulf region where the khalījī community represented a basic social unity but characterized by ethnic diversity. The khalījī community was the first example of a multicultural community where Arabs, Asians, Africans and Persians coexisted peacefully. They had different identities, different languages and religions but they survived, coexisted and flourished because their relations were mainly based on mutual economic interests and intermarriages. It was a transnational community whose links were forged upon interactions, contacts and movements throughout the Indian Ocean arena. As happened in the past, today the GCC countries are characterized by transmigrants whose lives are suspended between their countries of origin and countries of settlement. Based upon my fieldwork, this paper explores the dynamics of the Pakistani community in Dubai whose lives are embedded in the regional labour market, sponsorship system and their country of origin. Ethnographic research on Indians in the Gulf underscored how they are linked to the Indian diaspora, and more flexible in terms of links with the Indian communities throughout the world and more inclined to use their historical links and economic outcomes to re-settle in other countries. The Pakistani community has a different approach and as emerges from my research most Pakistanis with whom I talked in Dubai are planning to re-settle in their country of origin when they must leave the country. The Pakistani community is a cohesive and united community that is evident in their support for their fellow nationals and their Pakistani identity is strong and 'cultivated', even among the young generation who has never been in the home country.

This case study is concerned with how institutional practices of normative whiteness can impede the school involvement of Mexican-descent students. It examines how damaging forms of white normativity can operate in school settings where one might least expect to find them: in commemorations of Mexican cultural holidays. The author shows how such commemorations can have the paradoxical effect of marginalizing Mexican-descent students and discouraging their involvement in a range of school activities. [Mexican American, whiteness, cultural conflict, cultural celebrations, belonging, identity formation]

In her 1990 text “homeplace (a site of resistance),” bell hooks argues that for black women throughout history, the making of home cannot be extricated from the struggle against racism and forging of community. This paper explores how artists who occupy tenuous subject positions as immigrants, people of color, and female engage with home-making. Instead of examining home as an object, I engage with home-making as an action that is shifting and provisional. Using philosophical, sociological, and anthropological constructs of “home” as points of departure, I turn toward the domestic projects of visual artists Amanda Williams, Mona Hatoum, and Doris Salcedo. In Color(ed) Theory (2015), Amanda Williams repaints and reconstructs vacant urban homes in such a way that demonstrates the persistent presence of the human even beyond its bodily inhabitation of home’s hallowed halls. Mona Hatoum’s installations Homebound (2001) and Mobile Home (2005) fold the alien and violent into domestic objects that defy being fixed to domestic architectures. Doris Salcedo’s La Casa Viuda (1995) and other untitled sculptures transform doors, dressers, and wardrobes with concrete, dust and bone in response to the flights of Colombian women from their homes and vacillate between tracing memories of the past and
being haunted by premonitions of violence, evacuation, and ruination with the ongoing passage of time. In the works of these three artists, the binary between homely and unhomely comes apart, and homemaking becomes the act of inhabiting or embodying something that shifts, accommodating for a wider range of experiences in how one constitutes self in relation to one's environments.

This report is about Germany's integration system. Germany is a “reluctant” immigration country. Despite its post-World-War-II history of immigration, Germany has never adopted a coherent strategy or policy of integration. Immigration was considered a transitory phenomenon as the notorious term “guest workers” suggests. Considering the expected return of immigrants to their countries of origin, integration policy making has long remained implicit. Recent processes of refugee immigration have opened a policy window for a more proactive approach to immigration and integration. However, the formulation and implementation of integration policies are situated in a setting of double complexity. First, integration is a crosscutting policy issue which connects to the responsibilities of various federal ministries. Second, it is a multi-level system in which policy making and monitoring largely take place on the federal level. However, the actual implementation is mainly realized on the level of regional states and municipalities.

At least since 2016, integration measures (as those stipulated on Asylum Package II for example), point to the competing and paternalistic logic of retaining control over refugees. This is accomplished by the imposition of restrictions on movement and the expansion of value education as part of the integration courses. It is also supported by a logic of human capital, which privileges refugees as to their economic value whilst restricting basic rights, such as the freedom of movement. Individuals applying for asylum in Germany live highly restricted lives subject to accountability, compliance and punitive measures.

While the “Asylum Packages” and the “Integration Act” have mainly focused on structural integration through labour market inclusion, the “Migration Masterplan” has emphasized sociocultural aspects, such as identification and acculturation. It’s obvious that most initiatives respond to an alleged public expectation of refugees smoothly fitting in the society rather than to the actual demands of support and participation which they may have.

Keywords: Bermuda, Third Culture Kids, Expatriates, Identity, Anthropology, Symbolic Interactionism

This research is based on twelve in-depth interviews conducted in Bermuda, Southampton and on Skype. The subjects are the adult children of expatriates who have spent a significant period of their adolescent years in Bermuda. These individuals are ATCKS, second-generation expatriates since they are the children of parents who have moved abroad from their country of citizenship (Lyttle and Barker, 2011, 686). The focus of this research is on these individuals as adults.
In the last century, we have seen “Third Culture Kids” become more significant within Anthropological enquiry as they come to comprise a global presence. Bermuda’s culture is unique as it is one of the only countries that had no native population before colonisation. I attempt to contribute to empirical studies of ATCKs, especially as very few exist regarding Bermuda.
Through an interactionist lens, this research explores Bermuda’s ATCKs using the following themes: Subculture, migration, globalisation, homelessness, belonging, rootlessness, identity and Bermuda in terms of the expatriate community and the tensions between this community and Bermudians. Case studies of attitudes towards ATCKs in the Caymans are referred to alongside this, in order to test the dominant thought surrounding this subject.
The methodology, conducted from a phenomenological perspective, explains the qualitative paradigm deemed appropriate for accessing informants and retrieving their experiences. Key themes emerge, including Bermudian culture, race, identity, immigration issues and relationships. The results found the following:
• The cohort had mixed views towards island life and Bermudians, with the cohort seeing friendliness, cultural events, climate and opportunities as positive, but tensions between expatriates and Bermudians, the country’s size, gossip and homophobia as negative.
• Race, immigration and accent played a large part in individuals’ affiliation to the expatriate community.
• Draconian immigration laws caused massive dissatisfaction amongst the cohort.
The study concludes by considering how effectively the research objectives have been met and recommendations for further research.

Kirkuk is a city and governorate in northern Iraq that holds significant importance to three different ethnic groups. Kurds, Turkmen, and Arabs each view themselves as the rightful heirs to the land and use history to legitimize their claims. Kurds assert they have inhabited the area for hundreds of years, while Turkmen feel their Ottoman past guarantees them rights to the land, and Arabs allege Kirkuk has been a fundamental part of the Iraqi state since its inception in 1921. Running parallel to ethnic disagreements, and complicating an already sensitive subject, is the fact that Kirkuk holds around 12 per cent of Iraq’s proven oil reserves—totaling 13.5 billion barrels. As a result, an Iraqi election law, hydrocarbons (oil) law, constitution, and national census have all been obstructed by debate over the future of Kirkuk. This book clearly and concisely tells the narratives of each ethnic group and explains the significance of ethnicity in Iraq in order to understand the conflict that persists today over Kirkuk.

As the population increases, the amount of different people and different cultures also expands. With that comes major problems, one of which is our strong and inevitable need for a sense of belonging to a group of people. As social beings who depend on a sense of common values and beliefs, and seek commonality, the feeling that we belong is very important. The aim of this paper is to reflect on how games can increase our sense of belonging through the human-centered design of mechanics and games. The method used to do so will be a survey conducted with people from different backgrounds and nationalities, which explores the factors that make us feel that we belong. As a result of the survey, a list of things that increase our feeling of belonging was introduced, such as coming from different cultures, yet being supported and not judged, understanding each other's jokes, or having similar interests. The sense of belonging of the participants was also measured when they've lived in countries different from their own. The survey's results allow us to pick out things that revolve around that feeling and to design game mechanics that empower the feeling of belonging between groups of people. This paper's aim is to define such mechanics and to contribute to the impact of games on feelings of belonging. It also contributes to the debates on whether games should be recognized as a source of social support, especially since video games have grown out to be a popular medium, which connects people from all around the world and provides them the opportunity to foster connections and build skills.

This essay traces roots of marginalization of the Dutch Caribbean in Caribbean studies, approaching these roots as an integral part of a shared Caribbean intellectual history. In the era of twentieth-century Caribbean anticolonialism, nationalism, and decolonization, local intellectuals emerged in the public arena throughout the Caribbean region. The author studies the intellectual interplays and incubations taking place, asking if and how Dutch Caribbean thinkers and writers were involved. Her analysis finds that neglect and erasure impacted Dutch Caribbean studies, first and foremost from within. Mid-twentieth-century Dutch Caribbean anticolonial intellectuals have confronted strong oppression and retaliations, leading to obscured publications as well as to considerable societal and archival silences. This reflects on the self-image of the Dutch Caribbean and on an observed otherness attitude in Dutch Caribbean intellectuals.

Past scholarship on immigrant racial and ethnic identity construction tends to ignore the processes by which social context influences identity at the individual level. In this qualitative study, Janet T. Awokoya presents a complex understanding of 1.5-and second-generation African immigrant youths' identities. Awokoya explores how three major contexts—family, school, and peer groups—affect the ways in which African immigrant youth construct and negotiate their racial and ethnic identities. Further, she contends that the ways in which African immigrant youth are expected to conform to ideals of what it means to be African, Nigerian, African American, and Black, which dramatically shift across contexts, significantly confound the racial and ethnic identity constructions and negotiations for these youth. The article concludes with a discussion of practical and theoretical implications for identity development among Black immigrant youth.

Purpose This paper aims to spark a debate by presenting the need for developing data ecosystems in Europe that meet the social and public good while committing to democratic and ethical standards; suggesting a taxonomy of data infrastructures and institutions to support this need; using the case study of Barcelona as the flagship city trailblazing a critical policy agenda of smart cities to show the limitations and contradictions of the current state of affairs; and ultimately, proposing a preliminary roadmap for institutional and governance empowerment that could enable effective data ecosystems in Europe. Design/methodology/approach This paper draws on lessons learned in previous publications available in the sustainability (Calzada, 2018), regions (Calzada and Cowie, 2017; Calzada, 2019), Zenodo (Calzada and Almirall, 2019), RSA Journal (Calzada, 2019) and IJIS (Calzada, 2020) journals and ongoing and updated fieldwork about the Barcelona case study stemming from an intensive fie...

This report deals with different aspects of integration of asylum seekers and beneficiaries of international protection in Austria. A series of interviews with these groups (conducted in 2018) reveals that their primary concerns relate to the two integration dimensions of labour market participation and language acquisition. Following a period of legal limbo during the asylum procedure, recognized refugees and holders of subsidiary protection were primarily concerned about their precarious socio-economic situation and about matching and further developing existing skills in order to find employment. Experts active in the field of asylum who were interviewed for this project criticized the federal government’s narrow and often instrumentalist approach to cultural and religious aspects of integration and pointed towards flaws of measures addressing structural integration. The most important problem however relates to the fact that the federal level generally only supports integration measures for beneficiaries of international protection and not for asylum seekers.

This chapter examines the social formation of Dutch nativism by focusing on two issues that have been central in recent Dutch public discourse: the debate surrounding the blackface servant of Saint Nicholas, Zwarte Piet, and the ascendance of ‘sexual nationalism’ in the country. Both exemplify the dominant nativist discourse in which Dutch culture is framed as under attack and in need of protection from the nefarious consequences of postcolonial and labor migration; both reveal the central roles played by ‘race’ and sexuality in Dutch nativist discourse. Focusing on how race and sexuality intersect within nativist discourse further reveals the importance of the third leg in the nativist triangle: religion (read: Islam). We argue in this chapter that Dutch nativist discourse is best understood through a conceptual framework with three central nodes: sexuality, race, and religion. We begin by examining the recent explosion of ‘race talk’ in the Netherlands – a surprising phenomenon in a country that has long seen itself as post-racial and beyond any form of racism. (Forthcoming, 2015).

Decoloniality is, in the first place, a concept whose point of origination was the Third World. Better yet, it emerged at the very moment in which the three world division was collapsing and the celebration of the end of history and a new world order was emerging. The nature of its impact was similar to the impact produced by the introduction of the concept of “biopolitics”, whose point of origination was Europe. Like its European counterpart, “coloniality” moved to the center of international debates in the non-European world as well as in “former Eastern Europe.” While “biopolitics” moved to center stage in “former Western Europe” (cf., the European Union) and the United States, as well as among some intellectual minorities of the non-European followers of ideas that originated in Europe, but who adapt them to local circumstances, “coloniality” offers a needed sense of comfort to mainly people of color in developing countries, migrants and, in general, to a vast quantitative major...

This chapter shows how upward social mobility is possible for those who want to remain relatively geographically immobile with a strong attachment to place, despite this seeming at odds with a 21 st century reflexive individualism. In using narratives from families living in Wigan, North West England, stories of place, class and gender contextualise social mobility over three generations of 'ordinary' families' lives showing how belonging in place and social mobility are not necessarily mutually exclusive ways of being in the modern world.

This article discusses the transformation of the Moroccan state under contemporary neoliberal globalization, and considers what this transition means for the ways in which scholars view state-society interplay in Morocco and the Arab world more generally. Specifically, it examines the protest of unemployed graduates in Morocco, suggesting that public demonstrations are not only a means to communicate and mobilize demands, but also a technology to reclaim and reproduce a particular “truth” in public. This truth does not necessarily equate with the reality of the neoliberal state as a dispersed material force. As such, by looking at the case of Morocco, we hope to instigate further debate on the nature of the state and its specific relation to phenomena as globalization, society and social protest.

Alfred Schutz’s sociology has the potential to capture the complex interplay of familiarity and strangeness in the everyday life of contemporary societies. However, his analyses of the arrival of a stranger in a group, put together in his well-known essay “The Stranger”, run into difficulties calling for a critical reconstruction. A reading of his background theses on social typification and knowledge by acquaintance brings to light limitations to the ideal type of the migrant, which expresses a primacy of the external relation to strangeness. This approach to the problem of belonging overstates the conformity of practices and routines in the group receiving the stranger on his territory. An awareness of internal alterity opens the discussion to the latent strangeness within the We and the Ego through a fresh take on tools provided by social phenomenology.

This paper analyzes Little Mosque on the Prairie, its characters and themes within the context of post-9/11 discourses of nationalism and citizenship. Against the backdrop of the Canadian national narrative, I argue that the sitcom foregrounds a ‘moderate Muslim’ that demarcates the boundaries of the multicultural nation-state, especially when juxtaposed against the racially and sexually coded Muslim ‘other’ on the global landscape. The moderate Muslim is represented as ‘liberal’ and ‘modern’, one who seeks to integrate her faith into the multicultural fabric of society. Such a figure, represented both as a ‘good’ Muslim/immigrant and a ‘good’ Canadian citizen-subject, illuminates the boundaries of ‘acceptability’ within the Canadian national imaginary. The figure of the moderate Muslim reinforces the racial coding embedded in this imaginary, while enabling the state to proclaim its ‘multicultural tolerance’ and benevolence. Building on previous scholarship on race, citizenship, and nationbuilding, I argue that the moderate Muslim – as exemplified in Little Mosque on the Prairie – serves important ideological functions in (re)defining the internal (and racially coded) borders of the nation. While Little Mosque on the Prairie makes an important contribution to the representation of Muslims, challenging some stereotypes, I argue that it does not deliver on its considerable potential to articulate nuanced representations of Muslims. Through its foregrounding of the figure of the moderate Muslim, the sitcom reaffirms key norms, engages in a politics of authenticity, and reinforces hegemonic messages, both within Muslim communities and in Canadian society. Thus, the moderate Muslim becomes a key player in enabling the state to render invisible its exclusion of the ‘Muslim Other,’ while maintaining its non-racist credentials.

In Southeast Asia, the prioritization of economics and security over rights (Nishikawa 2009: 226) by states manifests in the plight of stateless children, meaning "children without a state" (J. Bhabha 2011: 1). As a strand of research that explores how "contexts of reception" shape migrant experiences, most of the literature on the legal exclusion of migrants has focused on the experiences of adult immigrants in the United States (Akinwumi 2006; Kleifgen and Le 2007; Menjivar 2006; Rumbaut 1994, 2005), but some of it has begun to explore the legal displacements of children raised in "mixed-status" families (Dreby 2015) and the "collateral consequences" for the American children of deported parents (Golash-Boza 2019). I focus on statelessness as a salient context of reception defining the integration of children of Vietnamese descent in Cambodia. A focus on de facto statelessness diverges from the literature on children of migration in Southeast Asia,

Contemporary Asian Australian poets have recently begun to attract more attention, particularly with the publication of the anthology, edited by Adam Aitken, Kim Cheng Boey and Michelle Cahill, Contemporary Asian Australian Poets. This essay engages with three of these poets: Debbie Lim, Shen and James Stuart, and reads their poems through a diasporic lens. Contrary to scholarship that investigates belonging using the more orthodox ideas of home and land, this reading engages with fluidity and mobility through the depictions of water to better represent the diasporic experience. Further, these poems employ desire and the desiring subject to engage with the way diasporic belonging is figured as contested and contingent. Each of these elements will be explored in the poems in order to investigate the link between diasporic belonging and depictions of water.

El presente trabajo se ocupa de la problemática del sujeto y su pertenencia a la comunidad política en el Derecho español del siglo XIX. Se trata de indagar la trayectoria que, arrancando del orden tradicional de la Monarquía católica, desembocó en la "nacionalidad" como institución fundamental para el Estado. Para ello, se presta atención tanto a la semantica de las relaciones de pertenencia, como al cuerpo legislativo del siglo XIX, problematizado en tres espacios -público, doméstico, y nacional (por oposición a extranjero)- esenciales para el Estado en construcción. En ellos se revela una intención de monopolizar el acceso de los sujetos a la comunidad política.
Palabras clave: pertenencia, nacionalidad, sujeto de derecho, España, siglo XIX.

Abstract: This paper deals with the problems ofthe legal subject and its political membership in Spanish law of the nineteenth century. It wants to investigate the path that starts from the traditional law of the Catholic Monarchy and leads to nationality as a fundamental legal category for the new State. For that purpose, we study both the new semantics of membership relations and the Spanish legal corpus of the nineteenth century, divided in three problematic areas that became essential for the State-building process: public, domestic and national (as opposed to foreigner). They reveal an intention to monopolize the access of subjects to the political community.

Le système politique mis en place à Maurice lors du processus de décolonisation repose largement sur l'institutionnalisation du pluralisme culturel. Entre la réforme constitutionnelle de 1948 qui établit le principe électif comme principal mode de désignation des membres de l'assemblée législative et la proclamation de l'indépendance en 1968, le système politique mauricien évolue dans le sens d'une prise en compte croissante des communautés.