Digital cartography

La cartografía antigua como instrumento de estudio de la ciudad va más allá de una simple técnica. Como representación gráfica de la realidad urbana en un determinado momento, los planos antiguos de la ciudad contienen una foto fija que transmite la huella del tiempo en el espacio: el mapa es el territorio. Esta afirmación tan asertiva no es del todo real. El mapa es, en verdad, una simple representación gráfica del territorio, no el territorio en sí mismo, pero su capacidad de ilustración sobre un determinado lugar es de tal capacidad que bien podemos decir que los planos de las ciudades son el testimonio de su historia, una de las mejores muestras de su huella, el documento donde quizá mejor se refleja el legado de su construcción y, por supuesto, aquel soporte en el que se dibuja la actividad humana que ha tenido lugar en un espacio a lo largo del tiempo. Los mapas, así entendidos, no son sino un modo de contar la visión que en cada momento se tiene de los espacios y los acontecimientos, por lo que, finalmente, acaban convirtiéndose en testimonios. Por todo ello, debe considerarse a los mapas y planos antiguos de las ciudades, a la cartografía urbana antigua, como parte básica del acervo cultural de un lugar, más allá de una simple foto fija de cómo era cada núcleo en un momento determinado. En este caso se muestra el resultado de la georreferenciación de un plano urbano singular y detallado, el plano de la ciudad de Burgos levantado el 1 de julio del año 1894 por los ingenieros Mariano Martín Campos y Eduardo Lostau. Este documento se ha elegido por su calidad gráfica, su adecuada proyección, su precisión geométrica y su abundante y valiosa información sobre la ciudad que representa. El plano del año 1894 constituye, sin duda, una buena muestra del interesante conjunto cartográfico antiguo que se conserva en el Archivo Municipal de Burgos y es en el contexto de este fondo gráfico donde planteamos su puesta en valor mediante la técnica de su georreferenciación.

This chapter contains sections titled: IntroductionCharacteristics of digital cartographiesCautions and caveats in digital cartographic developmentsReferencesIntroductionCharacteristics of digital cartographiesCautions and caveats in digital cartographic developmentsReferences

Il terzo capitolo è dedicato ad un'approfondita descrizione della tecnologia GIS nella prima parte (caratteristiche, funzioni, ambiti d'applicazione e prospettive future) della cartografia numerica nella seconda parte (strutture e tipologie dei dati, tecniche di acquisizione e concetto di scala in cartografia numerica)

This thesis focuses on the employment of digital tools for mapping aimed at the valorisation and promotion of landscape and territorial knowledge. After a theoretical overview that focuses on methods for the regeneration of territories and participatory approaches, the importance of cartography and state-of-the-art tools for digital mapping is investigated. Particularly, Gis software and apps are applied to the rural areas of Malta and the province of Brescia, both presenting some issues in terms of valorisation of resources and tourism.  ​

free download: https://series.francoangeli.it/index.php/oa/catalog/book/450

Although maps are often considered a form of "exhausted" language by many geographers, they continue to proliferate and enrich themselves semantically through different media, in art and in daily life. The book compares ideas, theories and methods from cultural, feminist and postcolonial studies, from visual culture and aesthetics with the scholarship of the new cultural geography and critical cartography, experimenting with new possibilities of coexistence between the deconstruction of the Cartographic Reason and the contemporary Map Theory.


Le mappe, pur essendo considerate una forma di linguaggio “esausto” da parte di numerosi geografi, continuano a proliferare incessantemente e ad arricchirsi semanticamente attraverso diversi media, nell’arte e nella vita quotidiana. Il libro confronta idee, teorie e metodi provenienti dagli studi culturali, femministi e postcoloniali, dalla cultura visuale e dall’estetica con il pensiero della nuova geografia culturale e della cartografia critica, sperimentando nuove possibilità di coesistenza fra la decostruzione della Ragione Cartografica e la contemporanea Map Theory.

ABSTRAK - Penggunaan peta koroplet untuk representasi data kepadatan penduduk masih jarang ditemui, meskipun peta koroplet lebih mudah untuk dipahami dan mengandung informasi spasial. Pembuatan peta koroplet tidak terlepas dari sistem klasifikasi yang berkaitan dengan informasi yang disampaikan. Hal tersebut dapat menyebabkan kesalahan dalam pembacaan dan analisis peta. Klasifikasi yang digunakan untuk merepresentasikan kepadatan penduduk adalah metode interval teratur, aritmatik, geometrik, kuantil, dispersal, dan standar deviasi. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan permukaan statistik dan uji proporsi. Berdasarkan nilai uji proporsi, metode aritmatik merupakan metode yang paling baik untuk pemetaan kepadatan penduduk dengan nilai proporsi 0,243048. Paada model permukaan statistik tingkat kabupaten juga menunjukkan detil yang baik. Sedangkan pada model permukaan statistik tingkat kota, metode standar deviasi yang menjadi metode terbaik.

This paper presents a review of some aspects of the archaeological survey in which the impact of GIS has been most relevant. Those aspects include survey design and planning, geo-referencing of archaeological entities (error correction, increase of precision and homogenisation of projections), cartographic representation (with especial emphasis in map intelligibility and micro-topography of individual sites), as well as the integration of survey data with information collated from other sources (geophysical prospection, air photography, etc.).

https://galiciadigital1753.wixsite.com/proyecto

Rubén Castro Redondo nos ofrece una obra que dista de ser un simple instrumento de trabajo: es una culminación de un objetivo que se ha podido alcanzar en buena medida gracias a las nuevas tecnologías. Por primera vez en Galicia, quienes necesiten emplear el cartografiado histórico de mediados del siglo XVIII pueden comprobar su enorme utilidad, aunque no serán totalmente conscientes del esfuerzo que en tiempo, paciencia y meticulosidad -elementos necesarios del rigor científico- pudiera ocultar a primera vista. Junto con los avances tecnológicos de los últimos años, quizás la complejidad inherente a un proyecto como el que ahora presentamos explique de alguna manera el retraso de un trabajo que debería haber estado ya hace tiempo a disposición de cualquier persona, investigadora o no, con interés en la administración territorial histórica del Reino de Galicia.

Además de la obra impresa y los mapas en anexo, el libro tiene también una página web donde se puede consultar y descargar todo el material cartográfico digital que se ha elaborado en dicho trabajo. Puede consultarse en:

https://galiciadigital1753.wixsite.com/proyecto

While conducting research on the historical landscape of Cappadocia (central Anatolia, Turkey) and on its transformation over time (from the Graeco-Roman to the middle Byzantine periods), the need has arisen to
approach the archaeological mapping of that territory from a different perspective and from different points of
view than those traditionally adopted in the area so far. In particular, exploiting the potential of the ‘third
dimension’ appears to be very useful.
Within this context, the aim of this paper is twofold: a) to discuss some case studies in which the application
of a three dimensional approach to archaeological mapping has encouraged new ideas and hypotheses; b) to
discuss the next steps taken by our research, devoted to applying a technological approach that aims to develop
smart tools to share data among scholars, public bodies and the general public.

Maps are considered to be an ultimate expression of modernity. Empirical cartography plays a central role in daily governance, and it also has a long history of furthering displacement and erasure. In this article I argue that the landscapes of historic British colonialism and the ongoing Israeli occupation influence the digital maps made by the Palestinian Authority. Through an investigation into the borders, roads, and urban areas of one such map and its related scientific practices, I analyze how knowledge of the occupation is shaped by the occupation. Drawing upon widespread Palestinian efforts to strengthen sumud (steadfastness), I develop the concept of stasis as the ability to remain in place. Researchers have rightly pointed to restrictions on Palestinians’ movements, but greater attention should be paid to attempts to limit stasis, both within and beyond the West Bank. The detailed study of mobility and stasis, as well as other material asymmetries of research, can enable more imaginative maps and more heterogeneous passages for the production of knowledge.

The impact of crowdsourced data visualization in the Missing and
Murdered Indigenous Women (#MMIW) movement over the last
decade reveals how institutional systems of organizing and
representing space present a key obstacle to the cause. Activists’
digital crowdmaps express an ethos of Indigenous data
sovereignty, or self-determination in data collection and
application, that interrogates settler data procedures relative to
gender violence. These tactical maps resonate with the circulation
of location-tagged photographs via social media campaigns like
#ImNotNext and #RedDressProject to similarly critique the
datasets of government agencies. This article conceptualizes both
media forms as informatic images that intervene in settler
cartographic practice as part of an ongoing decolonization of
digital mapping tools. Informatic images precondition the ways
that users interact with data through hypermediated visual
systems. Here, digital mapping and locative media practices
focalize a relationship between violence, biased data and space,
through various methods of layering, compositing and linking.
Settler computational structures undergird these affordances, yet
in a tactical context mapped images are reconstituted by user
interaction with an oppositional dataset to intervene in that
framework. Users’ emergent data of presence and absence plot a
distributed landscape of settler violence in accordance, instead,
with relational Indigenous knowledges.

Este artigo propõe estudar a estrutura eclesiástica da Capitania de Goyaz até o ano de 1783. O estudo, realizado a partir de dados extraídos da "Notícia Geral da Capitania de Goiás", propõe uma abordagem metodologicamente inserida na Geografia Histórica com o uso de tecnologias informáticas e de análises quantitativas. A partir desse aparato procedimental, a construção de uma cartografia digital possibilita a compreensão de fatores relevantes às freguesias goianas (ou paróquias), às suas capelas e aos bispados que compreendiam esse vasto território do América portuguesa. Fatores localizacionais foram discutidos, mas também outros parâmetros associados diretamente ao espaço, como a jurisdição dessas freguesias, a composição demográfica da região e as fronteiras visíveis a partir dessas construções gráficas. Por fim, análises quantitativas foram extraídas visando apreender tendências estabelecidas ao longo dos dados recolhidos, tanto em referência à demografia quanto em relação à distância entre cada capela e freguesia. Certos entendimentos com relação à pesquisa sobre o século XVIII em Goyaz foram propostos, todos proporcionados pela elaboração técnica e metodológica sugerida neste artigo.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15230406.2021.1910074

This article discusses ways of representing motion and simultaneity in cartography regarding historical processes. The main goal is to debate the visual language necessary for representing speed, rhythm, stops, as well as continuous and discontinuous movements in space. The analysis starts with an assessment of how the idea of motion has been represented in cartography in general, followed by an investigation into how historians have used these visual resources to represent historical processes. A panoramic analysis of studies focuses on the representation of motion in cartography leading to the second part of the article, with an exploratory approach on a venture in search of inspiration into the field of visual arts. Ideas were sought from a panoramic collection of traditional painting and comics, in which some essential concepts were found, especially the concept of transition between frames. In addition, some techniques from visual arts, such as sharpness densities, displacement effects, as well as shorten and lengthen effects, were considered to be relevant features in cartography. The conclusion highlights a great diversity of possible manners for representing motion and speed in maps of historical studies.

The study of Roman Dacia in the last two centuries produced thousands of articles, studies, monographs and proceedings and revealed at least 3800 archaeological sites from the short period of existence of the province between 106-270 AD. The large quantity of material evidence-epigraphic, figurative, ceramic, architectural and numismatic-is constantly growing due to the numerous rescue excavations in the last two decades. The emergence of digital humanities and the possibilities of digital era created new perspectives in cataloguing, collecting and presenting archaeological big data. The article presents some of the major results of digital humanities focusing on the digitization of the materiality of Roman Dacia.

Ce mémoire veut faire une approche exploratoire sur un récit de voyage du début du XIXe siècle. Avec des intérêts sur la formation territoriale du Brésil, comment la cartographie numérique, associée aux bases de données, peut apporter de nouvelles perpectives sur des sujets déjà examinés par l'historiographie brésilienne ? La source choisie pour cette enquête c'est le récit de voyage d'Auguste de Saint-Hilaire qui a parcouru une large portion du Brésil entre 1816 et 1822. Son œuvre permet l'établissement de diverses réflexions sur la formation territoriale brésilienne depuis le passé colonial jusqu'à l'arrivée du prince Jean VI et de la famille royale portugaise en 1808. Pour accomplir cette tâche, différentes propositions théoriques et méthodologiques – dans le champ de l'histoire, de la géographie et aussi dans la littérature – ont été référencées pour débattre les différents apports proposés par le voyageur français dans son parcours par le territoire. Une cartographie du passé a aussi été investiguée pour complémenter les références spatiales de l'auteur et des autres sources. Finalement, cette enquête veut refléchir sur le territoire du passé à partir des lentilles d'un explorateur français qui nous a laissé une extense relation de son voyage, en envisageant élaborer une géographie historique de son itinéraire.

Geographic surveying is a pre-requisite for many studies into Earth surface processes and dynamics, and recent technological advances have seen the development of drones as a platform from which to acquire aerial photos over large spatial scales at high resolution.
Geospatial methods used in data collection for architectural documentation and restoration are studied with the application of close range photogrammetry.
The purpose of this study is the application of Digital Ortho Model (DOM) for Land cover and as built mapping with the generation of a Digital Surface Model (DSM) through Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetric techniques for the production of high-resolution topographic data, as well as three-dimensional models of the study area, rendered with their original textures, as a proposal for documentation and conservation. The study area is the ancient home and workshop region of the Lebanese forgotten painter and sculptor Youssef El Howayek in Oura village in the North of Lebanon. Once digital data is archived using geospatial technologies (Geographical Information Systems GIS and Remote Sensing), the output data constitutes the foundation for architects and urban designers for restoration and planning in order to put the artist on the list of regional and international cultures. The geographical result of this study beside the extraction of topographic and land use maps, a geographical system database is able to integrate the museum of Youssef El Howayek on a cultural and touristic digital map in a cartographic web portal exposing the artist art works

The analogic cartography is inherently static. Therefore, reading a map of the past may provide information which account on the accuracy, technology, and scientific knowledge of the time of its creation. Digital technology enables the current researcher/cartographer to “copy” a historical map and to “transcribe” it to present. This would also allow a mapping reduction from past to present, with parallel visualization and new information (historical geodata) that the researcher has available, apart from the background/basemap.
This paper presents a mapping reduction from historical maps relating to the administrative division of the country, since the territorial integration after the Second World War until today. Utilizing the appropriate available tools, such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), with the respective basemap digitization, update, revision and correlation to other sources, this work presents the history of the evolution of the settlements and of the administrative boundaries of the country through specific examples.

Cadaster plans are cornerstones for reconstructing dense representations of the history of the city. They provide information about the city urban shape, enabling to reconstruct footprints of most important urban components (buildings, streets, canals, bridges) as well as information about the urban population and city functions (census information, property, rent prices, etc.). Cadasters plans are usually the results of coordinated campaigns with standardised methods of measurement and representation. This means that large sets of documents follow the same
representation conventions. This regularity opens the possibly of ecient automated process for analysing them and possibly transforming the information they contain in georeferenced databases that can be used as part of historical geographical information system.
However, as some of these handwritten documents are more than 200 years old, the establishment of processing pipeline for interpreting them remains extremely challenging. This may explain why, to our knowledge, no such system exists in the literature. This article reports our eort in this
domain, presenting the rst implementation of a fully automated process capable of segmenting and interpreting Napoleonic Cadaster Maps of the Veneto Region dating from the beginning of the 19th century. Our system extracts the geometry of each of the drawn parcels, classi es, reads
and interprets the handwritten labels. We believe the general principle of technologies used in the process could be adapted to other cadastral funds, but this has not been tested in the present
study.

Il quarto capitolo del libro affronta l'argomento della cartografia di base a disposizione per la redazione di un progetto di cartografia archeologica.
Vengono passati in rassegna i principali repertori (IGM, CTR, cartografia catastale, tematica e aerofotografica) e viene presentato l'uso dei servizi di web-mapping per la ricerca e georeferenziazione dei siti archeologici.

"This book deals with Sites and Monuments Records (SMRs), that is to say one of the basic components of that bloodstream of information that flows between archaeological organisations. Because they provide the fundamental empirical basis for the existence of an archaeological heritage in need of protection, SMRs are widely regarded as the backbone of ARM. More specifically, this book looks at the spatial dimension of SMRs. This involves us in a variety of areas including archaeological ground reconnaissance, the spatial definition, structure and density of the archaeological evidence as well as the integration of spatial and other kinds of data. Of great relevance are issues such as the introduction of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and supra-national (in this case European) cooperation. The discussions presented in this book all suggest that, when these areas are considered, current European SMRs display not only varying conceptual frameworks, but also rather different stages of development, both in the breadth and depth of the data."

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi de realizar um mapeamento do uso e ocupação do solo do Complexo Industrial e Portuário do Pecém (CIPP)-CE, tendo como base a utilização de imagem de satélite Sentinel 2-A. Para tanto, recorreu-se a manipulação dos dados em um Sistema de Informações Geográficas, por meio do SIG QGIS 2.8, no qual aplicou-se o método de classificação supervisionada de máxima verossimilhança (Maxver), disponível no complemento Semi-Automatic Classification Plugin (SCP). Como resultados, conseguiu-se extrair seis classes temáticas, a saber: água, solo exposto, vegetação de tabuleiro, caatinga arbustiva, área urbana, área industrial e estradas. A categoria solo exposto, por apresentar uma significativa extensão espacial (18 Km 2), torna a área suscetível a processos erosivos, tendo em vista a ausência de cobertura vegetal favorecer a ocorrência e agravamento destes fenômenos. Por sua vez, as categorias correspondentes a vegetação, confere a área em termos de cobertura, 71,1 Km 2 de área (53 %), o que representa um valor expressivo, considerando-se ser um espaço de expansão industrial. Referente aos materiais e métodos empregados, apesar das confusões e misturas entre algumas classes durante a classificação da imagem, apresenta-se como uma proposta capaz de gerar produtos eficientes e de baixo custo, por se tratar de dados e softwares de acesso livre, com potencial para serem utilizados em projetos de planejamento ambiental e territorial.

MSc Student Assignment Nr. 7 'GPS Measurements and Transformations' on module ’Geographical Information Systems: Advanced Course (GISA02)’ Lund University, GIS Centre. The work reports a workflow on GPS measurements and coordinate transformations (a case study is Falsterbo peninsula, Southern Sweden). Misplaced coordinates are updated using ArcGIS. The displacement between the two points represented the same location in two different coordinate systems is 166.23 m. Sample points are located in the main territory of the Lund University. The coinciding layers are RT90 and Svenskt coordinate system: the coordinates there are very similar, and in the medium-scale representation of the map (more than 1:4000) they coincide completely. In large-scale representation (>1:4000) we can observe the little discrepancy between the layers. These layers (RT90 and RT90 2.5 gonV) almost coincide because they use the same Datum RT90, while the WGS 84 measurements are based on the different Datum, which is not identical to the RT90. The layers having biggest difference are measurements made using WGS84 datum and RT90 and RT2.5gonV, respectively. Exact discrepancy between the measurements from the Svenskt coordinate system and two other points is the following: Point 1:24.59 m towards WGS84 and 13.35 m towards RT90; Point 2: 19.50 m towards WGS 84; Point 3: 5.21 m to RT90 and 24.40 m to WGS84; Point 4: 4.72 meters to RT90 and 22.40m to WGS84; Point 5: 16.04 m from the Svenskt coordinate to the WGS 84; RT90 and Svenskt coordinate coincide in this case. The gap between the layers occurs due to the different Datums (WGS 84 and RT90) used in the coordinate systems which place the points slightly differently.

My research aims at framing the epistemological transformations caused by the fast diffusion of the geo-media and their digital cartographic systems. Its concern is twofold: On the one hand, I plan to retrace the cartographic genealogy of the Digital Earth by outlining some of the points of emergence of the Earthly vision, a pictorial imagination characterized by the view of the Earth as a whole; on the other hand, I intend to examine how the formation of spatial environments connected with the Whole-Earth medialization has extended the performative capacities of our " cartographic imagination " toward interactive forms of orientation. As a theoretical framework, the article favours a genealogical account, considering maps as media in which our mythical geographies are incarnated, and, at the same time, as a source of a history of cultural representation that encodes subjects.

This paper examines the use of spatial metaphors in archives of refugee life stories. The number of archives that trace the migration routes of refugees by tagging their stories to maps is growing rapidly. Building on insights provided by narrative cartography, the paper focuses on how these archives try to evoke the transitory and precarious existence of refugees, while also emphasizing their dynamic agency. The paper suggests that autobiographical storytelling is critical in creating those “simultaneously real and imagined geographies” (Soja) that can remain fluid, locatable and critical, but only if we make sure that our archives do not become uncritical extensions of our existing spatial paradigms.

The world we live in is highly dynamic. The understanding of dynamic processes is crucial in all the fields that have to deal with moving objects or phenomena. It can be strongly supported by visual explorative methods and interactive tools. Investigating temporal changes of spatial pat-terns counts as one of the most challenging research tasks for geoscientists because it demands the capabilities of extracting the reliable temporal changes from large datasets, aggregating the extracted information and visualize it in an easily comprehensible way for the target users.
This thesis is dedicated to the visual exploration of a specific type of geographic data, namely the spatially extended moving objects or phenomena. Visual analytical approaches are developed and implemented to study the dynamics of the spatio-temporally evolving polygons. The lightning data are chosen as a real-world case.
The visual exploration of dynamic phenomena can be methodologically unfolded into three parts: (a) the data representation which typically requires data pre-processing, clustering and trajectory modeling; (b) the visual analysis empowered by user interactions; and (c) the visual analytics which is essentially an emerging discipline incorporating user interactions with multidimensional and multivariate visualization tools such as maps, diagrams and graphs. Different kinds of dy-namic objects and events are comprehensively discussed with an emphasis on the specification of their semantic and geometrical attributes. The existing visualization technologies for the visual movement analysis of spatially extended objects (SEOs) are introduced and compared. While the visual analytical approaches for moving point objects have been extensively investigated in the recent years, the available methods for dynamic SEOs and phenomena remain rather limited. Even fewer works have been reported on the spatio-temporal changes of SEOs in form of trajec-tory lanes and their dynamic patterns.
The author proposes a generic concept for visual analysis of dynamic SEOs according to which appropriate visual explorative tools can be selected, depending on the data of SEOs and their expected applications. The concept is basically shaped by two components of dynamic SEOs. The first component is the momentary situation of the moving cluster which is defined either through a moment of time or by a specific time interval. The other component is the entire trajec-tory or “lane” of the moving SEO, representing the continuous cluster movement during the entire lifetime period. Both components contain certain movement aspects and behaviors. Furthermore, specific movement analysis tasks and their possible visual analytical solutions are presented in this work. A particular focus is on the internal structure change of SEOs represented by grouped point events. The existing approaches mainly apply to datasets with two different moments of time and thus do not provide adequate solutions for density mapping of dynamic points belonging to the same moving phenomena. The proposed approach termed as STDmapping intends to fill this research gap by incorporating and visualizing the temporal change of a point cluster in a 2D density map. The density surface is temporally segmented into layered tints. Moreover, the use of non-cartographical visual analytical approaches provides a further insight into temporally chang-ing semantics and geometry of dynamic geoobjects, such as lightning data. Two of these existing methods, the radar plot and the parallel coordinate plot, do not adequately address the temporal aspect and are therefore extended to overcome their drawback. Thereby the author came across the idea of addressing temporal changes towards the third dimension. Further non-cartographical visual analytical approaches are introduced to investigate the similarity and complexity of trajecto-ries of dynamic lightning data. In addition, a multivariate visual analytical prototype tool is imple-mented. It allows the combination and synchronization of different visualization methods, thus can provide an interactive visual insight into the dynamics of lightning data.

Komba Mayossa P.C., Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge G., Borne, F., Gadal, S., Viennois, G. 2015. Developing a method to map coconut agrosystems from high-resolution satellite images. Maps Connecting the World, 27th International Cartographic Conference. August 23-28, Rio de Janeiro.
http://www.icc2015.org/trabalhos/38/504/T38-504_1427765394.pdf

Our study aims at developing a generalizable method to exploit high resolution satellite images (VHR) for mapping coconut-based agrosystems, differentiating them from oil palm agrosystems. We compared two methods of land use classification. The first one is similar to that described by Teina (2009), based on spectral analysis and watershed segmentation, which we simplified by using the NDVI vegetation index. The second one is the semi-automatic classification based on texture analysis (PAPRI method of Borne, 1990). These methods were tested in two different environments: Vanua Lava (Vanuatu; heterogeneous landscape, very ancient plantations) and Ivory Coast (Marc Delorme Research Station, monoculture, regular spacing, oil palm plantations); and their results were evaluated against manually digitized photo-interpretation maps. In both situations, the PAPRI method produced better results than that of Teina (global kappa of 0.60 vs. 0.40). Spectral signatures do not allow a sufficiently accurate mapping of coconut and do not differentiate it from oil palm, despite their different NDVI signatures. The PAPRI method differentiates productive coconut from mixed plantations and other vegetation, either high or low (70% accuracy). In both situations, Teina's method allows counting 65% of the coconut trees when they are well spaced. To increase the method accuracy, we suggest (1) field surveys (for small scale studies) and/or finer image resolution, allowing a high precision in manual mapping with a better discrimination between coconut and oil palm, thus limiting the proportion of mixed pixels. (2) A phenological monitoring could improve the distinction between coconut and oil palm agrosystems. (3) Hyper-spectral images should allow extracting more precisely the respective signatures of both species. Another possibility would be (4) an object-oriented analysis as proposed by the eCognition software. Finally, (5) coupling the Lidar system with watershed analysis would allow a better characterization of coconut varietal types.

Digital cartography is today an essential part of our daily life. In light of its pervasiveness, one must questions if this digital takeover has really replaced the logic of paper maps and if the latter is obsolete compared to the visions and interactive experiences of space that digital interfaces can offer. Introducing three ways of understanding the movement of maps (circulation, representation, and navigation) this intervention explores the co-presence, similarities, and differences inherent in the uses and interpretations of digital and nondigital cartographic representations in the contemporary world.

... on the track configuration, signaling system, timetable, rolling stock characteristics, and simpleautomated dispatching rules ... the real world (ie forest-fire propa-gation [20], floods [13], and wind effects [21 ... animals that have wandered onto the track, as well as road vehicles at level ...